H2O2 Assay Research Articles

Exploring Alternative Potentialities of Portuguese and Spanish Craft Beers: Antioxidant and Photoprotective Activities

Craft beer has gained popularity due to its unique sensory characteristics and complex matrix with nutritional and potential health benefits. Studies linking beer consumption to skin conditions are limited, however, the high content of bioactive compounds is related to biological activities such as antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidative, and anti-carcinogenic. This study aims to evaluate the antioxidant, photoprotective and metabolic activity in human keratinocytes (HaCaT). Eighteen craft and four industrial beers were analyzed after dealcoholizing, degassing and freeze-drying. Total phenolic content (TPC) and antioxidant activity were determined. The most promising craft beer was studied for its photoprotective and metabolic activity. An India Pale Ale beer (ALM-IPA) presented the second best TPC (8.96 ± 0.64 mg of GAE/g) and promising antioxidant activity by ABTS (IC50 = 55.21 ± 4.68 µg/mL), H2O2 (IC50 = 23.54 ± 1.53 µg/mL) and FRAP (53.74 ± 1.27 µmol TE/g) assays. Regarding photoprotective activity, a solar photoprotection factor of 48.85 ± 0.39 was obtained. ALM-IPA showed no cytotoxicity up to a concentration of 250 µg/mL after 24 and 48 h of incubation. The potential benefits of beer extracts on skin can be seen, but further studies are essential to corroborate the findings and guarantee the safety of the extracts.

Phytochemical Composition and Antioxidant Activity of Manuka Honey and Ohia Lehua Honey.

This work sought to evaluate the antioxidant mechanisms of Manuka honey (MH) and Ohia Lehua honey (OLH), correlating them with phytochemical analyses in a rat model of experimentally induced inflammation. The identification of polyphenolic compounds in the extracts was carried out using HPLC-ESI MS. The extracts' antioxidant activity was evaluated in vitro through DPPH, FRAP, H2O2, and NO scavenging assays, while in vivo assessments included measurements of total oxidative status (TOS), total antioxidant capacity (TAC), oxidative stress index (OSI), advanced oxidation protein products (AOPP), malondialdehyde (MDA), nitric oxide (NO), and total thiols (SH). The phytochemical analysis found a rich content of phenolic compounds in MH and lower quantities in OLH. In terms of in vitro activity, both MH and OLH exhibited strong DPPH radical scavenging abilities, effective NO and H2O2 scavenging capacities, and high FRAP-reducing power. In vivo, OLH proved highly effective in enhancing antioxidant capacity and lowering oxidative stress markers, showing significant increases in TAC and substantial reductions in TOS and OSI levels. Conversely, MH displayed limited and dose-dependent antioxidant activity, a considerable increase in TAC and SH, and a moderate decrease in TOS and OSI levels. To our knowledge, this is the first study to assess the phenolic content of OLH and to show its capacity to scavenge free radicals and reduce oxidative stress. The effectiveness of MH primarily relies on its increased antioxidant properties and depends on concentration. These results highlight the importance of investigating natural products in developing antioxidant strategies.

In vitro Antioxidant and Antitumor Activity of Rooibos (Aspalathus linearis) Extract on Colon, Prostate, and Liver Cancer Cells

