Implementation Of Assessment Policy Research Articles

Kedudukan Advokat Mendampingi Tersangka dalam Proses Penyidikan

This article or paper aims to Analyze the Regulation and Implementation of Legal Aid, as well as Assess the Role of Advocates in Ensuring Access to Justice. This descriptive research uses a normative juridical approach to analyze secondary data, such as regulations and legal literature, to evaluate regulations, identify legal loopholes, and assess policy implementation. Qualitative analysis is carried out to provide recommendations for policy improvement under the principle of justice. The results of the study show that the analysis of legal aid highlights the importance of assisting advocates in a fair justice system. Even though regulations are adequate, implementation still faces obstacles such as a lack of public awareness and limited advocates. Strengthening regulations, public education, and synergy between the government, advocates, and law enforcement are needed so that legal assistance is optimal in protecting human rights. Advocates play an important role in ensuring access to justice, protecting the rights of suspects, and ensuring that legal proceedings run according to the rules. With better collaboration, advocates can be guardians of justice and provide equitable legal protection without discrimination.

Bridging the Gap in Policy Implementation through a Health Equity Lens: Insights from a 2-Year Study on Measurement Development

Background: Policy implementation measurement lacks an equity focus, which limits understanding of how policies addressing health inequities, such as Universal School Meals (USM) can elicit intended outcomes. We report findings from an equity-focused measurement development study, which had two aims: (1) identify key constructs related to the equitable implementation of school health policies and (2) establish face and content validity of measures assessing key implementation determinants, processes, and outcomes. Methods: To address Aim 1, study participants (i.e., school health policy experts) completed a survey to rate the importance of constructs identified from implementation science and health equity by the research team. To accomplish Aim 2, the research team developed survey instruments to assess the key constructs identified from Aim 1 and conducted cognitive testing of these survey instruments among multiple user groups. The research team iteratively analyzed the data; feedback was categorized into “easy” or “moderate/difficult” to facilitate decision-making. Results: The Aim 1 survey had 122 responses from school health policy experts, including school staff (n = 76), researchers (n = 22), trainees (n = 3), leaders of non-profit organizations (n = 6), and others (n = 15). For Aim 2, cognitive testing feedback from 23 participants was predominantly classified as “easy” revisions (69%) versus “moderate/difficult” revisions (31%). Primary feedback themes comprised (1) comprehension and wording, (2) perceived lack of control over implementation, and (3) unclear descriptions of equity in questions. Conclusions: Through adaptation and careful dissemination, these tools can be shared with implementation researchers and practitioners so they may equitably assess policy implementation in their respective settings.

Multi-Scale Higher-Order Dependencies (MSHOD): Higher-Order Interactions Mining and Key Nodes Identification for Global Liner Shipping Network

Liner shipping accounts for over 80% of the global transportation volume, making substantial contributions to world trade and economic development. To advance global economic integration further, it is essential to link the flows of global liner shipping routes with the complex system of international trade, thereby supporting liner shipping as an effective framework for analyzing international trade and geopolitical trends. Traditional methods based on first-order global liner shipping networks, operating at a single scale, lack sufficient descriptive power for multi-variable sequential interactions and data representation accuracy among nodes. This paper proposes an effective methodology termed “Multi-Scale Higher-Order Dependencies (MSHOD)” that adeptly reveals the complexity of higher-order interactions among multi-scale nodes within the global liner shipping network. The key step of this method is to construct high-order dependency networks through multi-scale attributes. Based on the critical role of high-order interactions, a method for key node identification has been proposed. Experiments demonstrate that, compared to other methods, MSHOD can more effectively identify multi-scale nodes with regional dependencies. These nodes and their generated higher-order interactions could have transformative impacts on the network’s flow and stability. Therefore, by integrating multi-scale analysis methods to mine high-order interactions and identify key nodes with regional dependencies, this approach provides robust insights for assessing policy implementation effects, preventing unforeseen incidents, and revealing regional dual-circulation economic models, thereby contributing to strategies for global, stable development.

Development of a questionnaire for assessing the impact of children’s food marketing exposure on diet-related outcomes

IntroductionThe Government of Thailand has drafted legislation to protect children from the harmful impact of unhealthy food (including beverages) marketing. Local evidence on Thai children’s exposure to, and the impact...

