Vague Aspects Research Articles

Developing a fuzzy comprehensive assessment model for English translation for college studentso

College students are learning a foreign language must know how to translate the spoken or written content from the respective language into English. These approaches do not help the college students to develop the capacity for rational thinking and adequate the motivation for the English translation. The educational principles are not in line with the qualities of the students in the typical English translation classroom teaching, and the teaching methods are out-dated. In the older process of the teaching English translation, many unreliable, vague aspects need to be considered, such as recognizing students’ fundamental English knowledge, unique circumstances, language proficiency, cultural differences, and the ambiguity of the source language. The main issue with the current English translation evaluation methodology is that it cannot be easily to deal with thecomplex fuzzy indices when judging the accuracy of the student translations. An algorithm named FCAM-AHP-ANFIS is proposed to provide an effective and accurate method for evaluating and predicting students’ English translation outcomes to overcome the traditional shortcomings. According to the proposed approach, students can learn about passive translation, but they may struggle to actively improve their translation skills. College students can benefit from the decision-making aid provided by the extensive evaluation technique due to its high availability and precision. The fundamental benefit of the fuzzy technique over more traditional forms of the assessment is that it accounts for the ambiguity and uncertainty of the making judgments at the human level and provides a coherent framework that includes the indistinct findings of the several steps in evaluating an English translation. The Fuzzy Comprehensive Assessment Model (FCAM) is a decision-making method that uses the fuzzy logic to assess the quality of English translations among the college students. The Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) is employed to calculate each criterion’s relative importance and determine the optimal weighting for each criterion utilized in the assessment model. The Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS) is used to analyze the translated data and generate predictions for the students’ translation outcomes. The experimental outcomes show the accuracy of the English translation assessment scores are 95.6% with 97% precision, 96% recall, and 96.5% of f1-score metric in addition to Root Mean Square (RMSE) and Mean Absolute Error (MAE).

Investigation of Ship Vibration Effects on the Gas Distribution and Output Voltage of a Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell.

The effects of ship vibrations on the mass transfer and performance of proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) have many vague aspects. Hence, the method of loading ship vibrations with the sliding mesh is first proposed in this paper. Furthermore, this method is adopted to form the solution of the simulation study of PEMFC performance under ship vibrations. In the framework of computational fluid dynamics, the ship vibration is loaded into the three-dimensional PEMFC model and successfully solved. Then, a series of special cases are performed to explore the gas distribution and output features of PEMFCs in ship environments with different vibrations. Finally, the results show that the ship vibrations have vectorial effects on the gas transfer in the PEMFC. Additionally, vibrations perpendicular to the channel evidently affect the gas transfer. Moreover, while the vibrations are parallel to the channel, they remain nearly normal. Relatively, a more significant influence on the output voltage of the PEMFC will occur under smaller frequencies and/or greater amplitudes of ship vibrations.

GEORGE ROERICH’S CONTRIBUTION TO THE CREATION OF “THE TRANSCULTURAL SPACE” IN KALIMPONG IN THE 1950s

The article was inspired by several diary entries, as well as some unpublished letters of George Roerich. In a letter dated February 25, 1949, upon arrival in Kalimpong, G. Roerich writes to D. Rani and S. Roerich that one of the two people meeting him in the city was Mr. Tarchin. The unpublished letters of George Roerich to the Tibetan D. Tarchin were found in the Archive of Dorje Tarchin (Columbia University, USA). The research of G. Roerich’s and his colleagues’ correspondence, as well as the analysis of the memoir and historical-biographical cycle of Buddhologists and orientalists living in Kalimpong at the same time with G. Roerich, together with various Himalayan periodicals publications, allow us to get an idea of the previously vague aspects of G. Roerich’s activities from 1950 to 1957: Those being his public lectures, exhibitions vernissages, participation in religious and national holidays, membership in various public organizations. George Roerich’s contribution to the shaping of the “transcultural space” can be determined not only due to his cultural, academic and educational activities aimed at consolidating the local community in Kalimpong, but also by creating prerequisites for the formation of intercultural dialogue underlying the Buddhist tradition.

