Assessment Of Antioxidant Activity Research Articles

Bioactive Compounds from Myrica esculenta: Antioxidant Insights and Docking Studies on H+K+-ATPase and H2 Receptor Targets.

Myrica esculenta (Myricaceae) are common in the Indian Himalayas. Traditional medicine uses it to treat chronic bronchitis, inflammation, stomach ulcers, anaemia, diarrhoea, asthma, and ear, throat, and nose disorders. Its varied medicinal benefits are recognised in the ayurvedic pharmacopoeia. Isolation of Bioactive Compounds from M. esculenta: Assessment of Antioxidant Activity and Molecular Docking Studies Targeting the H+K+-ATPase enzyme and H2 Receptor Material and Methods: The fruit of the Myrica esculenta plant was extracted. The total phenolic and total flavonoid content of the extract were determined. Following column chromatography, two phytoconstituents were identified by mass spectroscopy, FTIR, and NMR. The antioxidant activity of phytoconstituents was evaluated using the DPPH Scavenging Assay, Reactive Nitrogen Oxide Scavenging Assay, and Hydroxyl Free Radical Scavenging Assay. Then, molecular docking studies were performed against the H+K+-ATPase enzyme and H2 Receptor. The research successfully extracted methanolic extract from M. esculenta by maceration, which yielded rich in flavonoids and phenolic content and isolated compounds using column chromatography, which was further characterized to be myricetin and catechin using Mass spectroscopy, FTIR, and NMR. The further evaluation of the antioxidant activity of compounds demonstrated significant activity with IC50 value indicating strong free radical scavenging activity. Molecular docking studies were performed against the H+K+-ATPase enzyme and H2 Receptor, revealing that both the compounds exhibit high binding affinity and favorable interactions with key sites. The findings suggest that the isolated compounds myricetin and catechin possess potential antioxidant activity and could be a potential therapeutic target for the H+K+-ATPase enzyme and H2 Receptor.

Phytochemical Analysis and Antioxidant Activity Assessment of Methanolic Extract from Jasmine Flowers

This study offers a comprehensive analysis of the phytochemical composition and antioxidant properties of the methanol extracts from Jasmine flowers. Employing a combination of advanced techniques, including Gas-Chromatography Mass-Spectrometry (GC-MS), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), and antioxidant activity assays, the research uncovered key insights into the bioactive potential of Jasmine. The GC-MS analysis identified nine distinct compounds, including major constituents, such as 2-Phenylthiolane (44.12%), Cyclohexene, 3-ethenyl- (25.88%), Acetaldehyde (12.70%), and N-Methylallylamine (10.31%) among others. The FTIR spectra revealed significant functional groups, including O-H and C-C stretches, suggesting the presence of phenolic compounds. The SEM imaging highlighted the morphological changes in the Jasmine flower powder, showing expanded oil glands post-pre-treatment, which enhanced the oil extraction process. The methanol extract exhibited a strong antioxidant activity, as evidenced by the DPPH radical scavenging assay. These findings position Jasmine flowers as a promising natural source of phytochemicals, particularly antioxidants, with potential for further pharmacological and industrial applications. Future studies could focus on isolating and evaluating additional bioactive compounds for their therapeutic potential.

Phytochemical screening and in vitro evaluation of antioxidant and antibacterial activity of aqueous and organic extracts of the Moroccan endemic medicinal plant Zygophyllum gaetulum

ABSTRACT Zygophyllum gaetulum (Z. gaetulum), also known as Al Aggaya, is an endemic plant widespread in the Moroccan Sahara. This study aims to valorise Z. gaetulum from both phytochemical and pharmacological standpoints by extracting and quantifying total phenolic content (TPC) and total flavonoid content (TFC), assessing antioxidant activity through a series of in vitro tests, and evaluating antibacterial activity against four multidrug-resistant bacteria. The relationships between phytochemical content and antioxidant activity were also examined. The methanolic extract showed the highest levels of phenolic and flavonoid contents and the greatest antioxidant activity in both the DPPH and FRAP assays. But, no significant correlation was observed between TPC and the antioxidant activity assays. The antibacterial screening demonstrated that the 50% methanolic extract showed the largest inhibition zone against Escherichia coli. This study provides novel data and evidence that extracts from this plant are a promising source of natural antioxidants.

Phyto-Fingerprinting of Putranjiva roxburghii Wall. Leaf Extract and its In Vitro Anti-Inflammatory Activity.