Beyond-Compliance Behaviour: Concept and Operationalization in the Context of Using Domestic Products Policy in Public Procurement

This study aimed to introduce beyond-compliance behavior in policy implementation and operationalize it in the context of using domestic products policy in public procurement. A literature review was initially conducted to establish variables and dimensions. Subsequently, interviews were conducted with nine individuals involved in public procurement across three agencies in Indonesia with different achievement grades for policy implementation. The interview results were analyzed to produce salient themes as the operationalized result of beyond-compliance behavior. This study found that beyond-compliance behavior had a more diffuse impact on stakeholders than compliance behavior. This study introduced the concept of beyond-compliance behavior to assessing policy implementation. The results also provided valuable insights for procurement policy management.

Assessing physical activity promotion in different settings and how its associated with public participation during COVID-19 epidemic: evidence from national policy evaluation

BackgroundVarious interventions, programs and policies have been implemented to improve physical activity (PA) levels worldwide. However, countries continue to face barriers and challenges in achieving their targets. To date, there is a lack of study on the evaluation of physical activity (PA) promotion and how it’s associated with public participation.MethodsThis study assessed PA promotion in eight different settings in terms of policy availability, policy implementation, and public participation in PA programs. Policy availability was assessed by reviewing 384 policy and strategy documents, rules, regulations, legislation, and guidelines on PA. We scored the documents by using the Comprehensive Analysis of Policy on Physical Activity (CAPPA) framework. Data to assess policy implementation and public participation were taken from the Thailand Report Card Survey 2021 (TRC2021), and the Thailand Surveillance on Physical Activity (SPA) 2021. Both surveys comprised over 5,000 nationally-representative samples from on-screen, face-to-face interviews, and an online self-administered survey. We scored the policy implementation and public participation based on respondents’ response towards policy implementation and participation indicators. A grading scheme was applied to indicate how successful an investment has been made.ResultsPublic education and mass media received the highest average score in policy availability, implementation and public participation in PA program (67.9%, grade B), followed by active urban design (66.1%, grade B-) and active transport (63.7%, grade B-). Workplace, whole-of-school, and community-wide initiatives were the investments with the lowest scores, implying low availability, limited implementation, and less accessibility to public. Females were less likely to participate in active transport, active urban design, sports/recreation for all, workplace activity, and community-wide initiatives. Age and educational attainment were consistent predictors of utilization in all investments.ConclusionsWith varying degrees of policy availability and accessibility, public participation in PA investments is likely to be constrained by biological and socioeconomic inequality. Future investments should aim at providing generalized or tailored interventions to ensure equal access and participation for all segments of the population.

The Fight Against Malaria: A New Index for Quantifying and Assessing Policy Implementation Actions to Reduce Malaria Burden in Sub-Saharan Africa

We aggregate information from the World Malaria Reports on 61 different antimalarial policies to develop an extensive synthetic index (MaPI) for 44 SSA countries between 1990 and 2017. We observe an increase of convergence in polices’ implementation in the region, starting in more developed countries and reaching less developed countries from the mid-2000s. Using a difference-in-difference events study design, we find that prevention, diagnosis and treatment are key policies to reduce malaria mortality and prevalence: an increase of about 10 p.p. of these policies generates a mortality cumulative decrease of around 8 p.p. and a prevalence cumulative decrease of 13 p.p. after five years. We also use available data on policy coverage for a reduced subset of policies to construct an intensive margin version of the index. Main results are consistent to the ones derived from the extensive version. Finally, we prove the robustness of our results with a large battery of checks related to model specifications, econometric techniques, data sources and falsification tests.

Leading institutional policy implementation: Negotiating the complexities of policy implementation in higher education in the UAE.

While it is widely understood that assessment policy and its implementation by actors profoundly affect the quality of student learning in higher education, there is a dearth of research highlighting the institutional factors that influence policy implementation in today’s globalized world. Although leadership is an often-cited factor influencing policy implementation, it is not well understood in the United Arab Emirates (UAE) and the Middle East. This paper discusses a qualitative case study that explored how leadership negotiates institutional factors and influences actors’ implementation of assessment in a Health Sciences department in an institution in the UAE. Adopting Hans Bresser’s (2004) Contextual Interaction Theory (CIT) as an empirically-based conceptual framework, the case study examined how institutional factors and leadership influence motivation, cognition, and power/capacity in a UAE institution. Data were collected from semi-structured interviews with key informants in a Health Sciences department and internal and external policy documentation. Findings indicated that the policy design and the institution’s top-down approach to governance influenced leaders’ implementation of assessment policy in particular ways. In addition, the institutional culture of change and the sizable multi-campus structure impacted the department's policy and leaders’ assessment implementation. Finally, there were findings on the nature of leadership and the nuances of supporting and influencing policy implementation that was contextualized in UAE society. The study results offer policymakers, institutional leaders, and department-level leaders (department and program leaders) a deeper understanding of how system-level influences impact policy implementation.