Rooibos tea (Aspalathus linearis) is recognized for its antioxidant properties, due to distinctive compounds such as aspalathin. This study examined the antioxidant potential of rooibos extract on three cancer cell lines (PC-3, HCT-116, and HepG2) to assess its overall antioxidant potential. Additionally, the inhibitory effect of aqueous rooibos extract at a concentration of 1,000 µg/ml was assessed on the three cancer cell lines. The cytotoxic effects of aqueous rooibos extract and cisplatin were compared for the cancer cell lines, with HepG2 cells showing the highest sensitivity to rooibos extract (IC50 = 1,399.41 ± 62.73 µg/ml) and PC-3 cells displaying the highest resistance (IC50 = 2,431.51 ± 98.71 µg/ml). Cisplatin consistently exhibited lower IC50 values across all cell lines, indicating a stronger inhibitory effect on cancer cell proliferation, notably for HCT-116 (IC50 = 2.53 ± 0.21 µg/ml) and HepG2 cells (IC50 = 3.67 ± 0.25 µg/ml). However, the total antioxidant capacity of rooibos extract (68.91 ± 4.07 mg GAE/g) is comparable to that of the ascorbic acid standard (74.19 ± 3.97 mg GAE/g), showing no statistically significant difference. Moreover, rooibos extract is a potent antioxidant, with lower IC50 values in the DPPH (3.62 ± 0.10 µg/ml), ABTS (2.13 ± 0.13 µg/ml), and H2O2 assays (4.97 ± 0.01 µg/ml) compared to ascorbic acid and EDTA. However, in the metal chelating activity assay, rooibos extract showed a similar performance (IC50 20.89 ± 0.09 µg/ml) to EDTA (IC50 21.16 ± 1.67 µg/ml), suggesting comparable efficacy in this measure. These results demonstrate the strong antioxidant and anticancer potential of rooibos extract, suggesting it as a promising complement in cancer treatment.

Exploring the wound healing potential of Ixora coccinea and Rhododendron arboreum formulation: integrating experimental and computational approaches.

Wound healing is a complex biological process involving numerous cellular and molecular events. Ixora coccinea and Rhododendron arboreum flowers have been traditionally used for their medicinal properties, prompting an investigation into their combined effects on wound healing using both invitro and insilico approaches. Ixora and Rhododendron flowers were processed in a 1:1 ratio using an ethanolic solvent. Various concentrations of the extracts were applied to wounded mouse fibroblast cell monolayers (3T3-L1). Antioxidant potential was evaluated by DPPH and H2O2 assays, while anti-inflammatory effects were assessed using BSA and EA assays. Wound closure kinetics were monitored with image analysis software. Molecular docking studies examined interactions between active compounds and essential wound-healing proteins. The formulations inhibited ROS production at a low concentration (IC50∼1.38 μg/mL), indicating suitability for managing oxidative stress. The extracts also showed protein denaturation inhibition with an IC50 value of 14.5 μg/mL for BSA and 8.3 μg/mL for EA. In vitro, the combined extracts significantly enhanced wound closure compared to control groups, with higher concentrations (40 μg/mL) accelerating closure rates (99.66 %). Molecular docking revealed interactions between key compounds (Quercetin, Rutin) and essential wound healing proteins (MMP9, TGFβ1, IGFR), suggesting mechanisms underlying their therapeutic effects. In vitro and insilico findings suggest that Ixora and Rhododendron flower extracts promote wound closure and their interaction with key proteins in wound healing pathways, highlighting their potential therapeutic value.

Etched CoFe Prussian blue analog nanozymes with superior peroxidase activity for colorimetric biosensing of hydrogen peroxide and dopamine.

Nanozymes represent a compelling alternative to natural enzymes due to their exceptional stability and cost-efficiency in diagnostic and therapeutic applications. In this work, a nanozyme etched CoFe Prussian blue analog (etched PBA) was designed and fabricated by a simple approach involving first synthesizing CoFe PBA and then chemical etching. The fabricated etched PBA acts as a peroxidase mimic catalyst. Compared to the naturally occurring enzyme (horseradish peroxidase), the etched PBA exhibited improved peroxidase-like catalytic efficiency for oxidizing 3,3',5,5'-tetramethylbnmenzidine (TMB). Particularly, the exceptional peroxidase-like activity of the etched PBA is attributed to modifications in its electronic and structural properties, which improved affinity for hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and TMB. Hence, these findings highlight etched PBA as a promising peroxidase mimic, enabling a colorimetric assay for real-time H2O2 and dopamine (DA) detection. H2O2 was detected via PBA-catalyzed TMB oxidation (bluish-green color), while DA monitoring occurred through ox-TMB reduction. The detection thresholds for H2O2 and DA were determined to be 0.083 μM and 0.05 μM, respectively, with broad linear ranges of 0.1 μM - 4.0 mM for H2O2 and 0.1-240 μM for DA. In addition, the etched PBA was validated for real sample analysis, showing potential for enzyme catalysis, biosensing, and colorimetric analysis of pharmaceuticals and biomolecules.