Putranjiva roxburghii is an important medicinal plant utilized for remedy of female reproductive ailments. Its seed extract is being used as a uterine health booster due to the presence of several pharmaceutically important phytochemicals. However, the presence of phytochemicals in its leaf is still unexplored. The present study was designed to explore phytochemical finger printing and assessment of anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of hydroalcoholic leaf extract of P. roxburghii (HALEPR). The qualitative, quantitative phytochemical of flavonoid, phenol and HRA-MS analysis of HALEPR carried out along with antioxidant and in vitro membrane stabilization and protein denaturation assay of anti-inflammatory activity were have been analyzed. Results of qualitative phytochemical screening of HALEPR denotes the existence of phenol, flavonoids, alkaloids, coumarins, steroids, saponins, tannins, anthroquinone and carbohydrates. The quantitative phytochemical of flavonoid and phenol was done which revealed the presents of total phenol and flavonoid. High resolution accurate-mass spectrometry (HRA-MS) study was also done for the identification of bioactive compounds from the HALEPR, which showed the presence of various phytochemicals such as luteolin 3'- (3″-acetylglucuronide), luteolin 4'-methyl ether 7-glucoside, quercetin-3β-D-glucoside, 8-hydroxyluteolin 4'-methyl ether 8-glucuronide, quercetin 3-xylosyl- (1- > 2) -rha mnosyl- (1- > 6) -glucoside, quercetin-3β-D-glucoside, myricetin 3- (3-6-diacetylglucosyl) - (1- > 4) - (2″,3″-diacetylrhamnoside), apigetrin, isorhamnetin, catechin 7,3'-Di-O-β-D glucopyranoside, luteolin 7-methylglucuronide, apigenin-8-C-α -l-arabinopyranoside, naringenin 7- O-β-D-glucoside 6″-acetate,ohobanin, shogaol, ginkgetin and amoritin. The HELPER is shown to have the presence of anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory activities as demonstrated by DPPH (1, 1-diphenyl,2-picrylhydrazyl) and membrane lysis assays. Our findings reveal the presence of phytochemicals in HALEPR that have significant antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity. The bioactivities were identified using chemical characterization like HRA/MS and biological assessments like anti-inflammatory and antioxidant assays. Future research may focus on isolating specific molecules, conducting in vivo tests, and creating HALEPR-based formulations for clinical application as anti-inflammatory drugs.

Biofortification of Acacia and Polyflower Honey with Pine sylvestris L. Bud Extracts: Exploring Antioxidant Variation Across Developmental Stages for Enhanced Nutritional Value

Honey is a valuable natural product with antioxidant properties, and its quality is influenced by various factors, including botanical origin and biofortification. Pine bud extracts, known for their antioxidant capacity, were explored to enhance the properties of acacia and polyflower honey. This study aimed to investigate the effect of pine bud extracts at different maturation stages on the moisture content, dry matter, antioxidant activity, and total phenolic content (TPC) of acacia and polyflower honey. Acacia and polyflower honey were biofortified with pine bud extracts at three maturation stages (Stage I, Stage II, and Stage III). Various analyses were performed, including moisture and dry matter content determination, total phenolic content measurement using the Folin-Ciocalteu method, and antioxidant activity assessment through DPPH radical scavenging. FTIR analysis was used to study the chemical composition of the biofortified honeys. Results showed that Acacia and polyflower honey maintained moisture content below 20%, with biofortification significantly enhancing their antioxidant profiles. The highest total phenolic content (247 ± 0.04 mg GAE/100 g) and DPPH scavenging activity (55 ± 0.05%) were observed in Acacia honey biofortified at maturation stage II. Polyflower honey exhibited increased phenolic content (232.9 ± 0.9 mg GAE/100 g) and antioxidant activity (52.45%) when biofortified at maturation stage II. Significant color changes were observed in polyflower honey, with a* and b* values increasing, indicating darker coloration. The biofortification of honey with pine bud extracts enhances its antioxidant and nutritional profile. This approach holds potential for the production of functional foods with improved health benefits. Further studies should explore its commercial feasibility and other potential bioactive compounds.