Quantitative tools and measurements for assessing the implementation of regulatory policies in reducing alcohol consumption and alcohol-related harms: A scoping review.

Implementation of alcohol control policy is a global priority as alcohol contributes to negative individual health and societal impacts. However, there are no available reviews that comprehensively provide tools and measurements for assessing the implementation of alcohol control policy. This study reviews tools and measurements for assessing alcohol policy implementation. Policies considered include alcohol pricing and taxation, alcohol marketing control, physical availability control and drink-driving policy. We conducted a scoping review from Scopus, Web of Science and the World Health Organization's website. We included studies on policy implementation for the four most effective prevention policies published worldwide between 2000 and 2021. The search yielded 11,654 articles and these were narrowed down to 39 included studies. Of these 39 studies, almost half assessed the implementation of a drink-driving policy (n=19), followed multipolicy (n=12) and physical availability control (n=8). There was no single study assessing policy implementation of pricing and taxation or alcohol marketing control. The majority of the studies were conducted in high-income countries (n=31). Globally, there is no standardised tool or guidelines for measuring the policy implementation of these four policies. The tools for measuring policy implementation mostly focused on a single policy, and few covered multiple policies. We recommend developing standardised tools and measurements to monitor policy implementation across multiple policies at country levels. This review highlighted a lack of comprehensive and standardised tools to assess policy implementation and the limited number of studies on alcohol policy implementation in low- and middle-income countries.

Factors that Impact Farmers’ Organic Conversion Decisions

This article helps to answer the question of how the diffusion of organic farming could be accelerated by analyzing farmers’ decisions. Given the fragmentation of the research findings, the determinants of farmers’ organic conversion decisions were integrated into a framework that enables a holistic approach to be adopted in research and policy scheduling. The most important factors of the external farm environment are the organic product demand, product price, access to markets, available technologies, education, knowledge transfer, peer networks, society’s attitudes, and subsidy provision. The most important farm characteristics are the farm’s location, farm size, enterprise, expected costs, profits, knowledge, information and communication technology use, farmers’ age, education, gender, off-farm activities, attitudes, and beliefs regarding organic farming and willingness to preserve the environment. Of particular importance are farmers’ satisfaction with economic incentives, the perception of technical problems, and the certification process. Such comprehensive information enables public authorities to bring about changes in the most important factors that effectively accelerate organic conversion decisions and to assess policy implementation. The market participants are facilitated to implement eco-strategies by encouraging farmers to decide to convert. Future research should broaden the sets of factors that are explored, taking into consideration the interactions and time-dependent changes that exist.

The Fight Against Malaria: A New Index for Quantifying and Assessing Policy Implementation Actions to Reduce Mortality in Sub-Saharan Africa

More than 90% of people suffering from Malaria live in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). We construct, for the first time, a Malaria Policy Index (MaPI) for 44 SSA countries to quantify and compare each country’s antimalarial policy actions between 1990 and 2017. The MaPI compiles information on intervention strategies such as prevention, diagnosis and treatment (Pillar 1) and the use of antimalarial therapies and tests (Pillar 2). We find that: antimalarial policy implementation is a widespread phenomenon in the region from the mid-2000s on; initial differences in per capita GDP, quality of institutions and malaria burden are not associated with the current levels of policy implementation and; there exists a first stage of policy divergence (before mid-2000s), followed by a strong convergence period. The convergence period is associated with an unprecedented increase in international malaria fight funding, which was unevenly distributed across countries according to their necessities to eradicate the disease. Using a difference-in-difference events study design and a distributed lag model approach, we estimate the effect of antimalarial policy implementation increases on subsequent changes in malaria mortality within SSA countries. We find that policies included in Pillar 1 are key to reduce within-country malaria mortality: an increase of 10 p.p. in policies implemented in this pillar generates a cumulative malaria mortality decrease of about 6 p.p. after five years.

Implementing Assessment Policy: Considering the Bifactor Teachers' Satisfaction Criterion

The study examined teachers’ general satisfaction and specific satisfactions in implementing assessment policy. First it confirmed the validity of a four-factor teacher’s satisfaction construct. Next it identified the best-fitting measure of teacher’s satisfaction among four theoretically viable measures, namely a uni-dimension satisfaction construct, four-factor construct, second-order factor construct, and a bi-factor measure that comprised general and specifics factors. Finally, the study tested whether teachers’ agreement with the implementation of nation-wide assessment policy related to the best-fitting satisfaction model, which was the bi-factor model. A total of 2,374 teachers nested in 300 randomly selected schools in Malaysia were surveyed using a 15-item instrument. The results supported the hypotheses that the four-factor measure was adequate to explain the variability of teachers’ responses to the satisfaction items, the bi-factor model was the best-fitting model, and teachers’ endorsement of the implementation of assessment policy supported the teachers’ general satisfaction, satisfaction towards workload, and satisfaction towards pay and benefits.