Plantago boissieri: Phytochemical Assessment, Antioxidant, Anti-inflammatory and Wound Healing Potential.

Plantago is a large genus under family Plantaginaceae. Several Plantago species were noted for potent antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and wound healing activities. The current research investigated the potential bioactivities as well as the metabolic content of Plantago boisserei extract. Results highlighted the rich content of phenolics (450.93±7.4 mg GAE/g extract) and flavonoids (144.2±3.6 mg RE/g extract) in this species. HPLC analysis enabled the detection of 17 phenolic constituents among which ellagic acid was found in highest concentration (52.94 mg/g) followed by rutin (6.72 mg/g). Furthermore, P. boisserei extract exhibited a potent antioxidant activity evidenced by the IC50 values in ABTS and H2O2 assays (10.95 and 10.87 μg/mL, respectively) as well as in TAC assay (67.94 mg AAE/g). The anti-microbial activities of the extract revealed a moderate activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Proteus vulgaris. In vitro testing of the anti-inflammatory potential indicated a characteristic inhibition against COX-1 and COX-2 enzymes with IC50 62.8 and 14.23 μg/mL, respectively, compared to ibuprofen (IC50 8.07 and 6.58, respectively). Additionally, P. boisserei extract achieved a potent wound healing activity using in vivo rat model, this might be attributed to its high content of flavonoids together with other polyphenolic compounds that have a great free radical scavenging potential. In conclusion, P. boisserei is a promising candidate for more extensive phytochemical and biological exploration.

Bacterial allantoin mediated optimally biosynthesized silver nanoparticles exhibit antioxidant, antibacterial, and seed germination promoting activities

The biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) presents a sustainable, cost-effective, and scalable alternative to conventional synthesis techniques. This study investigates microbial allantoin as a biogenic reducing agent for the synthesis of AgNPs, emphasizing their antioxidant, antibacterial, and seed germination enhancement properties. Optimally synthesized allantoin-mediated AgNPs exhibited a crystalline size of 3.66 nm with a band gap energy of 3.39 eV. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) analysis showed spherical nanoparticles with an average particle size of 84 nm, while particle size analysis revealed a zeta potential of −26.7 mV and a hydrodynamic diameter of 137.1 nm. The AgNPs displayed significant free radical scavenging activity, achieving 58% and 70% inhibition in H₂O₂ and DPPH assays, respectively. Furthermore, these AgNPs demonstrated substantial antibacterial activity against both Gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus and Gram-negative Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Additionally, allantoin-mediated AgNPs promoted germination in Cicer arietinum seeds within 48 h, indicating their potential as plant growth stimulants. This pioneering study on microbial allantoin-derived AgNPs suggests promising applications across pharmaceuticals, environmental science, and cosmetic fields.

Profiling Secondary Metabolites of Governor’s Plum (Flacourtia indica Burm.f. Merr.) Fruit and their Potential Antioxidant and Chemopreventive Values

Objective: The goal of this study was to profile the secondary metabolites of two ripe -light and dark- stages of Flacourtia indica fruit and the assessment of their antioxidant and ant-proliferative activities. Methods: Secondary metabolites were profiled by GC-MS. Radical scavenging activity and scavenging of H2O2 assays were used to assess the antioxidant activities, while cell viability and CYP1B1 enzyme activity assays were used to assess the antiproliferative activities of the fruit extracts. Results: One hundred and twenty-three (123) metabolites were identified. DPPH activity showed a dose-dependent response to fruit extracts, and H2O2 scavenging activity increased with concentrations. Anti-proliferative properties using the MTS assay on prostate, breast and colon cancer cells and normal prostate cell lines revealed a relatively weak impact on the examined cells. DCM extracts exhibited inhibition of the activity of human cytochrome P450 1B1 enzyme. Conclusion: Results showed that fruit extracts demonstrated significant antioxidant activity, while they did not show cytotoxic effects on normal or cancer cells. DCM and hexane extracts showed noticeable inhibition of CYP1B1 enzyme, suggestive of a chemoprotective potential.