Privacy and Data Protection: Indonesian Legal Framework

Due to technological advancement, the utilization of internet and mobile connections in Indonesia to perceive rapid growth in recent years. A major development in particular lies within the field of e-commerce, marketplace, and digital portal applications. Extensive advancement within the abovementioned fields led to the involvement of the Indonesian government and private companies in which collecting and processing Indonesian citizens’ personal data took place. Multitude issues relating to data protection regimes arose due to such acts as Indonesian data protection legislations are considered inadequate for their overlapping and vague aspects. These issues obtained numbers of apprehension from the Indonesian government as well as experts within this field with regard to the urgency of having a sufficient data protection law. Plenty of countries have competent data protection laws that have implemented the required elements, for instance, the European Union and Singapore. Accordingly, data protection laws from those countries will play an important role in providing a perfect example for the drafting of an advanced Indonesian data protection law that is uniform and encompassed all required aspects of data protection regimes without neglecting profound deliberation relating to the pitfalls.

Biocolonialism and Informed Consent. The Havasupai Case

"A core value in research ethics is respect for individual’s autonomy. For the researcher the way to respect this value is to guarantee informed consent to the participants. Nowadays more and more research is conducted on biological material of human origin rather than on humans. But apart from that, informed consent must be guaranteed. The case I would like to present and comment is the Havasupai case. Havasupai are an indigenous tribe lived in Grand Canyon. Due to the high percentage of diabetes type 2 among members of the tribe, the tribe decided to take part in the research conducted by the researchers from Arizona State University. In this case were a few vague aspects, which I will present during the speech, but one thing I especially notice. In the scientific community there was a great interest in obtaining Havasupai blood samples. It was caused by the fact that Havasupai are an indigenous people and they do not start a family with people out of them tribe. Because of that their DNA is scientifically more interesting than the DNA of people out of the tribe. That approach is called biocolonialism. In the past indigenous people were used because of the sources that they had on their lands. Now their DNA is a scientifically valuable source of information. Moreover, in literature it is said that researchers – the new (bio)colonizers – are conducting a “helicopter research”. They came up, took what they want and disappear. In my speech I would like to analyze problems raised in Havasupai case and present what the biocolonialism means in and for research. "

Petrochemical Steel Pipe Rack: Critical Assessment of Existing Design Code Provisions and a Case Study

The investigation of the seismic integrity of petrochemical plant steel structures should be commensurable to their importance given the high necessity for human life safety and financial robustness. To date, it is demonstrated in the existing literature that still many grey areas of knowledge exist upon the appropriate application of code provisions on non-building structures design. Indeed, the selection of seismic design parameters such as system performance factors or important classes are still vague aspects, in contrast with those for common building structures, either because of the paucity of information of seismic codes or due to the structural peculiarities that characterise the industrial structures resulting in the difficulty of defining ‘all-encompassing’ design parameters. The present paper aims at highlighting those parameters considering also a case-study that pertains to a steel pipe rack. The pipe rack is designed and analysed in the linear and nonlinear regime, both statically and dynamically, according to the Italian and European codes. American code provisions are examined as well so as possible inconsistencies might be found. It is demonstrated that the common nonlinear static analysis (pushover analysis) cannot be used to assess the response of the rack and the behaviour factor selection from current standards could be unjustifiable. Also, common engineering demand parameters, e.g. interstorey drift ratio, need further assessment vis-à-vis the response of nonstructural components of which the current design method does not comply with modern methods.

Conceptualization and Non-Relational Implementation of Ontological and Epistemic Vagueness of Information in Digital Humanities

Research in the digital humanities often involves vague information, either because our objects of study lack clearly defined boundaries, or because our knowledge about them is incomplete or hypothetical, which is especially true in disciplines about our past (such as history, archaeology, and classical studies). Most techniques used to represent data vagueness emerged from natural sciences, and lack the expressiveness that would be ideal for humanistic contexts. Building on previous work, we present here a conceptual framework based on the ConML modelling language for the expression of information vagueness in digital humanities. In addition, we propose an implementation on non-relational data stores, which are becoming popular within the digital humanities. Having clear implementation guidelines allow us to employ search engines or big data systems (commonly implemented using non-relational approaches) to handle the vague aspects of information. The proposed implementation guidelines have been validated in practice, and show how we can query a vagueness-aware system without a large penalty in analytical and processing power.

An Innovative Rough Set Model based on Fuzzy Covering for Ordered Decision Making

Fuzzy and rough sets are considered to be complementary to each other, addressing different aspects of uncertainty and vagueness. The rough set theory has been extended and modified such that it can be applied to the preference analysis in ordered decision making. However, neither the ordered structure nor dominance degrees among the investigated objects can be revealed during the ordered decision making process. In this paper, an innovative rough set model based on fuzzy covering is developed for ordered decision making. First, the crisp preference relation rough set model and the fuzzy preference relation model for ordered decision making were introduced. Next we integrated the fuzzy preference relation with the crisp preference relation rough set model to propose an innovative rough set model based on fuzzy covering for ordered decision making. Using the innovative model, both the ordered structure and dominance degrees among the investigated objects can be revealed during the ordered decision making process. The proposed model was then compared with the crisp preference rough set model. Finally, the proposed model is utilized to analyze fuzzy preference data obtained from real experiments of ordered decision making. Results validated the effectiveness of the innovative model.

