Assertive Sentences Research Articles

ANALISIS TINDAK TUTUR ILOKUSI PADA FILM IMPERFECT KARYA ERNEST PRAKASA DAN MEIRA ANASTASIA SEBAGAI ALTERNATIF BAHAN AJAR TEKS DRAMA SMA KELAS XI

This research aims to analyze the illocutionary speech acts in the imperfect film; determine the speech acts contained in the imperfect film and associated with the form and function of illocutionary speech acts, namely assertive, directive, expressive, commissive, and declarative; describe the form of Learner Worksheet (LKPD) that utilizes the results of the research. The method used in this research is descriptive qualitative. The writer analyzes the form of illocutionary speech acts in imperfect film and finds 101 utterances. However, there are 12 utterances that have two illocutionary speech acts so there are 113 data including 34 assertive sentences, 26 directive sentences, 41 expressive sentences, 3 commissive sentences, and 9 declarative sentences. Data on the function of illocutionary speech acts found 36 data which is the function of illocutionary speech acts, including 19 competitive functions, 8 convival functions, 8 collaborative functions, and 1 conflictive function. This indicates that the imperfect film is appropriate and fulfills all the functions of illocutionary speech acts. The analysis shows that there are many forms of illocutionary speech acts in the movie, especially in expressive sentences and the most speech act functions are competitive functions. The author utilizes the research results as teaching materials for drama texts of grade XI. The results of the analysis used as teaching modules and LKPD are valid with a score of 96 from the first validator and 92 from the second validator, so it is feasible to be used as teaching materials in Indonesian language learning for grade XI high school students.

A Phenomenological Analysis of the Nomothetic Noema

In this paper, I examine phenomenologically the structure of the normative noema, which I call the “nomothetic noema.” I distinguish the meaning content, its normative characters, which I call “ductive forces”, and its modes of givenness. Next, I introduce the traditional difference between modalities de re and de dicto. I argue that the current tendency, in deontic logic, to treat deontic expressions as operators over sentences induces, at least on the syntactic surface, a de dicto reading. I then discuss some of the theoretical decisions that underlie deontic logic, starting from two basic asymmetries between modal alethic logic and deontic logic. The decisive point is to recover a strong sense of permission that I equate with the factor of free agency, which is difficult to formalize. Finally, I return to the analysis of the nomothetic noema and try to show how a de re reading is better suited to account for normative intentionality. I simultaneously introduce the concept of status-imposing norms, which must be formulated with a normative use of the copulas “is” and “has.” I conclude that the treatment of normative expressions is more appropriate when they are understood as complex copulas, irreducible to assertive sentences, rather than as operators over whole sentences. I emphasize on this occasion that, from a phenomenological point of view and within the framework of genetic analysis, the primitive basic datum is the freedom of agency, on which the normative domain of assigning statuses to agents, obligations, and prohibitions is built.

《한비자》의 판단문 연구

The ‘pànduànjù (判断句)’ (mediaeval Chinese assertive sentences) occupies a very important role as it demonstrates massive changes in aspects through several forms throughout its transformative process of the Chinese language. A total of 1,291 examples emerged after examining several pànduànjù forms that appear in the book of Han Fei Zi written at the end of the Warring States Period(戰國). The emergent frequency rate of the modal particle(yǔqìzhùcí/语气助词), yě(也), which indicates the particle of the pànduàn was 58.6% (757 cases) which was a lot higher than the pànduànjù forms that did not have the modal particle yě which was calculated to be 41.4%(534 cases). Amongst all the 13 different kind of pànduànjù forms, the verbal pànduànjù form was the highest with 27.9%(360 cases) indicating that the 325 cases where the modal particle yě(也) does not appear is relatively higher than the 35 cases where the modal particle does appear. Within this phenomenon, the usage rate of wéi(爲) gradually increased while one shì(是) appeared demonstrating that it began to act as a pànduàncí (判断词) although this practice wasn’t quite as universal during this period. In addition, the emergent frequency rate of the adverb which enhances the pànduàn function because it is used in front of the predicate was 18.6% (240 cases) making the usage rate even wider across the board. Also, in the case of the predicate, although there were many emergent cases of noun predicates, most of the predicates were in the forms of adjectives, adjective phrases, verbal phrases and verb objective phrases.

“Why Should i not State my opinion, right or Wrong?” Considerations for Literary Criticism in the Letters of Pliny the Younger

SummaryLiterary self is an essential component of Pliny’s self-representation. Pliny’s literary self-portrait is shaped the way he wants it to be by a diverse set of literary techniques utilized in the letters. My paper explores the questions formulated in the letters that thematize the selection and composition of text, and the answers given to them (not necessarily in the form of assertive sentences). This interpretation is not independent from the self-representative character of the letters, yet, it exceeds it on the premise that another dimension may be opened to the understanding of the letters, which points towards the development of the literary and artistic taste of the first century, and its directions.