Nyctanthes arbor-tristis Improves Blood Pressure via Endothelial Pathway: In Silico, Ex Vivo, and In Vivo Evidence.

Systemic hypertension, a common metabolic disorder, poses significant health risks despite the availability of antihypertensive drugs. Nyctanthes arbor-tristis has garnered increasing attention for its perceived efficacy and safety, though its mechanisms of action and the bioactive compounds responsible for its antihypertensive effects remain elusive. Therefore, this study aims to elucidate the antihypertensive activity of N. arbor-tristis leaves in rats and explore associated mechanism through in silico, in vitro, ex vivo, and in vivo studies. The methanolic extract of N. arbor-tristis leaves (MENAT) was fractionated and subjected to qualitative and quantitative phytochemical screening, including total phenolic content (Folin-Ciocalteu method), total flavonoid content (Aluminum chloride method), and total alkaloid content (spectrometric method). Antioxidant studies were conducted using DPPH, FRAP, and H2O2 assays. The most promising fraction (WNAT) was analyzed using LC-MS, and the identified compounds were used for molecular docking studies against cGMP and eNOS. Further, aortic ring assays were conducted to assess ex vivo vasorelaxant activity (rat aortic strip assay) and the underlying mechanisms of WNAT. Later, in vivo studies using a DOCA-salt-induced hypertension model in Wistar rats, along with molecular analyses (RT-PCR), were performed to validate the antihypertensive claims of N. arbor-tristis. In vitro studies demonstrated that the water extract of N. arbor-tristis leaves (WNAT) exhibited strong antioxidant activity and contained key phytochemicals. LC-MS analysis revealed the presence of 19 major compounds, including betulinic acid and arbortristosides. Molecular docking studies indicated that arborside C exhibited a strong affinity for both eNOS and cGMP. Ex vivo studies involving rat aortic strips showed that WNAT induced vasodilatory activity, which is associated with parasympathetic and nitric oxide-related pathways. In vivo experiments further supported WNAT's antihypertensive properties through improvements via amelioration of rat blood pressure and histological features, biochemical markers, morphometric parameters, and gene expression in hypertensive rats. In conclusion, WNAT effectively lowers blood pressure through modulation of the endothelial pathway and warrants further studies to attain its clinical utility in hypertensive subjects.

Decoding Variation among the Phenolic Composition and Antioxidant Properties of Some Finger Millet [Eleusine coracana (L.) Gaertn.] Landraces Grown in Maharashtra, India

Background: The profiles of phenolic compounds and antioxidant capacities of ten finger millet landraces harvested from the northern Western Ghats of Maharashtra were investigated. Methods: The antioxidant activity of methanol extracts of ten landraces were assessed using H2O2, FRAP and Phosphomolybdenum assays. Result: Results of the H2O2 scavenging assay exhibit variation in their inhibition activity (59 -90.12 %). The highest H2O2 scavenging activity was shown by T1, followed by T2, T3, T5, T8, T10 and T29 (90.12, 82, 79.8, 82.9, 79 and 85.78 respectively) when compared the control sample T had significantly lower activity (55.87%). While the reducing power was in the range of 1.02-1.76 mM of Fe (II)/gm and the reducing capacity was in the range of 73.86-158.71 equivalents of ascorbic acid in µg/gm of extract. The highest reducing power was shown by T2, T15 and T8 as 1.98, 1.94 and 1.89 mM of Fe (II)/gm respectively; while lower values were recorded in T19 (0.89 mM of Fe (II)/gm) and T1 (1.02 mM of Fe (II)/gm). The total antioxidant activity of the methanolic extract was calculated as ascorbic acid equivalents (AAE) per gram. Based on the results, T2, T5, T8 and T10 had a high reducing potential (158.71, 143.2, 149.5 and 152.65 AAE of a sample, respectively) with reducing capacities ranging from 73.86 to 158.71 AAE. A total of seventeen phenolic compounds were identified in the extracts including seven ûavonoids, with catechin, Iso –orientin and Iso-vitexin being the predominant flavonoids. Ten phenolic compounds were identified in the extracts, with p-hydroxybenzoic acid, genistic acid and gaillic acid being the predominant ones. In conclusion, based on the antiradical activities, the landraces T2, T5, T8, T10 and T29 could be potential cultivars and certainly effective sources of natural antioxidants for applications in the food and pharmaceutical industries.