Phytochemical Evaluation and In-vitro Antioxidant, Anti-inflammatory, and Anti-diabetic Activity Assessment of Linum usitatissimum L. Seed Extract

Phytochemical Evaluation and In-vitro Antioxidant, Anti-inflammatory, and Anti-diabetic Activity Assessment of Linum usitatissimum L. Seed Extract

Phytochemical profiling and biological evaluation of Annona muricata L. root extract: A comprehensive assessment

Annona muricata Linn., a component of the Annonaceae family, is a fruit-bearing tree endowed with a rich tradition of utilization. Recognized by various colloquial names such as soursop, graviola, and guanabana, Annona muricata is an evergreen botanical species predominantly found in tropical and subtropical zones globally. The current study was designed to evaluate the antioxidant and antibacterial properties while simultaneously elucidating the quantitative composition of phytochemical constituents within the root extract responsible for the pharmacological activities of the investigated subject. The 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) method was used to assess antioxidant activities, while the well diffusion method evaluated antibacterial activity against common pathogens. Researchers have reported various bioactive compounds alkaloids, phenols, etc., that exhibit antibacterial, antifungal, antitubercular, anticancer, antioxidant, and other prophylactic activities. The chloroform extract displayed notable inhibitory efficacy against E. coli MTCC 443, indicating increased susceptibility with a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 0.3 mg/mL. The sample exhibited a comparatively elevated alkaloid content compared to its phenolic content. Bioactive phytoconstituents with diverse biological activities, justifying the rationale for their therapeutic use by local inhabitants.

An Assessment of Physico-Chemical Properties, Micronutrients, Polyphenolic Profile, and Antioxidant Activity of Non-Centrifugal Sugar

An Assessment of Physico-Chemical Properties, Micronutrients, Polyphenolic Profile, and Antioxidant Activity of Non-Centrifugal Sugar

Phenolic Acid and Flavonoid Content Analysis with Antioxidant Activity Assessment in Chinese C. pi. Shen Honey.

The nutritional value of honey is closely related to its components, which are highly influenced by the botanic origin. C. pi. Shen (Codonopsis pilosula (Franch.) var. modesta (Nannf.) L. T. Shen), a key plant in traditional Chinese medicine, mainly produced in Gansu Province of China, has attracted much attention for its medicinal value. However, there are few reports about C. pi. Shen honey. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the contents of phenolic profiles and antioxidant activities in C. pi. Shen honey by colorimetric, UPLC-MS/MS, Ferric ion Reducing Antioxidant Power (FRAP), 2,2-bisazo-bis (3-ethyl-benzothiazole-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) free radical capacity, and 1,1-diphenyl-2-trinitrophenylhydrazine (DPPH) scavenging ability methods. In comparison with four other high-yield unifloral honeys in China (Acacia honey, linden honey, rape honey, and jujube honey), C. pi. Shen honey demonstrated remarkable advantages. Specifically, the levels of total phenolic acids, total flavonoids, and phenolic components of C. pi. Shen honey were significantly pronounced, especially protocatechuic acid and kaempferol. Furthermore, the antioxidant activity of C. pi. Shen honey was also excellent, which was attributed to its phenolic compounds, underscoring its potential biological value. This study is anticipated to serve as a reference for the identification, nutritional assessment, and functional advancement of C. pi. Shen honey.

A novel combinatorial approach integrating experimental and computational analysis of antioxidant activity: Evaluating catechin and L-ascorbic acid in serum.

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) remains the leading cause of morbidity and mortality globally, with oxidative stress playing a pivotal role in its progression. Free radicals produced via oxidative stress contribute to lipid peroxidation, leading to subsequent inflammatory responses, which then result in atherosclerosis. Antioxidants inhibit these harmful effects through their reducing ability, thereby preventing oxidative damage. In this study, we introduce computational models simulating hydrophilic and hydrophobic serum environments. We optimized the Ferric Reducing Ability of Plasma (FRAP) assay at a microscale level to evaluate the antioxidant activity of L-ascorbic acid (vitamin C) and catechin, a phytochemical found in green tea, in normal and hypertriglyceridemic serum. Hypertriglyceridemic serum, characterized by increased hydrophobic lipid content, provides a model to examine the impact of serum triglycerides on antioxidant activity. Additionally, we employed computational models using the Gaussian software to simulate the hydrogen atom transfer (HAT) mechanism, calculating free energy changes and bond dissociation energy (BDE) to assess the antioxidant potency of the studied compounds in both hydrophilic and hydrophobic environments. The computational results align with the experimental finding offering a unique combinatorial approach to assess antioxidant activity in both normal and hypertriglyceridemic serum, with potential implications for clinical interventions.