The Use of Doctor’s Assertive Speech Acts in Medical Communication

Research purpose to: (1) describe the form of assertive speech acts of doctors in medical communication; (2) describe the function of physician’s assertive speech acts in medical communication. This research is qualitative research. This research was conducted at the RSUD Haji Makassar. The research design used is descriptive qualitative. The focus of this study, namely data in the form of words, phrases, clauses, and assertive sentences put forward by doctors when communicating with patients. Sources of research data, namely doctors who have specialized. Data collection techniques are done through observation and recording. The research instrument consisted of the main instruments namely researchers and supporting instruments including data analysis guides, observation guides, and recording devices. The results of the study revealed that assertive speech acts used by doctors, namely declarative assertive speech acts, interrogative speech assertive speech acts, and imperative speech assertivespeech acts. Declarative speech consists of declarative meaningful explanations of circumstances, advice, estimates, disagreements, and affirmations. Interrogative speech consists of interrogative meaningful states, tells, suggest, complains, and demands. The imperative speech consists of imperative meaningful insistence and suggestion. The assertive speech acts function used by doctors, namely the stated function, the function of notifying, the function of suggesting, the function of complaining, and the function of demanding. The use of various forms of assertive speech act doctors are represented so that patients get treatment and healing. The use of a variety of assertive speech act functions is represented by doctors in order to provide information and help patients to get healing.

Факторы, влияющие на проекцию пресуппозиций в чувашском языке: экспериментальное исследование

The current paper experimentally studies the projection diversity of the following presupposition triggers in the Standard Chuvash language in assertive sentences, in negated assertive sentences and in conditional sentences: kallex ‘again’ (adverbial), ta ‘too’ (conjunction), mansa kaj ‘forget’ and pəl ‘know/find out’ (mental factive verbs), and pəter ‘finish’ (aspectual verb). Relying upon the presupposition projection in various contexts, [Abusch 2002] suggested to distinguish between hard vs. soft presupposition triggers. According to this view, the former two Chuvash items belong to hard triggers, whereas the latter three items represent soft triggers. The papers by [Xue and Onea 2012; Smith and Hall 2012] among others experimentally confirmed the distinction between hard vs. soft triggers in several West-European languages. The current paper verifies the hypothesis about the distinction between hard vs. soft triggers on the basis of a non-Indo-European language and suggests using a verification task: participants have to choose one of the values on the five-point Likert scale while answering a given question with respect to a given context. The paper only partially confirms the distinction between hard vs. soft triggers. As in [Xue and Onea 2012], the paper shows that soft triggers exhibit a more heterogeneous group than hard triggers. Moreover, contrary to the recent paper by [Tonhauser et al. 2018], the paper does not reveal further distinctions either within each of the presupposition trigger groups or between the presupposition trigger groups. The paper gives two plausible interrelated reasons for the obtained results that are a linear position and a syntactic status (independent vs. embedded) of the first clause in a question that contains the denied presupposition.

Nouveau regard sur le systeme verbal du français

This contribution aims to describe the verbal system of the French language, with­out previous knowledge and without sacrificing to tradition. Through commutation, the author finds verbal determinants which exist in opposition in assertive and interrogative sentences, and sets apart the imperative, which marks another enunciative operation (injunction). The author only retains units which have been the object of a choice by the speaker, and thereby eliminates the indicative and the variants of units. After criticizing the notion of mood and conjugation tables, he stresses that we must take into account the relevant opposition contexts if we want to achieve a homogeneous inventory of verbal determinants

The Effect of Verbal Encouragement in CPR Performance on the Accuracy of CPR Techniques

Objectives: To investigate the helpful techniques for Cardio Pulmonary Resuscitation by performing a comparative analysis of CPR between an encouragement and a non-encouragement group based on the AHA education program. Methods/ Statistical Analysis: This research was carried out by selecting 42 university students as a test group who had acquired a 2011 Health Care-Provider certificate issued by the AHA while attending Chungbuk University in C city. Informed consent was received from all participants in accordance with legal procedures. An average and standard deviation for each variable was calculated using the SPSS 12.0 version statistical program, and the gap between the averages values of each technique was verified using a Paired Samples Test. Findings: The encouragement language used in this study seems to have a tone of assertive sentences because it was directly quoted from the sentences in AHA education video, and it may have restricted a participant from performing techniques with more tension. Therefore, if the encouragement instructions are written using imperative sentences or suggesting sentences, it can be expected to increase concentration on the accuracy of CPR. Applications: This study provides proof that the verbal encouragement improves the accuracy and the speed of CPR; it is hence suggested to apply in the classroom for more efficient education.