Anti-Oxidant and Anti-Cancerous Properties of Pyrus pashia (Buch. -Ham.Ex D.Don) Against KB-3-1 Cancer Cell Lines In Vitro

Background: Oral cancer is the fastest-growing cancer in men. Many medicinal approaches are tried step-wise for cancers. Homeopathy and Ayurveda are contributing much to cure cancers without side effects. Plants having antioxidant properties are now being utilized with different solvents to extract different chemical compounds to cure cancer. Objective: The current study aimed to examine the anti-cancer and antioxidant properties of acetone extract of Pyrus pashia (PP-AE) fruit against KB-3-1 cancer cell lines. Materials and Methods: The extract's total phenolic content was determined using a folin-ciocalteu reagent. The DPPH, ABTS, and H2O2 assay were used to measure the free radical scavenging activity of the PP-AE. The MTT assay was used to evaluate the cytotoxic efficacy of the PP-AE against KB-3-1 cancer cell lines at various concentrations. Results: Based on the observations, the total phenolic content was present in the PP-AE of fruit and all free radical scavenging assays have shown remarkable IC50 values. Conclusion: According to the current study, acetone extract of Pyrus pashia fruit significantly possesses antioxidant and anti-cancer properties against oral (KB-3-1) cancer cell lines. This effect may be used in the future to analyze particular chemical compounds in extract, capable of minimizing the growth of oral cancer cells.

Microwave-assisted synthesis of copper oxide nanoparticles using an Andrographis paniculata leaf extract: Characterization and multifunctional biological activities

This research delves into the environmentally friendly production of copper nanoparticles (CuNPs) using Andrographis paniculata leaf extract (Ap-CuNPs) and their thorough assessment for possible biological purposes. CuNPs were synthesised through a microwave-assisted method using Andrographis paniculata leaf extract. Characterization techniques included ultraviolet spectroscopy (UVVis), FT-IR spectroscopy, SEM, EDAX, XRD, particle size analysis, and zeta potential measurement. Biological activities were assessed through antioxidant (DPPH and H2O2 assays), anti-inflammatory (BSA and egg albumin denaturation assays), antimicrobial, cytotoxic (brine shrimp lethality and MTT assays), and wound healing (scratch assay) tests. Characterization confirmed the formation of Ap-CuNPs with a plasmon resonance peak at 550 nm, the presence of phytochemical capping agents, and high crystallinity. The average particle size was 69.1 nm, with a zeta potential of −12.1 mV. Ap-CuNPs exhibited significant antioxidant activity, with 88.62 % inhibition in the DPPH assay, in the H2O2 assay, which assesses the capacity to scavenge hydrogen peroxide, the Ap-CuNPs achieved 86.3 % inhibition at the same concentration. and anti-inflammatory activity, with 80 % inhibition in the BSA assay. Antimicrobial tests revealed strong activity against gram-negative bacteria in the 22 mm inhibition zone for Pseudomonas sp., for S. aureus, the inhibition zones were 9 mm. Cytotoxicity assessments revealed minimal effects at low concentrations, with 200 μg/ml identified as the optimal dose for wound healing. In vitro wound scratch assays demonstrated enhanced fibroblast migration and wound closure at this concentration.

Anti-Alzheimer's Potency of Rich Phenylethanoid Glycosides Extract from Marrubium vulgare L.: In Vitro and In Silico Studies.