RETRACTED: The role of single valued neutrosophic sets and rough sets in smart city: Imperfect and incomplete information systems

Abstract During the recent years the smart cities knows a great extension as a modern shape of sustainable expansion. It's a urban area that utilize various devices connected with internet and integrates them with ICTs to promote goodness and execution of services for the best interaction among citizens and city's government. The basic for smart cities is distributed and independent information infrastructure. Using information effectively is going to be a main factor for success in the smart cities. The sources of information's (models, experts, and sensors) must be reason, perfect and complete. The generated information from independent and distributed sources can be imprecise, uncertain, and/or incomplete in real life. Any deficiency in gathered information will have a negative effect on the performance of services and decision making process within smart cities. So, we need a general framework to represent all types of imperfect and incomplete information. Since the classical methods fails to deal with vague, inconsistent and incomplete information, the fuzzy set was introduced to solve this drawback. The fuzzy set was not the perfect method for dealing with these drawbacks because it considers only truthiness and fails to deal with indeterminacy. The efficient mathematical tool for dealing with uncertain, vague and inconsistent objects is rough sets theory which introduced by Pawlak. The theory of neutrosophic rough sets is powerful for dealing with incompleteness and neutrosophic set deals with indeterminate and inconsistent data efficiently through considering truthiness, indeterminacy and falsity degrees. So, in this research we will propose a general framework for dealing with imperfect and incomplete information through using single valued neutrosophic and rough set theories. The combination of two sets will deal with all aspects of vagueness, inconsistency and incompleteness of data and information, and then will enhance the quality of introduced services and decisions from smart cities to their citizens. As experimentation, we applied the proposed framework for modeling imperfect and incomplete data in healthcare field.

A Better Signpost, Not a Better Walking Stick: How to Evaluate the European Consensus Doctrine

One contested practice of the European Court of Human Rights is the role of an 'emerging European consensus,' concerning alleged common ground among the States. The Court sometimes defends its ‘dynamic interpretation’ of the European Convention on Human Rights (‘Convention’) by such a Consensus. A consensus may lead the Court to restrict the margin of discretion it accords an accused state, or subject it to stricter scrutiny. The article assesses this consensus practice. A much needed specification of the practice should draw on a normative account of why and where the Court should draw on a consensus, if at all. Section 1 sketches the Consensus practice, section 2 identifies several vague aspects. Section 3 considers critically several arguments offered in its favour. The practice does not render the interpretation more democratic. And consensus toward one particular legislative solution is inappropriate. Consensus may however help discover hitherto unnoticed discrimination against groups.

Comparative Study of Issuing Bank’s Obligations towards Beneficiary of the Letter of Credit under UCP and English Law

Process of international trade is complicated and risky. Risks will be more considerable when times come to deal with receiving/sending payments from/to unknown business partners in remote geographic areas. Employing documentary letters of credit (LC) is one of the ways to reduce payment risk in international business especially when partner’s financial standing is unknown to each other. By using the LC as method of payment, parties will shift payment obligation from buyer as a natural person to the guarantee of bank as a legal person. The process of using LC is complicated and involves different players and relations between them. Amongst all relations in process of LC transaction, relation between issuing bank and beneficiary is the most complicated and least clear from legal stand point. This article tries to shed light on vague aspects of relations between issuing bank and beneficiary by studying obligations of the issuing bank towards beneficiary under the law of documentary letters of credit while comparing provisions of UCP with English Common Law on subject matter. Main objective of paper is providing answer to the question of what is the role of issuing bank in the process of LC transaction and which liabilities does it have towards beneficiary? Article consists of five main parts. Part one will provide an introduction to function and relation among different parties in process of an international LC transaction. Further, it endeavours to tap on principle of autonomy and strict compliance as governing principles of documentary letters of credit. Part two and three will take a comprehensive look at legal basis of relations between issuing bank and beneficiary, as well as bank’s obligations under documentary credit law. Part four will discuss liabilities of issuing banks towards beneficiary and finally part five will touch upon situation in which bank will right to recourse against beneficiary.