Adjusting policy implementation frameworks for non‐pluralist conditions: A case study of Ukraine's single tax for small business

SummaryTraditional frameworks for assessing policy implementation have been developed almost exclusively in the context of market‐based, pluralist democracies. This research explores policy processes in more diverse contexts, testing the applicability of existing implementation measurement models in the socio‐political context of a post‐Soviet country. Fieldwork conducted in Ukraine examines the factors affecting implementation of the Simplified Single Tax policy and considers the impact of formal and informal institutions on policy processes and small business conditions. Results include an expanded model for assessing policy implementation in non‐pluralist conditions, an original contribution to the fields of policy, small business, and development studies. The research further contributes to the literature concerning policy transfer, policy advocacy, and tax reform in developing nations. For theoreticians, this research may inform design considerations when conducting policy research outside of a pluralist democracy. For practitioners, it may inform efforts to mitigate implementation obstacles in diverse socio‐political contexts.

A simulation-based approach to assess forest policy options under biotic and abiotic climate change impacts: A case study on Scotland's National Forest Estate

The future provision of forest goods and ecosystem services is dependent, among other factors, on climate change impacts, forest management, and response to forest policies. To assess policy implementation targets for Scotland's National Forest Estate under climate change, we simulated forest growth through the 21st century - with and without the abiotic impacts of climate change, and with and without the biotic impacts of an important fungal disease. Eight different forest management trajectories were simulated under a climate projection, to assess the future provision of forest ecosystem goods and services. Climate change was represented by the IPCC RCP 4.5 projection, and the biotic impact of Dothistroma needle blight was predicted using a new vulnerability matrix. Indicators of three important goods and services: timber production, standing biomass, and biodiversity were measured in the simulation of forest growth and reported at decadal intervals using dynamically linked forest models. We found that both a broadleaved species trajectory and a Forest Enterprise Scotland selected species trajectory would improve standing biomass and biodiversity, but slightly reduce timber volume. Dothistroma needle blight could reduce standing biomass (by up to 3tha−1) and timber volume (by up to 5m3ha−1), but the predicted impact is dependent on the type of forest management trajectory. Our findings show opportunities for diversifying forest management and tree species – and at the same time supporting forest policy to improve forest resilience under uncertain climate change and Dothistroma impacts. The forest simulation has been used to demonstrate and evaluate national strategic delivery of multi-purpose forest benefits in Scotland, and how species and management might be targeted regionally in Forest Districts, to maintain achievable national targets for timber production, carbon sequestration, and biodiversity under climate change.

Four intermediate goals: a methodology for evaluation of climate mitigation policy packages

ABSTRACTThis study aimed to evaluate climate mitigation policy packages in various countries’ nationally determined contributions by introducing four intermediate policy goals: decarbonizing energy, improving energy efficiency, reducing demand for energy services, and enhancing carbon sinks and reducing emissions of non-CO2 gases. The methodology was examined by using data of China, Germany, Japan, the UK, and the US. Climate mitigation policies introduced between 1990 and 2015 in the five countries were categorized into four intermediate policy goals. Six indicators were introduced to measure actual outcomes, each representing one of the four intermediate policy goals. A comparison between the policy categorizations and the indicator outputs led to the conclusion that the number of policies implemented partially reflects the countries’ efforts to achieve specific policy goals, even though the stringency of each policy was not taken into account. This comparison was also useful in identifying key policies that were effective in achieving policy goals, even if there was a relatively small number of policies. The methodology was useful in generating policy recommendations to fulfil all the four intermediate goals in a balanced manner.POLICY RELEVANCEThe Paris Agreement, adopted at the 21st Conference of the Parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (COP21) in December 2015, calls for all countries to prepare, communicate, and maintain successive nationally determined contributions (NDCs) and pursue domestic mitigation measures with the aim of achieving the objectives of such contributions (Article 4.2). Under this new regime, methodologies to assess policy implementation have become increasingly important, especially for the post-2020 period. The methodology developed in this study is simple enough for any country to use and was effective in grasping the overall characteristics of the climate mitigation policy package in each country or region studied. The study recommends that the UNFCCC create a rule requesting countries to submit estimates of population, GDP, total energy demand, share of renewables, and other relevant factors for the target year when they submit their successive intended NDCs.