A FILOSOFIA SEMÂNTICA TRADICIONAL: Uma abordagem entre Frege e Russell

RESUMO: O objetivo deste artigo é apresentar o que Friedrich Ludwig Gottlob Frege (1848-1925) entende sobre sentido (Sinn) e referência (Bedeutung) dos nomes próprios e das sentenças assertivas completas e a crítica que Bertrand Russell (1872 – 1970) faz ao sentido fregeano, ou seja, uma sentença não tem sentido como Frege propõe, ela simplesmente denota. A investigação far-se-á através da obra Sobre o Sentido e a Referência – Über Sinn und Bedeutung – [2009 (1892)], na qual Frege propõe uma distinção entre os termos e da obra Da Denotação – On Denoting – [1978 (1905)], na qual Russell sustenta que uma expressão só denota. Não é a minha intenção fazer uma abordagem minuciosa, e sim apresentar a distinção entre sentido e referência para Frege, e analisar como Russell tenta resolver o paradoxo semântico fregeano. É neste sentido que este artigo se norteará.

Where do they come from?

Much work has been done to explore the origin and functions of the Chinese “Shi…De” construction, but there are still some problems left unsolved. Firstly, there is no consensus on what a syntactic category the “Shi…De” construction belongs to. Second, no agreement has been reached with regard to the functions of De and Shi in the “Shi…De” construction. Third, the reason why Chinese chooses “Shi…De” to assume the function of focusing is not clear. Moreover, though previous studies have discussed the origin and the diachronic distribution of this construction, the mechanism for its generation or its genesis is left untouched. This paper discussed the Chinese “Shi…De” construction from a synchronic perspective. The findings include: (1) The Chinese “Shi…De” constructions are essentially assertive sentences which relate to the grammaticalization of Shi; (2) De as an empty word is a particle at the phrase level and a functor together with a Shi at the sentence level; (3) The “Shi…De” construction is endowed with its own semantic function; (4) The mechanism for forming Chinese cleft sentences is analogy.

THE COMMUNICATIVE RELEVANCE IN FICTIONAL DISCOURSE

Searle (1975) evidenced two programmatic questions about the logic of fictional discourse: why evolution would have selected fiction as a cross-cultural behavior and what enables an author to use words literally without committing to their literal meanings in fictional communication. Ferreira (in press) argues that part of the problem lies on a Searle's conception that by violating the logical rules of assertive sentences, the fictional communication constitutes itself as parasitic ordinary language. Alternatively, this paper discusses the fictional model of communication by relevance theory (Sperber, Wilson 1995), showing that ordinary communication and fictional discourse are second-order representations or metarepresentations.

A Simple Strategy to Start Domain Ontology from Scratch

Aiming the usage of Domain Ontology as an educational tool for neophyte students and focusing in a fast and easy way to start Domain Ontology from scratch, the semantics are set aside to identify contexts of concepts (terms) to build the ontology. Text Mining, Link Analysis and Graph Analysis create an abstract rough sketch of interactions between terms. This first rough sketch is presented to the expert providing insights into and inspires him to inform or communicate knowledge, through assertive sentences. Those assertive sentences subsidize the creation of the ontology. A web prototype tool to visualize the ontology and retrieve book contents is also presented.

“... goaded perhaps by Parmenides” – Preliminaries to a Platonic Problem

SummaryDonald Davidson, in his Truth and Predication, suggests that Plato’s concern with “gluing together” subject and predicate in assertive sentences might be traced back to Parmenides. Taking his lead this paper discusses the connection, proceeding in three steps. A short overview of the literature on Parmenides’ fragment B2 will be given and a Davidsonian move to reduce the complexity of the hermeneutical situation will be proposed. Secondly, given this reduction, a Parmenideian tableaux will be put forward and compared to our present understanding of elementary propositional and predicate logic. This will provide the basis for the concluding discussion of Plato’s characteristic transformation of Parmenides’ dictum into the bundle of arguments that give rise to the problem of the unity of propositions.

Finding Mr Right: New Looks at Gendered Modernity in Japanese Televised Romances

Language standardization lies at the heart of Japanese modernity. And numerous aspects of language development intended to fit the modern Japanese state intersect to regiment the linguistic imaginary regarding women's speech. Focus on Yamanote Tokyo-based joseigo (‘women's language’), Standard Japanese and certain urban Kansai dialects in popular text and televisual representations of romantic heroines in geographically and linguistically peripheral areas of Japan has been documented, but has left the issue of linguistic masculinity and the romantic hero unexplored. The relation of male speakers to hyōjungo was assumed and ‘masculine’ speaking practices as broadcast in public space have received little attention despite a popular understanding that certain forms (e.g., ore ‘I’, and assertive sentence final particle zo) are ‘masculine’ in effect. Here, we examine images of manly men in contemporary romantic representations set in dialect-speaking areas to illustrate the linkages between the romantic hero and the use of Standard Japanese masculine forms and to offer insight into the underexplored set of possibilities for male speakers circulated in popular media.