Marrubium vulgare L. (M. vulgare), the white horehound, is well known for treating inflammation-related diseases. In this context, we investigated the efficacy of M. vulgare ingredients in treating Alzheimer's disease using various in vitro and in silico antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-cholinesterase, and anti-tyrosinase mechanisms. In our results, sixty-one components were tentatively identified using gas and liquid chromatography (GC-MS and LC-MSn) and categorized as hydrocarbons, fatty acids, and polyphenolics. The extract inhibited linoleic oxidation with an IC50 value of 114.72 µg/mL, captured iron (Fe2+) ions with an IC50 value of 164.19 µg/mL, and displayed reducing power. In addition, the extract showed radical-scavenging ability towards DPPH•, NO•, ABTS•+, and H2O2 assays compared to L-ascorbic acid and butylated hydroxytoluene. The DPPH• was scavenged by 77.62% at 100 µg/mL, and NO•, ABTS•+, and H2O2 were scavenged with IC50 values of 531.66, 117.51, and 143.10 µg/mL, respectively. M. vulgare also exhibited discriminating anti-inflammatory potency against cyclooxygenase (COX-2) with IC50 values of 619.15 µg/mL compared to celecoxib (p > 0.05). Notably, three Alzheimer's biomarkers, acetylcholinesterase (AChE), butyrylcholinesterase (BChE), and tyrosinase were significantly inhibited. The molecular docking study supposed that the phenylethanoid glycosides of samioside and forsythoside B inhibited AChE and tyrosinase enzymes with low binding affinities of -9.969 and -8.804 kcal/mol, respectively. Marruboside was a proper inhibitor of COX and BChE enzymes with a binding score of -10.218 and -10.306 kcal/mol, respectively. M. vulgare extract showed significant inhibitory actions, which suggest that it could have a promising potential as an anti-Alzheimer agent.

Phytochemical Investigations and In-vitro Antioxidant Analysis of Passiflora incarnata L.

The present study aims to investigate the presence of the phytochemical and in-vitro antioxidant study of hydroalcoholic (HA) and ethyl acetate (EA) preparations of Passiflora incarnata L. leaves. The hydroalcoholic (HA) and ethyl acetate (EA) extracts showed strong antioxidant activity when examined in a laboratory setting using DPPH, H2O2, NO, reducing power, total phenol, and TOC assays. Also compounds like saponin, alkaloids, flavonoids, and phenolics were all identified through phytochemical testing. In addition to expanding our understanding of the pharmacological characteristics of P. incarnata L., the results of this study have the potential to change the way medicinal botanicals are viewed forever. Nature’s treasure trove, concealed within the leaves of P. incarnata L., offers a pharmacological narrative that transcends traditional boundaries, suggesting new dimensions for antioxidant-based therapeutic strategies for the development of novel botanical interventions in preventive healthcare and disease management.

Unlocking the in vitro and in vivo antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of polysaccharide fractions from Lepidium sativum seed-coat mucilage

Inflammation coupled with oxidative stress contribute to the pathogenicity of various clinical disorders. Oxidative stress arises from an imbalance between production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and antioxidant defense system, leading to cellular damages. The study investigated the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of polysaccharides isolated from Lepidium sativum seed-coat mucilage. The water-soluble polysaccharides were extracted from mucilage and fractionated using gel permeation chromatography. The radical scavenging potential of various fractions was determined using DPPH, H2O2, and lipid peroxidation assays. The most effective EC50 was recorded for F53 (57.41 ± 1.34 μg/mL), followed by F20 (69.19 ± 0.61 μg/mL) and F52 (75.06 ± 0.45 μg/mL). In vitro anti-inflammatory effect was determined through human membrane stabilization assay while the in vivo effect was evaluated using a carrageenan-induced paw edema in mouse model where F53 demonstrated significant (P = 0.05) anti-inflammatory potential (92.60 % compared to diclofenac sodium 91.46 %). GC-MS analysis revealed the presence of galacturonic acid and glucuronic acid as main acidic monosaccharides along with varying quantities of rhamnose, arabinose, and maltose as prominent neutral monosaccharides. The study concludes that cress seed mucilage contains potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory polysaccharides. Further studies on the mode of action of these polysaccharides could provide deeper insights into their potential use as antioxidant and anti-inflammatory agents.

Phytochemical characterization, biochemical profiling and evaluation of anticancer potential of methanolic extract of Withania somnifera stem.