Psychotherapy for Character Strength Development

Many dislike psychology and psychologists due to their tendency to identify what is wrong with people. Positive psychology has made an innovative impact on this reality by making a radical 'turning point' by focusing on what is best in people along with human issues. The aim of positive psychology is to build people, community, nation and organisation by fostering the development of strengths and virtues at large. The main stream of positive psychology is involved in the study of three domains like, positive character strengths, positive subjective experiences, and positive institutions (Seligman & Peterson, 2004).Character strengthsCharacter strengths, the corner stone of positive psychology, are the psychological ingredients that define virtues (Seligman & Peterson, 2004). Lopez (2008 ) defines character strength as the capacity for feeling, thinking, and behaving as morally valued. There are 24 character strengths which can be categorized under six virtues: wisdom and knowledge (creativity, curiosity, judgment, love of learning, perspective) courage (bravery, perseverance, honesty, zest), humanity (love, kindness, social intelligence), justice (team work, fairness, leadership), temperance (forgiveness, humility, prudence, self-regulation) and transcendence (appreciation of beauty and excellence, gratitude, hope, humour, spirituality) (Seligman & Peterson, 2004). They are trait-like qualities. Peterson and Seligman differentiate character strengths from talents and abilities. However, literature on positive psychology has not given a clear distinction between the terms character strengths, signature strengths and virtues (Wong, 2006).Integral approach to character strength developmentThe integral approach, which has a sound anthropological horizon, situates human development in the light of the 'mystery' of the human person. Although the word 'mystery' denotes vague and obscure aspects of life, Imoda (1998) has described it in a positive sense, namely, that human life cannot be grasped in its full meaning because it transcends the immediate capacity of senses and intellect. Kiely (1987) unfolded this concept of 'mystery' by describing human mystery as being grounded in the existential fact that the person may live simultaneously in two different 'worlds', a 'world of desire' and a 'world of limits'. World of desires include anything which the person desires to have, and there are no necessary limits in desires. On the contrary, world of limits entails the things which the person cannot change, and so, it needs to be accepted. Since two worlds have contrasting characteristics, they follow different and divergent lines of development. The very notion of limit and desire imply an inherent tension, and the way each individual deals with this tension has far-reaching consequences for character strength development (Kiely, 1987; Masten & Coatsworth, 1998; Costello, 2002). In this context, 'mystery' is the fundamental anthropological reality of the person, understood as tension between finite and infinite (Imoda, 1998; Sebastian, 2014). The way individual deals with these unavoidable tensions determine the persons' strength development. Aveline (2001) adds that people leam adaptive patterns in order to cope with these daily tensions which can become either maladaptive or adaptive as they are repeated in new contexts. For some, the daily events become opportunities for confronting the mystery of self and for others the same events are perceived as a threat. A great deal of character strength development depends on whether this tension is resolved and on how this tension is resolved (Tharayil, 2012). Here the character strength development takes place by transcending life circumstances. It is a moment to find meaning and purpose of that event in their lives, which goes beyond here and now, and hence a movement toward adaptation. Smith (2006) repeatedly depicts that strength development occurs as the end product of a dialectical process involving a person's struggle with adversity. …

Zavádění a aplikace e-technologií v podnikovém prostředí

Nowadays, a problem of an e- technologies’ implementation represents one of the most important questions that are being solved within various subjects from business area. With respect of massive implementation of activities as e- commerce, e- payments and others the e- technologies’ implementation is the progressive way of these subjects’ expansion. However, due to relatively short time period in which enterprise subjects have solved there is a set of vague aspects going together with this problem. The paper analyses the area of e- technologies and defines relations between basic concepts. Following this theoretical system a few hypothesis are constructed and used as a base platform for a determination of the logical model for implementation of e- technologies in enterprise environment.

La doctrina de Carl Schmitt sobre el derecho internacional

In this contribution we identify three fundamental axes capable of structuring Carl Schmitt’s thought on international law: (i) spatial ordination; (ii) war and (iii) the limitation of war. The structure proposed here makes more intelligible the doctrine of Schmitt compared to other attempts to study international legal thought of German jurist (for examples, Campderrich, Fernández Pardo, Kervègan). Also, we show how with our interpretation is possible, in principle, to make vague aspects clearer on Carl Schmitt’s thought on international law. This aim to be a contribution to the History of International Legal Ideas.

