Assembly Point Research Articles

Emergency Assembly Point Selection on Region Basis Using Multi-Criteria Decision Making Techniques

Emergency Assembly Point Selection on Region Basis Using Multi-Criteria Decision Making Techniques

Development of a modular kit to improve DFA learning

DFA (Design for assembly) is an important part of the contents included in some of the manufacturing courses taught at Jaume I University. DFA is a tool to analyse and improve product design from an assembly point of view. Although DFA contents had been covered using different teaching activities (theoretical, problem and laboratory sessions), the results in students’ assessment revealed that the expected learning outcomes were not being achieved. In particular, results were especially unsatisfactory in the practical application of DFA. Students misunderstood concepts such as “handling” and “insertion” operations, and failed at identifying assembly problems related to thickness or alignment among others. A learning by doing approach has been proved to improve students’ learning and engagement, as they take an active role and have the opportunity of doing things themselves. In a previous work, a specific modular and reconfigurable kit to improve DFA learning by experimentation was designed. Based on this work, this paper presents the analysis of the results obtained in two different courses where the modular kit has been used by students in a new seminar session.

Planning tsunami vertical evacuation routes using high-resolution UAV digital elevation model: case study in Drini Coastal Area, Java, Indonesia

Tsunami evacuation is a short process that must be carried out in minutes. Determining the evacuation routes and safe areas is equally important in tsunami evacuation planning. It can be established from least cost distance (LCD) anisotropic model. We use the coastal of Drini, Gunungkidul, Java, Indonesia, as the study area, which is located in a tropical coastal karst region, with a typical karst cone formation. The topographic condition of the karst cone could be an ideal location for tsunami vertical evacuation (TVE). High-resolution orthomosaic images and digital elevation model (DEM) generated from the structure from motion (SfM) process were used as the main data. The tsunami inundation model was calculated based on neighboring operations using raster calculator from the elevation value in the DEM. Land cover identification from high-scale orthomosaic images showed the variation in speed conservation values (SCVs). The slope value was also used as a surface cost that will affect the travel time to the TVE shelters. The results of the model show that TVE is the main alternative in tsunami evacuation planning beside horizontal evacuation. They provide an evaluation of the location of the assembly points and evacuation routes provided by the government, which have been considered ineffective because of the inappropriate model. The results of the study provide an overview of determining the evacuation routes and shelters. Optimum locations can minimize travel time, provide adequate capacity, and be safe from inundation.

PROPOSALS FOR IMPROVEMENT OF LOGISTIC SUPPORT OF STATE DEFENSE FORCES UNIT THROUGH A VISUAL GRAPHIC REPRESENTATION OF THE SITUATION AND THE APPLICATION OF THE OPERATION RESEARCH MATHEMATICAL MODELS

The subject matter of the article is the logistical support of the state defense forces unit in the performance of its assigned tasks. The goal of the study is to develop of mathematical models for the complex analysis of the basic forces and means of logistical support and to increase efficiency of planning of military unit equipment with means of logistical support depending on change of a tactical situation. The tasks to be solved are: to formulate the logistics optimizing problem for the professional activity of the state defense forces unit, which includes the main units and technical support ones, in terms of operations research; to substantiate the possibility of qualifying the material support of the state defense forces unit and the formation of a transport costs matrix using ABC analysis; to identify technical solutions regarding ways to visualize information for a make-decision person on logistical support and formulation of output information for the users in the required format. General scientific and special methods of scientific knowledge are used. The following results are obtained: On the basis of use of modern principles of stocks management the optimizing task of the management of logistical support for the State defense forces wheeled and tracked vehicles unit can be formulated as an integer problem of linear programming of transport type. according to certain features of the flow nature of logistics support in the competence of the deputy commander of the Deputy Commander of the SDF armaments unit for the input information is sufficient to hold the ABC-analysis and on its basis to form a matrix of transport costs. visualization of information in graphical mode will enable to implement interactive display of material and technical support equipment deployment areas, locations of collection point of damaged vehicles, maneuvering routes, evacuation of damaged vehicles, etc. Conclusions. The task of finding the optimal logistics support plan for a State defense forces wheeled and tracked vehicles unit can also be classified as transport and solved by the well-known line programming methods. According to certain features of the flow nature of the drug in the competence of the deputy commander of the State defense forces unit for input information is sufficient to conduct an ABC-analysis and on its basis to form a matrix of transport costs. Visualization of information in the graphical mode will allow to realize interactive display of areas of location of material and technical support equipment units, places of assembly point of the damaged cars, ways of maneuver, delivery and evacuation of the damaged samples of weapons, etc