Analyzing Aloe vera and Avocado Seed Extracts for Antioxidants, Saponins, Tannins, Flavonoids, and Alkaloids Using the UV-VIS Spectrophotometric Method

Background This study sought to quantify the levels of saponins, alkaloids, flavonoids, and tannins, as well as the IC50 values of avocado seed and aloe vera extracts. Methods The materials included in the investigation consisted of 70% ethanol extracts derived from avocado seeds and Aloe vera. Both samples underwent quantitative phytochemical analyses to ascertain total component content and an antioxidant activity assessment utilizing the 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) technique to evaluate % inhibition and IC50 values. The absorbance of the samples was quantified using a UV-Vis spectrophotometer, which facilitated the calculation of total chemical content and antioxidant activity. Results The avocado seed extract comprised saponins, alkaloids, flavonoids, and tannins at concentrations of 0.21%, 0.0232%, 19.94%, and 10.66%, respectively, with an IC50 value of 135 μg/mL. The aloe vera extract comprises saponins, alkaloids, flavonoids, and tannins at concentrations of 0.74%, 0.0313%, 0.99%, and 4.68%, respectively, with an IC50 value of 4614 μg/mL. Conclusion Avocado seeds exhibited elevated levels of flavonoids and tannins, while aloe vera demonstrated increased concentrations of alkaloids and saponins. In the antioxidant activity assessment, avocado seeds demonstrated superior antioxidant efficacy.

Unlocking the Potential of Celery (Apium graveolens L.) Seeds: How Gamma Radiation Affects Bioactive Compounds, Antioxidant Activity, and Lipid Peroxidation

Objectives: This study aims to enhance the potential health benefits and culinary applications of celery seeds ( Apium graveolens L.) by investigating the effects of gamma radiation on their bioactive compound contents, antioxidant properties, and lipid oxidation. Methods: Celery seeds was exposed to gamma irradiation at doses 0, 2, 4, 8, and 16 kGy at a rate of 1.9 kGy/hour. The evaluation included measuring the levels of bioactive compounds, phenolics, flavonoids, and tannins, as well as assessing antioxidant activity, (radical inhibition % - DPPH), lipid peroxidation and lower power activity. Data was evaluated statistically to find changes at a significance level of P < .05. Results: The data illustrated the impact of Gamma irradiation on the phenol content, total flavonoids, and tannins in celery seeds powder at different dosage levels. Irradiation increased phenolic content from 8.43 mg/g in non-irradiated sample to 14.19 mg/g at (8 kGy), then decreased to 9.01 mg/g at (16 kGy). Also, the flavonoid content showed significant increase from 4.52 mg/g in non-irradiated sample to 6.26 mg/g at (8 kGy), while decreased to 5.89 mg/g at (16 kGy). Conversely, tannin content decreased continuously from 2.30 mg/g in non-irradiated sample to 1.58 mg/g when irradiated at (16 kGy). The DPPH activity was enhanced by irradiation at doses of 2, 4, 8, and 16 kGy, resulting in percentages of 75.81, 78.48, 84.14, and 86.84% respectively. The amount of lipid peroxidation was significantly affected by irradiation when compared to non-irradiated seeds (4.74 µmol/g). There was a statistically significant increase ( P ≤ .05) with observed values of 5.72, 6.51, 8.73, and 11.03 µmol/g respectively. Conclusion: This study demonstrates the significant impact of gamma radiation to enhance the bioactive compound contents in celery seeds, leading to improved antioxidant properties. It also emphasizes the attentive consideration of the irradiation levels to optimize health benefits while minimizing adverse effects.

Deep eutectic solvent-enabled lignocellulosic biomass valorization: Toward understanding of biomass pretreatment, lignin dissolution, and lignin's antioxidant activity.

A comprehensive study was conducted to determine the effects of water and ethylene glycol (EG) on biomass pretreatment using a binary deep eutectic solvent (DES) containing choline chloride and acetic acid (1ChCl3AC) at a mole ratio of 1:3. Different quantities of water and EG were combined with 1ChCl3AC to pretreat wheat straw, miscanthus, eucalyptus, and sorghum stalk at 130°C for 6h. The changes in nanopore structure and surface roughness of wet biomass, as well as biomass crystallinity after 1ChCl3AC-based pretreatment were investigated using XRD and small-angle neutron scattering (SANS). Adding a certain amount of water or EG did not reduce the delignification ratio or saccharification rate. Furthermore, SANS was used to explore the interactions between lignin, 1ChCl3AC, and water. The study found that lignin molecules produced various nanostructures through hydrogen bond, π-π, and hydrophobic interactions in 1ChCl3AC and its aqueous solutions. Following pretreatment, lignins were extracted and fractionated with three organic solvents to minimize structural heterogeneity. A collection of lignin antioxidants with varying activities was obtained, and antioxidant activity assessments revealed three distinct interactions amongst binary lignin combinations. The findings of this study add to our understanding of the interplay of 1ChCl3AC, water, EG, and lignin.