A Neural Network Model for Schemas Based On Pattern Completion

Abstract Recent developments in neuroscience have provided us with a wealth of the basic knowledge and tools which are required for neurobiological understanding of the psychological concepts. This advantage enables contemporary scientists to suggest and test brain models for psychological concepts, theories, and methods. Considering the current dominance of biological ideas in psychiatry and psychology, such models are essential in confirmation of the psychological theories of mind. In this article a brain model for schemas as essential to cognitive theory is proposed. Schemas are seen as patterns which are recognized and memorized through the training phase of an autoassociative neural network. Then, these patterns are used to complete ambiguous aspects of future experiences through thalamo and hippocampal-cortical pathways. In relation to the self or the outside world when a pattern with unknown, noisy, or vague aspects is encountered, those aspects are completed by the principal components of previously learned patterns (schema). This process is to help the observer acquire a better understanding of the environment or the self. However, the patterns which are used to complete the uncertainties about the self or the environment are sometimes not good estimates of the reality and lead the person/patient to an illusionary perception of the self/environment. In this article, the role of the mirror neuron system in pattern recognition is also explained. Psychological and biological therapeutic implications of this model are discussed and the importance of a link between dynamic and cognitive therapies is rationalized.

The Secret to Legal Foretelling: Generic and Inter-Generic Aspects of Vagueness in Contracts, Patents and Regulations

The Secret to Legal Foretelling: Generic and Inter-Generic Aspects of Vagueness in Contracts, Patents and Regulations

The Secret to Legal Foretelling: Generic and Inter-Generic Aspects of Vagueness in Contracts, Patents and Regulations

In this genre analysis research paper, we compare U.S. patents, contracts, and regulations on technical matters with a focus upon the relation between vagueness and communicative purposes and subpurposes of these three genres. Our main interest is the investigation of intergeneric conventions across the three genres, based on the software analysis of three corpora (one for each genre, 1 million words per corpus). The result of the investigation is that intergeneric conventions are found at the level of types of expressed linguistic vagueness, but that intergeneric conventions at the level of actual formulations are rare. The conclusion is that at this latter level the influence from the situation type underlying the individual genre is more important than the overarching legal character of the genres, when we talk about introducing explicit vagueness in the text.

Vague size predicates

Vague predicates such as heap, tall, bald, near to, nicer than, etc., are characterized by their Sorites susceptibility and the existence of borderline cases. In attempting develop a general theory, diverse vague predicates are often analyzed in rather broad natural language settings. Because this has proven be rather difficult, the phenomenon of vagueness is studied here in a narrower and strictly formalized setting: Vague predicates such as roughly the same size and negligible in with respect to are studied within the framework of a formalized theory of parthood extended by predicates. Such a restricted axiomatic framework has a number of advantages: (i) it is easier analyze logical and semantical aspects of vagueness; (ii) it is possible study the interrelations between precise quantitative facts and the interpretation of vague and qualitative predicates in a restricted class of models; (iii) it is possible precisely analyze the logical properties of vague and qualitative predicates which are fundamental formalized deductive reasoning. All three aspects are critical for the representation and reasoning about many vague predicates as they are used in many sciences and in medicine.

Order assignment considering buyer, third-party logistics provider, and suppliers

This paper presents a fuzzy multiple-objective mixed-integer programming model that tackles some different features of order assignment problems by considering vague aspects of such decision-making problems, the model reflects realities encountered in practice. In particular, the model considers three main parties of the supply chain: the purchasing organisation, suppliers, and third-party logistics providers (3PL) and in doing so, considers the three main aspects of order assignment, namely purchasing, holding, and ordering. By applying the theory of fuzzy sets, and through some operations on objective function and constraints, this research achieves a mixed-integer programming model with less complexity and more performance in a group of order assignment problems.

PatientInnenbeteiligung aus ÄrztInnensicht – eine qualitative Studie

Patient involvement (PI) and shared decision making (SDM) have increasingly come into the focus of (inter-)national research. SDM, however, is not a standard component of standard care so far. Therefore it is of importance to take into consideration all parties concerned. This article points out the barriers physicians see; one group has not been interrogated on this topic often. 25 physicians at a clinical centre were interviewed about decision-making processes within their environment, their concerns as well as their ideas towards PI. The consultations were realized with the help of a guideline-oriented questionnaire. The outcome was then interpreted by means of the thematic content analysis. A system of categories was constructed containing 28 categories on the micro-, meso-, and macro-level. From a physician's perspective, changes are necessary on all levels to achieve patient involvement and SDM. Essential points of approach for this are: sufficient time and personnel, sufficient communicative abilities in physicians, and a solid physician-patient relationship as well as changes in healthcare politics. To consistently improve patient involvement and SDM, physicians' concerns must be taken seriously. Here SDM can only be properly applied by taking into account the meso- and macro-level. Furthermore, it would be helpful to clear up the conceptually vague aspects of SDM, which would also help to communicate the concept more clearly.