Are Thoughts and Sentences Compositional? A Controversy between Abelard and a Pupil of Alberic on the Reconciliation of Ancient Theses on Mind and Language

AbstractThis paper reconstructs a controversy between a pupil of Alberic of Paris and Peter Abelard which illustrates two competing ways of reconciling different ancient traditions. I shall argue that their accounts of the relation between sentences and thoughts are incompatible with one another, although they rely on the same set of sources. The key to understanding their different views on assertive and non-assertive sentences lies in their disparate views about the structure of thoughts: whereas Abelard takes thoughts to be compositional, the opponent's arguments seem to rely on the premise that the mental states which correspond to sentences cannot be compositional in the way that Abelard suggested. Although, at a first glance, Abelard's position appears to be more coherent, it turns out that his opponent convincingly argues against weaknesses in Abelard's semantic theory by proposing a pragmatic approach.

Contribution à un bilan méthodologique de la syntaxe de l'émergence diachronique du sujet obligatoire en français. Le paramètre du sujet nul et le statut des clitiques

As any language French transformed over time. The evolution of French is marked by many phenomena at all organization levels. For syntax, these phenomena include from the medieval State to current state the assertive sentence of second verb schema change (where the verb should be preceded by a constituent, XVY) to SVO (where it is the subject that precedes the verb) and the passage of the optional expression required expression of the subject. The mandatory presence of the subject in current French is all the more remarkable that it distinguishes it from most other major contemporary romance languages that require explicit subject. This last group includes catalan, Spanish, Italian literary, some occitans, Portuguese, Romanian, and Sardinian, dialects French hugging with the florentin franco-provencal, some other occitans dialects Mediterranean Italian dialects and the ladin following Vanelli, Renzi and Beninca (1985/1985).

The History of Neurochemistry as Revealed by the Journal of Neurochemistry

Analyses of samples of articles in the Journal of Neurochemistry between 1956 (the year of its foundation) and 1990 were used to obtain numerical indices of the history of neurochemistry. Data suggest that the acceleration of neurochemical research did not merely reflect the increase of biochemical research in general and that it involved progressive decreases and increases of interest in major constituents and transmitters, respectively, as indicated by both numbers and citations of papers. Papers on all classes of transmitters increased steadily and in the order of amines > amino acids, acetylcholine > peptides. Within the field of brain metabolism, papers on energy metabolism decreased markedly. Use of techniques other than those of biochemistry/neurochemistry altered strikingly with decreases of histological, electrophysiological, and pharmacological methods and increases of chemical, immunological, and tissue culture methods. Citations by neuroscience core journals between 1975 and 1988 suggest that the relative prominence of neurochemistry within neuroscience has remained constant. Analyses indicate that the influence of the U.S.A. relative to that of other regions has remained fairly steady between 1956 and 1990, but that number of papers from the U.K. has declined, whereas the influences of Western Europe and other areas appear to have recently increased substantially. Sociological changes have been the virtual disappearance of single-author papers, an increase of multiauthorship (> 3), and a recent striking increase of assertive sentence titles.

Expressing doubt and certainty : The tag question and the ‘to’ particle in some Indian languages

A substantive universal found across the languages of the world is the tag-question. This paper attempts to detail some of the grammatical as well as pragmatic properties of this interrogative form, and examine its relation to a particle which is peculiar to many of the languages in the Indian subcontinent. This is the emphatic particle ‘to’ used in discourse contexts where speakers express their attitudes towards the propositional claims they are making. In other words, the paper studies the interrelation of an empirically attested universal—the question-tag—with an areal feature—the ‘to’ particle. It is argued that both presuppose some categorical assertion in a conversational context. Thus neither a tag nor the ‘to’ particle can attach to an open wh-question without resulting ungrammatically. However, both co-occur with assertive sentences and with each other. The paper makes special reference to the languages Bangla and Malayalam to show that there may be an epistemic continuum of belief states that speakers rely on when using tag questions as well as the ‘to’ particle. Tag questions cluster towards the middle of this continuum while the ‘to’ particle is distributed at various points along the continuum. Although the ‘to’ particle does not occur as such in Malayalam, it is claimed that there is a counterpart ‘enkil’ expressing conditionality that functionally resembles it in this Dravidian language. Finally, it is suggested that this very initial study of some of the pragmatic aspects of questions may have implications for the ways in which we view the connections between grammar and discourse within a sociolinguistic area.

Assertive sentence titles

Assertive sentence titles

Emphasis and Word-Order in Italian Assertive Sentences

Emphasis and Word-Order in Italian Assertive Sentences