EFFECT OF PRECONDITIONS AND UNSAFE ACTS ON EVACUATION DURATION IN FIRE DISASTER CONDITIONS (STUDY AT THE INPATIENT BUILDING OF GENERAL HOSPITAL R. KOESMA TUBAN

ABSTRACTHospital fires have the potential to cause fatalities and huge material losses, there were 22 hospital fires covered by newspapers in India in 2011-2012 with 102 dead. Buildings are considered safe if all occupants building threatened by fire must be able to exit and assembly point before available safe egress time. This study aimed to analyze the effect of preconditions and unsafe acts (violations of evacuation procedures) on evacuation duration in fire disaster conditions in the inpatient building of general hospital R. Koesma Tuban. This study was an observational study, a quantitative method and cross sectional design, which were carried out in April-July 2019. Analysis of Covariance test results stated preconditions (age, sex, exercise habits, location of inpatient ward, distance traveled) affect the duration of evacuation (p <0.05) while preconditions (interaction between workers and readiness of workers) don’t affect the duration evacuation (p> 0.05). Violation of evacuation procedures has the potential to influence the duration of evacuation (p = 0.054). The conclusions this study are age, gender, exercise habits, location of the inpatient ward, and distance traveled affect the duration of the evacuation. Keywords: Duration of evacuation, preconditions, violations of evacuation procedures, hospital

Recent Highlights of Solid Oxide Fuel Cell and Electrolysis Research at DTU Energy

A successful Green Transition requires efficient, and cost competitive technologies for converting & storing energy from renewable sources and for providing energy to the stationary and the transport sector. Solid oxide fuel cells and electrolysis (SOFC, SOE - SOC) provide high efficiencies for electricity generation and production of storage media / fuels, respectively. In addition, they are flexible and versatile, which makes them attractive in many different application areas and energy scenarios.Research on solid oxide concepts has a long tradition at the Department of Energy Conversion and Storage (DTU Energy) of the Technical University of Denmark. It spans from fundamental topics such as materials & electrode development over methodology development for example in micro structural & electrochemical characterization, up to the applied level, where integration of SOC with up- and down-stream processes becomes important. Significant funding from National and European programs supported this research. The presentation will introduce highlights of recent achievements in the areas of (i) materials & electrode development to reach higher activity and better durability, (ii) cell & stack development for lowering costs and increasing robustness, (iii) power to X concepts with special emphasis on X= fuels, (iv) lifetime & diagnostics approaches for accelerating durability studies, and (v) modelling from materials to stack levels aiding lifetime evaluation and designing of stacks & systems.(i) Materials & electrode development: With the aim to reduce use of critical raw materials in SOCs, Co-free oxygen electrodes were developed based on lanthanum, strontium, and iron containing perovskite materials (LSF) applying a nano engineered hybrid catalyst coating via co-infiltration. The electrodes were integrated into cells and a high electro catalytic activity was achieved leading to power densities of ca. 1 W/cm2 in SOFC mode. Such cells with CGO infiltrated Ni/YSZ fuel electrode allowed for a stable electrolysis operation at 650 oC and -0.5 A/cm2 with a voltage close to 1.3 V.(ii) Cell & stack development: A novel, metal-based monolithic concept for SOFC stacks was developed. It is based on tape casting & lamination to build a monolithic structure thereby combining interconnect and gas distribution into one layer. Electro catalytic materials are infiltrated after sintering. This concept allows for an increase of the power density >5 kW/l, a decrease of materials costs by a factor of ca. 4-5 as compared to conventional stacks, and robustness for cycling operations.(iii) Power to X concepts: A novel and efficient route for producing green methanol was demonstrated by use of residue from the agriculture. A 6 kW SOEC stack unit produced hydrogen, which was combined with syngas from a thermal gasifier operating on straw in a down-stream methanol reactor. Methanol is considered a promising green fuel for the shipping sector. The same applies for ammonia. SOFC anodes catalyze the cracking of ammonia. This endothermal process can be integrated and tailored with the exothermal hydrogen oxidation in the electrode. The cracking of ammonia was studied on materials and stack level.(iv) Lifetime & diagnostics approaches: The long lifetimes –both required and achieved - of mature SOC generations make it necessary to develop new approaches for degradation studies and lifetime assessment. With the aim to harvest gained results from single cell durability testing over the last ca. 20 years at DTU Energy, a database was established allowing for a new evaluation of durability behavior. The database makes it possible to apply machine learning routines to reveal linear and non-linear correlations and single & combined effects of operating parameters on durability over a large range of data. The aim is to identify accelerating testing approaches and establish lifetime prediction.(v) Modelling: To further optimize the operation of an SOC and avoid degradation, a time dependent 3D stack model describing the degradation over the entire lifetime was developed. For this to be computational feasible, the model was built using the multi-scale, multi-physics homogenization concept, making it possible to simulate 40,000 hours of operation for a full 3D stack in one hour and 15 minutes. Same modelling concept was also utilized to describe local mechanical failures by use of a sub-model for the mechanical stress concentrations near assembly points inside the stack.