Compositions phytochimique et nutritive des farines résiduelles issues des tubercules dégraissés de Cyperus esculentus L. (Cyperaceae)

Cyperus esculentus, commonly known as tiger nut or yellow nut sedge, is an edible plant. This study focused on the tubers of Cyperus esculentus, which exhibit brown or yellow coloration. After extracting the tuber oil, the resulting flours have been characterized. The primary objective of this investigation was to analyze the mineral, phenolic, and nutritional compositions of the flour obtained from tubers harvested in three localities in the northern region of Côte d’Ivoire. The mineral composition was determined using the ICP-ES method. Quantitative analysis of phytoconstituents (total phenols, total flavonoids, hydrolysable and condensed tannins) and the assessment of antioxidant activity were performed using spectrophotometric techniques. Subsequently, the nutritional composition was then determined by colorimetric titration, UV-visible spectrophotometry and HPLC. The results showed that the flours contain essential minerals, with high levels of potassium (670.07-820.51 mg/100 g), phosphorus (155.52-357.11 mg/100 g) and magnesium (119.07-122.95 mg/100 g). Furthermore, the flour's vitamin C content (167.0-356.9 mg/100 g), total carbohydrate content and energy values are also good. Total phenols, total flavonoids, hydrolysable tannins and condensed tannins contents varied from 3740.52 to 4570.00 μg EAG/g SM; from 6.00 to 8.10 μg EAG/g SM and from 0.233 to 0.358 μg EAG/g SM and from 110.98 to 242.50 μg EC/g MS, respectively. The flours showed a good antioxidant profile. In addition, they contain proteins and sugars, therefore they can be used in human food. Keywords: Cyperus esculentus ; Residual powders ; Phytocompounds ; Essential nutrients ; Antioxidant activity.

Microorganisms for Enhancing Glutathione Levels: A Scoping Review

Introduction: Glutathione is a peptide-based antioxidant whose demand in the body increases during stress. A deficiency in glutathione can later negatively impact the body’s antioxidant defense system. An insufficiently explored dietary approach to replenishing glutathione levels involves the use of fermented foods. Identifying the precise mechanisms and conditions of glutathione synthesis by microorganisms, as well as assessing the efficacy of fermented foods for increasing glutathione levels, will enable better understanding and management of glutathione accumulation processes, enhancing the organism’s response to stress factors.Purpose: To delineate the boundaries of the subject area related to optimal parameters for glutathione synthesis by microorganisms, strains actively producing glutathione, and their applications in food production, medicine, and animal husbandry.Materials and Methods: The review is based on the PRISMA-ScR protocol. The search considered articles published between 1993 and 2023 in the Scopus and RSCI databases. Out of 3482 publications deemed relevant based on keywords, 49 met the inclusion criteria.Results: The analyzed publications revealed key trends influencing glutathione production: microorganism species, cultivation conditions, presence of stress factors, and methods for assessing antioxidant effects on living systems. Extracted data partially align with previous reviews regarding the mechanisms of glutathione synthesis but are enriched with applied aspects, including species diversity of microorganisms, antiviral applications, use in food production, animal husbandry, and agriculture. Identified limitations include a lack of standardization in the concept of "antioxidant activity" and the absence of regulated criteria for its evaluation.Conclusion: The obtained data serve as a resource for developing reproducible strategies to increase glutathione levels using microorganisms and to regenerate the antioxidant potential of living systems by incorporating fermented foods into the diet. Particular attention should be paid to preserving natural symbioses of microorganisms in the presence of glutathione, identifying glutathione homologs in plant rhizobia, and expanding the methodological and instrumental base for assessing antioxidant activity, as current scientific literature provides insufficient information on these issues.