Leveraging institutional knowledge for student success: promoting academic advisors

To engage students and meet institutional goals, higher education leaders need to leverage the institutional knowledge of their staff and their professional competencies. Evidence based decision-making provides a stepping-stone to strategic staffing practices. Strategically developing and retaining staff members moves the conversation from foundational evidence to policy and practices. This meta-analysis provides a case study for the development process of a ‘career ladder’ borne in institutional evidence and strategically implemented through leadership and policy development. Five steps are identified in the achievement institutional recognition and sustainability for key personnel in Academic Advising. Step 1: empower institutional leaders; Step 2: recruit change leaders; Step 3: link strategic plan outcomes to larger institutional culture and policy; Step 4: engage strategic stakeholders; and Step 5: assess policy implementation and outcomes (different processes). Practical implementation strategies for policy are discussed.

Quantitative Evaluation of Settlement Sustainability Policy (QESSP); Forward Planning for 26 Irish Settlements

Urban areas are increasingly associated with negative environmental impacts due to concentrated resource consumption; however urban areas also offer economies of scale in terms of service provision. There is no accepted mechanism to aid decision-makers in policy selection to determine where to promote population growth or how to select settlement specific policies to improve sustainability of urban areas. There is strong political desire for methods assessing policy implementation impact on overall sustainability targets, but this has proved challenging, as views on the meaning of sustainability vary, and methods developed satisfying scientists’ needs for rigor are deemed too complex and inadequately transparent by decision-makers. Sustainability measurement is vital to check whether a new policy, decision or technical innovation is helpful in enhancing sustainability. By 2055 estimates indicate that 75 percent of the world population will live in urban areas, highlighting the importance of promoting low cost policy decisions providing greatest environmental benefit, with short implementation timescale. This paper describes an evidence-based method developed and piloted to address these drivers and provide a decision support system for planners and policy-makers developed for Irish settlements with population range 500–20,000, which may have application elsewhere.

한국 담배규제 정책의 평가: 담배규제정책 전문가 의견 조사를 토대로

Background: Due to lack of regular and systematic evaluation tool, Korea's tobacco control policy has not been examined its overall process of implementation including efficiency and adequacy of the policies. This study developed policy monitoring and evaluation model to assess policy implementation and effectiveness of tobacco control in Korea. Methods: Based on World Health Organization operational manual for assessment, MPOWER (monitor tobacco use and prevention policies, protect from tobacco smoke, offer help to quit tobacco use, warn about the dangers of tobacco, enforce bans on tobacco advertising promotion and sponsorship, and raise taxes on tobacco) related policies were reviewed by rating policy efforts, programme management, people (human resources and their development), provision of organization, provision of fund and partnerships (range, 0 to 5). Results: As a result of the experts' assessment, overall Korean tobacco control policies scored 2.61 points, which is poor. In relation to each 'MPOWER' policies, 'W' scored the highest points (2.93), followed by 'O' (2.91), 'M' (2.87), 'P' (2.86), and 'E' (2.23). 'R' scored the lowest points of 1.87, meaning government efforts in tobacco price policy is insufficient. Conclusion: This study concludes that Korean tobacco control policy should strengthen tax and price measures, while programme infrastructure, people, and funds for policy enforcement should be secured. Furthermore, rather than focusing on one specific measure, a balanced approach reflecting various aspects of tobacco controls should be considered in order to decrease smoking rates and prevent smoking initiation.

Educational assessment in Norway

Norway has seen major changes in the field of educational assessment over the past decade, following the 2001 ‘PISA shock’ that stimulated reform of the entire primary and secondary education systems: new outcome-based curricula with cross-disciplinary basic skills were accompanied by major revision of assessment regulations, comprehensive government projects promoting formative assessment, national tests as a main component in a new national quality assessment system and new regulations for examinations and teacher reporting of overall achievement marks. The paper provides a historical context to the country’s prohibition of formal marking in primary education and the recent tensions determining how assessment criteria should be stated and used for formative and summative purposes. It is argued that Norwegian primary and secondary education is riddled with unresolved tensions as to the role of assessment criteria and national tests, sparked by incremental implementation of assessment policies and principles accompanying the new outcomes-based curricula.

Applicable Quality Models in Higher Education in Argentina

The aim of this paper is the study of quality management systems applied to higher education. The specific objectives are to present different models of approach to the concept of quality education applicable in Argentina: to study the legal framework governing university education, and to introduce considerations about its evaluation. The National Education Law 26026/2006 is clear about State responsibility to ensure quality education for all residents, and implementation of assessment policy to secure it. Accreditation is the process commonly used to give public account of the degree of compliance of higher education institutions. Periodic accreditation of undergraduate careers, whose titles correspond to professions regulated by the State, is performed. External evaluations present evaluation reports that are public.