Self-reported likely behaviour of rail passengers during an emergency evacuation-A case study of Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

Prior knowledge on how passengers behave during a potential emergency evacuation could be advantageous in designing efficient crowd management and emergency procedures. This study examines the likely behaviours of Malaysian passengers during a potential future emergency evacuation situation. Four key behaviours, i.e., reactive, proactive, cooperative and competitive behaviours, were considered. A questionnaire survey was conducted at one major rail transit terminal in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia to collect the data. All 301 questionnaire responses displayed non-uniformity in their likely behaviour. Results explained that the passengers are more likely to be proactive (e.g., move to exit immediately as soon as the warning siren is sounded) than reactive (e.g., go to assembly point after being instructed) during the pre-evacuation. Further, people are more likely to be cooperative (e.g., help other people who may have difficulties in getting out) than competitive (e.g., push or shove other peoples to get out quickly) during the evacuation. In terms of demographic influences on behaviours, results demonstrated that there could be significant differences in certain behaviours between males and females and between different age groups. The findings of this study provide valuable information for developing models for simulating passengers' evacuation at rail transit terminals. Further, the managers of emergency response could utilize such data and outcomes in devising effective crowd management strategies and developing appropriate training and educational campaigns.

Sustainable Humanitarian Operations: Multi-Method Simulation for Large-Scale Evacuation

Integrating sustainability in humanitarian operations has been seen as a promising approach toward effective and long-term solutions. During disaster emergency management, the evacuation determines the risk of loss in a disaster. To better understand the effectiveness of the evacuation plan while considering the sustainability standpoint, this paper develops a multi-method simulation (MMS) approach to evaluate evacuation time, load balance of the shelters, and CO2 emission. The MMS integrating Agent-Based Modeling (ABM) and Discrete-Event Simulation (DES) incorporates evacuation decision-making and evacuation processes. Comparative analysis shows that the MMS outperforms the use of ABM solely. The simulation results indicate over-utilization and imbalanced load among the shelters, implying a need to expand shelters’ capacity and to revisit the evacuation plan concerning the location of the assembly points and the shelters and the resource allocation. Evacuation behavior heading to the nearest assembly point instead of the designated assembly point based on the evacuation plan worsens the imbalanced load among the shelters and results in higher CO2 emissions by 8%. The results demonstrate the necessity to include evacuation decision-making (social dimension) on top of the technical dimension and to adopt sustainable performance indicators in planning the evacuation sustainably. Avenues for future research are also discussed.

An IoT Based Safe Assembly Point Alert System

A large population depends on many industries for its livelihood like electrical, embedded, software product sectors. An IoT environment includes feedback phones that use smart devices, such as MCU (microcontroller unit), sensors and different sensors, collect, distribute, and act on messages they collect from their environment. IoT systems share the sensory data they receive when data has been either sent to the cloud for global applications or analysis by linking to an IoT gateway or other edge device. For the electrical maintenance occur in the industries will need a specific alert signal. The loss of manufacturing workers/workers may be controlled by a specific, minor accident. Therefore, it is essential to provide an emergency device able to detect the non-safety state of coal and produce an alarm to reduce the possibility of risks in the system. We are proposing an IoT-based alert system via mobile phones, as smartphones’ general usage is very common in the industries rather than using a walkie-talkie.