Cytotoxicity of Ethyl Acetate Extract of Avocado Seeds (Persea americana Mill.) on Mouse Melanoma B16F10 Cell Line

Artificial whitening agents available in the market can cause damage to melanocytes; therefore, a safe and naturally derived skin-whitening agent is needed. Avocado seeds (Persea americana Mill.) are often discarded as waste but possess numerous health benefits. One of the compounds in avocado seeds is catechin, a flavonoid metabolite. This compound has been reported to exhibit antioxidant activity and inhibit tyrosinase to prevent melanin formation, making it suitable for skin-whitening applications. This study aimed to conduct phytochemical screening, assess antioxidant activity using the DPPH method, analyze catechin content using HPLC, and perform cell viability tests using the MTT method from the ethyl acetate extract of avocado seeds. Phytochemical screening has revealed the presence of flavonoids, saponins, and steroids. The DPPH assay yielded an IC50 value of 89.47±0.73 ppm, indicating an intense antioxidant activity, and HPLC detected 0.09% catechin. The MTT test results yielded cell viability percentages ranging from 80-100% at test concentrations of 0.75-25 ppm, with an IC50 value of 61.7 ppm. In conclusion, our results indicate that the ethyl acetate extract from avocado seeds affects cell viability without toxicity, warranting further testing for tyrosinase inhibition in the mouse melanoma B16F10 cell line.

Development of a Smartphone-based Method for Measuring the Antioxidant Efficacy of Commercial Beverages

Background: Reactive oxygen species (ROS) in biological systems can damage cells by oxidizing membrane lipids, proteins, DNA, and enzymes. Antioxidants are essential in mitigating these effects and are extensively used in nutraceuticals, functional foods, and dietary supplements. They play a crucial role in the neutralization of reactive oxygen species (ROS), thereby preventing cellular damage, DNA mutations, and the development of diseases such as cancer, diabetes, and coronary heart disease. To effectively mitigate these diseases, it is essential to develop rapid and efficient methodologies for assessing antioxidant activity. Methods: The smartphone colorimetric biosensor system and DPPH radical scavenging assay were developed and employed to determine the antioxidant activity of various beverages. Results: A comparative analysis of the DPPH radical scavenging assay for beverages was conducted using a UV-Vis spectrophotometer (R2=0.9907) and a smartphone-based colorimetric biosensor application (R2=0.9929). The results demonstrated a strong correlation between the two methods across all beverages tested. Specifically, the antioxidant capacities were 15% for orange juice, 21% for Miero Fiber, and 12% for Coca-Cola. The linear correlation across different concentrations for all beverages showed an R2 value of 0.9929, validating the accuracy and effectiveness of the smartphonebased detection system. Conclusion: This study highlights the practicality of using smartphone-based technology for detecting antioxidants and opens avenues for more accessible and faster health diagnostics. By utilizing smartphone biosensor technology, the accessibility of antioxidant assessments is enhanced, further promoting the adoption of preventative health strategies.

In Vivo Evaluation of Bryophyllum pinnatum Antimalarial Activity, Acute Oral Toxicity, and Impact on Pancreatic Insulin and Glucagon Expressions

This study investigated the impact of Bryophyllum pinnatum on mice infected with malaria, assessing antioxidant activity, histopathological changes, insulin and glucagon expressions by the pancreas, and toxicological alterations. Thirty mice were randomly assigned to six groups (n = 5/group). Groups 13 received 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg body weight of the ethanol extract of Bryophyllum pinnatum (EEBp), respectively after infection. Group 4 (Positive Control) mice were not infected or treated (NINT). Group 5 (Negative Control) animals were infected but not treated (INT). Group 6 (Standard Control) mice were infected and treated with Lonart®DS at 20mg/kg body weight. The treatment lasted for four days. The assays for antimalarial, antioxidant and toxicological activities, along with phytochemical profiling, pancreatic histopathology and immunohistochemical staining were conducted using standard procedures and documented methods. The phytochemical screening of EEBp revealed alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, anthraquinones, phenols, terpenoids, tannins and triterpenoids. No toxicity was observed at 5000 mg/kg. Antimalarial activity showed significant efficacy, with a mean survival time (MST) of 25.0 ± 0.8 days for the 400 mg/kg EEBp dose (MST for standard treatment = 29.3 ± 0.7) when tracked for 30 days. This dose also protected against oxidative damage in pancreatic tissue (histological score of 1/21), indicating significant treatment response. EEBp modulated insulin and glucagon expressions at doses of 200 and 400mg/kg, restoring levels to normal in infected mice. In conclusion, Bryophyllum pinnatum demonstrates potency in malaria treatment in experimental mice. However, further investigation is necessary to identify the active compounds for study as leads.