Phytotherapy employs phytoconstituents/phytomedicines derived from plants for treating and preventing illnesses. Withania somnifera is known in the Indian Ayurveda Pharmacopoeia for its medicinal applications and pharmacological properties. In this study, we examined the biological activity spectrum of Withania somnifera methanolic extract of stem (WSME), which is valued as a "Rasayana" due to its extensive range of medicinal uses. WSME was subjected to TPC and TFC quantification and bioactive components were characterized using LC-MS. Its antioxidant potential was gauged by DPPH and H2O2 radical scavenging assays, while antibacterial efficacy was assessed against S.aureus and E.coli using disc diffusion assay. In vitro anticancer activity was evaluated against human breast cancer MDA-MB-231 cells while toxicity was evaluated against normal Vero cells using MTT assay. WSME, rich in Withaferin A, showed TPC of 4.73±0.15 mg GAE/g and TFC of 94.94±6.15 mg QE/g dry weight of extract. It exhibited significant antioxidant activity (43.28 and 66.8 % inhibition at 1,000 μg/mL using DPPH and H2O2 assays, respectively) and mild antibacterial effects against S.aureus (300-500 mg/mL). WSME induced cell death in MDA-MB-231 cells and significantly inhibited their growth (IC50: 66 μg/mL, P value<0.05) without affecting normal Vero cells in the studied range of 25-400 μg/mL (IC50: 6.09 mg/mL, P value>0.05). The present study lends support to further testing of WSME against other cancer cell lines and animal models of cancer. These preclinical studies would provide further validation to its prospective use as an adjunct in human breast cancer therapy.

Green Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles with Extracts from Kalanchoe fedtschenkoi: Characterization and Bioactivities.

In this work, the hexane, chloroform, and methanol extracts from Kalanchoe fedtschenkoi were utilized to green-synthesize silver nanoparticles (Kf1-, Kf2-, and Kf3-AgNPs). The Kf1-, Kf2-, and Kf3-AgNPs were characterized by spectroscopy and microscopy techniques. The antibacterial activity of AgNPs was studied against bacteria strains, utilizing the microdilution assay. The DPPH and H2O2 assays were considered to assess the antioxidant activity of AgNPs. The results revealed that Kf1-, Kf2-, and Kf3-AgNPs exhibit an average diameter of 39.9, 111, and 42 nm, respectively. The calculated ζ-potential of Kf1-, Kf2-, and Kf3-AgNPs were -20.5, -10.6, and -7.9 mV, respectively. The UV-vis analysis of the three samples demonstrated characteristic absorption bands within the range of 350-450 nm, which confirmed the formation of AgNPs. The FTIR analysis of AgNPs exhibited a series of bands from 3500 to 750 cm-1, related to the presence of extracts on their surfaces. SEM observations unveiled that Kf1- and Kf2-AgNPs adopted structural arrangements related to nano-popcorns and nanoflowers, whereas Kf3-AgNPs were spherical in shape. It was determined that treatment with Kf1-, Kf2-, and Kf3-AgNPs was demonstrated to inhibit the growth of E. coli, S. aureus, and P. aeruginosa in a dose-dependent manner (50-300 μg/mL). Within the same range, treatment with Kf1-, Kf2-, and Kf3-AgNPs decreased the generation of DPPH (IC50 57.02-2.09 μg/mL) and H2O2 (IC50 3.15-3.45 μg/mL) radicals. This study highlights the importance of using inorganic nanomaterials to improve the biological performance of plant extracts as an efficient nanotechnological approach.

Biogenic synthesis of selenium nanoparticles from Nyctanthes arbor-tristis L. and evaluation of their antimicrobial, antioxidant and photocatalytic efficacy