A code-compliance assessment tool for fire prevention measures in educational facilities

PurposeThis research presents the applicable international fire code requirements for educational facilities, in a comprehensive manner, and the findings of a case study to assess the level of compliance with these requirements.Design/methodology/approachA review of literature, fire codes and standards was conducted to identify the various sources of fire hazards in educational facilities and the required prevention measures. Accordingly, a code-compliance worksheet for assessing the fire prevention measures was developed. The worksheet included 34 prevention measures. It was implemented in a pharmacy college building, as a case study, to assess the compliance level with the code requirements. Recommendations were developed to improve the level of fire prevention in the case study facility.FindingsThe implemented worksheet facilitated identifying all the shortcomings in the prevention measures, in a methodological manner. These shortcomings included exceeded travel distance, absence of assembly point, inactive record keeping of fire inspection and maintenance works, deterioration of some extension cords and switches, alteration of some emergency doors, storage of combustibles in some electrical rooms and obstructions of the fire apparatus access road.Practical implicationsThe research provides an assessment tool for fire prevention in educational facilities, which can be used by professionals for a code-compliant inspection. The findings of the case study as an example serve to expand the inspectors' observational significance while reducing subjectivity.Originality/valueThis research contributes to the educational facilities' context of health and safety domain in the literature. The research classifies the required fire prevention measures for an educational facility, according to the international applicable codes and standards. The case study demonstrates an applicable methodology for assessing the fire prevention measures and requirements.

Integrated IEW-TOPSIS and Fire Dynamics Simulation for Agent-Based Evacuation Modeling in Industrial Safety

Emergency events in the industrial sector have been increasingly reported during the past decade. However, studies that focus on emergency evacuation to improve industrial safety are still scarce. Existing evacuation-related studies also lack a perspective of fire assembly point’s analysis. In this research, location of assembly points is analyzed using the multi-criteria decision analysis (MCDA) technique based on the integrated information entropy weight (IEW) and techniques for order preference by similarity to ideal solution (TOPSIS) to support the fire evacuation plan. Next, we propose a novel simulation model that integrates fire dynamics simulation coupled with agent-based evacuation simulation to evaluate the impact of smoke and visibility from fire on evacuee behavior. Factors related to agent and building characteristics are examined for fire perception of evacuees, evacuees with physical disabilities, escape door width, fire location, and occupancy density. Then, the proposed model is applied to a case study of a home appliance factory in Chachoengsao, Thailand. Finally, results for the total evacuation time and the number of remaining occupants are statistically examined to suggest proper evacuation planning.

Recommending assembly points, evacuation routes, and standard operating procedures for potential flooding due to reservoir dam failures: a case study of Gondang Reservoir, Lamongan, East Java

The failures of water-retaining structures, such as reservoirs and lakes, may cause massive flooding. Located in the Gondanglor village, Lamongan, East Java, the Gondang reservoir is approximately 30 years old. Currently, the village does not have an official evacuation Standard Operating Procedure (SOP), a guide needed during disaster emergency responses, including the risk of reservoir failures. The absence of the SOP means that the community members have not prepared themselves to face any hazard that threatens their safety. This research aims to recommend assembly points, evacuation routes, and Standard Operating Procedures (SOP) as inputs for the preparedness of reservoir dam failures. Criteria used to determine the assembly point locations are the minimum space per person, accessibility of private vehicles, access to safer places, either a street or open space, minimum distance from buildings, accessibility of disaster response vehicles, safe from falls, and other hazards. The evacuation routes consider road networks and conditions, movement directions, and distance between starting and assembly points. The evacuation SOP focuses on communication flows. Community members and Gondang reservoir’s officers are interviewed, and studies related to evacuation procedures are reviewed to help accomplish the research aim. This study has successfully recommended assembly points, evacuation routes, and SOPs for evacuating villagers when the potential of Gondang reservoir failures is identified. Community members and village officers of Gondanglor were involved in the designing of assembly points, evacuation routes, and the SOP. The study has suggested five assembly points and the shortest possible routes to reach the points from varying locations in the village. SOP suggested communication flows during varying emergency stages, including the “Abnormal” (Level 1), “Alert” (Level 2), “Alert” (Level 3), or “Warning” (Level 4) status. The results are expected to increase the preparedness level of village members to reservoir dam failures.