Comparative Analysis of Japanese Quince Juice Concentrate as a Substitute for Lemon Juice Concentrate: Functional Applications as a Sweetener, Acidifier, Stabilizer, and Flavoring Agent

This research examined the viability of Japanese quince juice concentrate (JQJC) as an innovative alternative to lemon juice concentrate (LJC). Given the rising consumer demand for natural food ingredients, this study focused on a thorough analysis of the nutritional and functional characteristics of JQJC in comparison to LJC. The chemical analysis indicated that JQJC possesses a total soluble solids (TSS) content of 50.6 °Brix, with fructose and glucose, to a greater extent, being the primary contributors to its solids content. In contrast, LJC had a TSS of 39.8 °Brix and also contained glucose and fructose. Additionally, malic acid is a principal component of JQJC’s acidity, determined at 20.98 g 100 g−1 of fresh weight (FW), while LJC mostly contained citric acid at a concentration of 30.86 g 100 g−1 FW. Moreover, the ascorbic acid content quantified in JQJC was eight times greater than that observed in LJC. The assessment of antioxidant activity, utilizing the DPPH• and FRAP assays, indicated that JQJC exhibits scavenging activity nearly eleven times higher than that of LJC, suggesting its superior antioxidant capacity. The total phenolic content for JQJC was quantified at 2189.59 mg 100 g−1 FW, significantly (p < 0.05) exceeding the 262.80 mg 100 g−1 FW found in LJC. The analysis identified 16 individual phenolic compounds in JQJC, highlighting the dominance of epicatechin, chlorogenic, and protocatechuic acids with concentrations ranging from 0.16 to 50.63 mg 100 g−1 FW, contributing to a total individual phenolic content of 114.07 mg 100 g−1 FW. Conversely, LJC is characterized by substantial contributions from hesperidin, eriocitrin, and, to a lesser extent, quercetin-3-O-rutinoside, yielding a phenolic content of 109.65 mg 100 g−1 FW. This study presents strong evidence supporting the utilization of JQJC as a functional substitute for LJC across a variety of product categories, including beverages, jams, and other food items. The findings indicate that JQJC has the potential to enhance product development targeted at health-conscious consumers while optimizing the utilization of a relatively underexplored fruit crop.

Study on the Extraction Technology and Antioxidant Capacity of Rhodymenia intricata Polysaccharides.

A red alga named Rhodymenia intricata was explored, and the extraction technology and antioxidant capacity of its polysaccharides were investigated. The crude polysaccharides were extracted using the ultrasound-assisted water extraction method, precipitated by alcohol, and purified using the trichloroacetic acid method. Subsequently, the scavenging rates of polysaccharides on hydroxyl, DPPH, and ABTS free radicals, were determined both prior to and following purification to evaluate their antioxidant activity. Extraction technology was optimized to improve polysaccharide yield, and the optimal parameters were as follows: particle size 100 mesh, material-liquid ratio 1:84 (g/mL), ultrasonic time 30 min, and extraction for 95 min at 80 °C. The maximized extraction rate of crude polysaccharides was 37.78 ± 0.15%. The obtained crude polysaccharides were purified with different concentrations of trichloroacetic acid, and the purification effect was evaluated according to protein removal rate and polysaccharide retention rate, which could reach 62.61 ± 1.82% and 96.10 ± 1.60%, respectively. Infrared spectrum analysis suggested that Rhodymenia intricata polysaccharide might be α-pyranose. The Congo red test illustrated that the polysaccharide contained a triple helix structure. In the antioxidant activity assessment, the scavenging rates of polysaccharide prior to purification for RIP-1 (10 mg/mL) for hydroxyl, DPPH, and ABTS free radicals were observed to achieve maximum values of 94.71 ± 0.13%, 42.80 ± 7.12%, and 76.30 ± 5.20%, respectively. In contrast, the scavenging rates of polysaccharide following purification for RIP-2 (10 mg/mL) for the same free radicals reached maximum values of 94.10 ± 0.27%, 32.37 ± 0.78%, and 98.30 ± 0.34%, respectively. Notably, these scavenging rates exhibited a dose-dependent relationship. These results demonstrated the potential of the extraction method for polysaccharides from Rhodymenia intricata, and for adding value to the by-product for its potential application as an antioxidant in food and pharmaceutical products.