Biogenic synthesis of nanoparticles has been established as an environmentally benign and sustainable approach. This study emphasizes biosynthesis of selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) utilizing leaf extract of Nyctanthes arbor-tritis L., well known for its abundant bioactive compounds. Various analytical techniques were employed for characterization of synthesized SeNPs. X-ray diffraction (XRD) spectroscopy confirmed the crystalline structure and revealed the average crystalline size of SeNPs to be 44.57 nm. Additionally, UV–Vis spectroscopy confirmed successful synthesis of SeNPs by validating the surface plasmon resonance (SPR) properties of SeNPs. FTIR analysis data revealed different bonds and their corresponding functional groups responsible for the synthesis and stability of synthesized SeNPs. DLS and zeta analysis revealed that 116.5 nm sized SeNPs were stable in nature. Furthermore, field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) validated the spherical morphology of SeNPs with a size range of 60–80 nm. Inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) determined the concentration of SeNPs in the obtained colloidal solution. Antioxidant activity of synthesized SeNPs was evaluated employing DPPH and H2O2 assay, revealed that the synthesized SeNPs were effective antioxidant agent. Additionally, antimicrobial potential was evaluated against a panel of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria and found to be effective at higher concentration of SeNPs. SeNPs also exhibited strong anti-biofilm activity while evaluated against various biofilm producing bacteria like Escherichia coli,Staphylococcus epidermidis and Klebsiella pneumonia. The cytotoxicity of the bio-synthesized SeNPs was evaluated against HEK 293 cell line, exhibited minimal toxicity even at concentration 100 μg/mL with 65% viable cells. SeNPs has also been evaluated for dye degradation which has indicated excellent photocatalytic activity of synthesized SeNPs. The experimental data obtained altogether demonstrated that synthesized SeNPs exhibited significant antimicrobial and anti-biofilm activity against various pathogens, and also showed significant antioxidant and photocatalytic efficiency.

DFT, GC-MS analysis and biological evaluation of Limbarda crithmoides L. Dumort essential oil; an important edible halophyte grown in Pakistan

Antimicrobial resistance is a major health burden in Pakistan, and therefore new herbal medicine-based therapeutic regimens are being largely investigated. Limbarda crithmoides essential oil was extracted by using hydrodistillation method. Chemical profiling of essential was evaluated by using FTIR and GC-MS analysis. A total of 20 components were identified including, p-xylene, o-xylene, β-linalool, acetophenole and 3-isopropylphenyl methylcarbamate. The HOMO and LUMO analysis in DFT investigations presented that 3-isopropylphenyl methylcarbamate, p-xylene and o-xylene posess a substantial capacity to transfer charge through molecules. The antimicrobial potential of essential oil showed moderate inhibition against E. coli (MIC = 6.25 mg/mL), whereras a significant inhibition Staphylococos aureus was recorded (MIC = 3.12 mg/mL). Further, significant antioxidant activities were recorded in DPPH radical scavenging (IC50 = 80.5 µg/mL), H2O2 (64 ± 1.2%) and FRAP (60.3 µg ferrous equivalents) assays. It was therefore concluded that Limbarda crithmoides essential oil has potential antioxidant and anti-antimicrobial properties and can be used for further investigations.

A comparative analysis of phytochemical constituents and bioactivity of two wild medicinal herbs of the Amaranthaceae family

Alternanthera sessilis and Alternanthera paronychioides are 2 common herbaceous plants in the North Eastern region of India. The 2 species are known traditionally for edibility and medicinal use. The objectives are to qualitatively screen phytochemicals and test for antioxidant activity and antimicrobial activity between the 2 species– Alternanthera sessilis and Alternanthera paronychioides. The samples for analysis were collected from aerial leaves and air-dried for phytochemical screening and biological activity tests. Antioxidant assays used are DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-1picrylhydrazyl), H2O2, and FRAP (ferric reducing antioxidant power) assay. For antimicrobial tests, 2 different strains of microbes were used to test the bioactivity of the plants. Phytochemical screening showed the presence of several antioxidant potential groups of phytochemicals like phenols, flavonoids, etc. Phytochemical constituents of Alternanthera sessilis showed more antioxidant potential than Alternanthera paronychioides in DPPH and H2O2 assays but Alternanthera paronychioides showed more potential than Alternanthera sessilis in FRAP assay. The phytochemicals also showed positive tests for antimicrobial activity against 2 bacterial strains, i.e., Escherichia coli (MTCC 443) and Staphylococcus aureus (MTCC 737). This study reveals the presence of phytonutrients which suggest the antioxidant and antibacterial activities exhibited by the 2 species of the family. Further exploration of phytochemicals in different aspects could lead to better-performing drugs for various ailments.