Evaluation of Fire Mitigation and Fire Protection in a Cooking Oil Processing Company

Introduction: A fire ever took place in the early 2019 in one of the cooking oil processing companies in Sidoarjo. This is because the company had a storage warehouse of cartons, jerry cans, and plastic packaging,categorized into flammable materials. The flame was suspected from rags that were exposed to spills of cooking oil, oxygen, and heat from direct sunlight and cigarette butts. The research objectives of this study are to study the implementation of fire mitigation unit and also active and passive fire protection facilities in one of the cooking oil processing companies in Sidoarjo. Methods: The study was observational with a cross sectional design and was analyzed descriptively. It evaluated the suitability of the observational data with the Minister of Manpower Decree Number 186 Year 1999, Minister of Public Work Regulation Number 26 Year 2008, and Minister of Manpower and Transmigration Regulation Number 4 Year 1980. The variables consisted of 1 fire mitigation unit, 1 waterway, 34 fire extinguishers, 7 emergency exits, 41 evacuation routes, and 2 assembly points. Data were collected through the observation and document study. Then, the data were presented in a narrative form. Results: 79.2% of fire mitigation units, 77.6% of active fire protection facilities, and 57.1% of passive fire protection facilities in one of the cooking oil processing companies in Sidoarjo are appropriate with the applicable regulations. Conclusion: The fulfillment level of fire mitigation units and active fire protection facilities are high, while the fulfillment level of passive fire protection facilities are moderate.Keywords: active and passive fire protection, evaluation, fire mitigation

Investigation of the Influence of Forming Routes from Empty Cars on the Processing Capacity of Codriving Slides

The article discusses issues related to the formation of empty cars according to the type of rolling stock and by owners, their possible assembly points, an analysis of the formation plan from empty cars is carried out in order to select a station for the concentration of empty cars according to the type of rolling stock and the routes of their access to them. The analysis of groups of wagons that can be organized into exit routes is carried out. The criteria of the set optimization task for the moving of empty cars and improvement of the quality indicators of operational work for JSC Russian Railways have been substantiated. The dependence of the destination capacity on the number of destinations formed by trains at the Khabarovsk II station has been determined.The scientific challenge to be solved by the project: the irrational use of the car fleet and the estimated capacity of the gravity humps.

Vertical evacuation planning to reduce a risk of a tsunami disaster in teluk segara district, bengkulu city

Bengkulu Province is classified as a province that is very prone to earthquakes and tsunamis. In order to minimize the impact of the tsunami hazard, preparedness to mitigate the tsunami hazard is needed. One of the ways is by providing information about the optimal evacuation route, assembly points and evacuation shelter buildings (ESB) and ESB capacity. The purpose of this study is to obtain an optimal evacuation route model to minimize the impact of the tsunami hazard in Teluk Segara District, Bengkulu City. The determination of the minimum evacuation route using the Floyd Warshall algorithm based on the minimum time of evacuation. In determining the minimum evacuation time, several factors are considered i.e. road width, road density, road capacity, walking speed of evacuees and group walking speed. This research produces the horizontal and vertical tsunami evacuation routes equipped with ESB capacities.

Determination of emergency assembly point for industrial accidents with AHP analysis

Major industrial accidents, which are a type of technological disaster, are very important due to the security risks and financial damages that threaten the environment and human health in today's industrialization. In this study, it was aimed to propose an approach that will guide the decision makers to choose the emergency assembly point that should be in the distance or shelter where the employees will be not affected by the negative consequences of emergencies within the scope of the obligation of industrial establishments preparing an internal emergency plan for major industrial accidents. For this purpose, in the first stage, modelling studies were carried out with ALOHA (Areal Locations of Hazardous Atmospheres) Software over possible accident scenarios in an industrial establishment containing different types and amounts of hazardous chemicals. As a result of modelling studies, possible toxic emissions, fire and explosion effect distances and threat zones for the industrial establishment were obtained. In the second stage, the weights of the main and sub-selection criteria to be used in determining the assembly point were calculated. This stage was carried out based on the comparison data obtained as a result of the questionnaire applied to professionals with the help of AHP (Analytic Hierarchy Process) method, which is one of the multi-criteria decision making methods. In the last stage, three candidate points were selected considering the physical effect areas determined in the first stage in the boundaries of the establishment, where the employees were evaluated to be affected the minimum from the negative consequences of industrial accidents. These candidate points were evaluated again with the AHP method on the basis of the sub-criteria whose relative weights were determined in the second stage and a selection was made. As a result, an approach that provides the solution of our problem was obtained.

Disaster management plan for residential-cum-commercial property in Mumbai: a case study

A residential-cum-commercial property consisting of seven buildings with approximately 50 m height in Mumbai city of India was considered for disaster management study. The main objective of this study was to minimize all the losses of any kind of possible disasters like fire, lighting, cyclone, flood, earthquake and terrorist attack. Each disaster was imposed on the project design and responses were formulated in order to minimize the damage to lives and resources. Public address systems and alarm systems have been installed at the project site to alert the residents about the disasters and to give directions which are to be followed. Fire mitigation and detection equipment are also present at the project site. In this study, accessibility of the fire tender from each side of the buildings has been analyzed. Assembly points for emergencies have been designated for the project. Lightning arrestors have been installed for protection against lightning strikes. Natural drainage network within 1 km radius from the project site has been analyzed using geographic information system to prevent the. CCTV for security, signages for evacuation plan and rescue equipment have been installed throughout the project site to save lives in priority. The key findings are the losses due to disasters could be minimized with proper planning which might have cost for execution, operation and maintenance. This comprehensive study can be referred for planning to minimize the loss of lives and resources in high-rise buildings in case of disasters in urban area.

Implementation of earthquake mitigation at the engineering faculty, university of mataram

After the 2018 Lombok earthquakes, buildings within the Engineering Faculty of the University of Mataram (FT Unram), were severely damaged and there have been no comprehensive treatments. Facilities to support earthquake mitigation, such as signs for evacuation routes and assembly points (temporary evacuation sites), are still minimal, and even if they are available many of them are not designed and placed properly. Some parts of the buildings have been partially renovated, meanwhile, there are new buildings constructions that have not been investigated related to disaster mitigation. Anticipating the re-occurrence of big earthquakes in Lombok, it is very necessary to carry out activities for implementing earthquake mitigation at FT Unram. The activities are divided into three stages, namely first: conducting direct reviews for inventory and documentation of all vulnerable points, followed by making of maps and building plans; second: determining the proper locations of assembly points, creating labels and signs for evacuation routes and assembly points, and making tutorial videos on safety instructions; third: socialization to the policymakers (Faculties and Department’s officials), and outreach as well as evacuation drill for all academic communities. The expected output of these activities is increasing of understanding and skills of the academic community in conducting disaster mitigation at their workplaces and application of technology as well as recommendations for disaster risk reduction policies at the faculty and university level.

A New Method for Comprehensive Evaluation of Air Quality in Urban Agglomeration

In this study, a new method for a comprehensive evaluation of air quality in urban agglomerations was developed based on a prototype used to solve the spatial Steiner-Weber point. With this method, the air quality information of each city in the city group is aggregated into an optimal gathering point, and then the air quality of the city group is then dynamically evaluated each year. According to the relevant data of the China Statistical Yearbook 2018, we applied this method to aggregate the air quality indices of the major cities in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei urban agglomeration from 2014 to 2017. Using the plant growth simulation algorithm (PGSA), the optimal assembly points were calculated to be of a higher accuracy, compared to the traditional mean value aggregation method. Finally, the air quality of the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei urban agglomeration during each year was evaluated dynamically based on the obtained assembly points. The results show that the air quality of the urban agglomeration is ranked as follows: Y2016Y2015Y2017Y2014.

Urban Spaces and Its Impact on Social Activities

The stages of urban design aim at constituting a built environment which fulfils the needs and suits the behaviors of human beings for the user's comfort and acceptance of urban space as an assembly point for practicing social activities. It may be noted that urban spaces do not fulfil the needs of human beings (Economic, social and recreational), in addition to its adverse impacts on the environment, thus affecting the human behavior. Moreover, this space may not be well-utilized, and the urban (physical) environment may suffer from distortions, since space loses its function as a human social space designed for humans. This study addresses the problem of upgrading and renovating the urbanely deteriorated regions with its focus on the physical aspect (built environment) and disregard to the moral aspect; i.e. the human being who inhabits these regions. This led to the emergence of adverse impacts, whether on the built environment, the user of space, or the effect of the user of space on the built environment, such as lack of pedestrian crossing places, disappearance of pedestrian sidewalks, non-availability of spaces for space users to the practice the activities of resting and sitting, the disappearance of a certain social activity, or the emergence of an environmental impact resulting in one of the manifestations of pollution of any of its types (visual, auditory, environmental). The study concludes that the relation between urban spaces of all its types must proceed in two parallel and complementary directions for the built environment to perform the function for which it was designed; i.e. the comfort of human beings and the fulfilment of their economic, recreational, or cultural needs.