Aspects Of Solid Waste Management Research Articles

Solid waste collection by the private sector: Households’ perspective—Findings from a study in Dar es Salaam city, Tanzania

The issue of poor solid waste management (SWM) is a challenge throughout the world, in both developed and developing countries. People always generate solid waste through their daily activities. This solid waste needs to be properly managed in a way that minimises risk to the environment and human health, which means storage, collection and proper disposal. At the same time solid waste creates livelihoods for the urban poor in terms of employment and business. This paper looks into one aspect of SWM, namely collection service. The importance of SWM is now recognised at international, national and community level. The Agenda 21 declaration of the United Nations [UN. (1993). The global partnership for environment and development: A guide to agenda 21 (pp. 88–94). New York: United Nations] addresses the issue of environmentally sound management of solid waste, with emphasis on the extension of solid waste service coverage to all urban and rural areas worldwide. SWM is a service for which local governments are usually responsible. However, due to inadequate capacity in the public sector, in many developing countries the private sector has stepped in to fill the gap in service provision. Dar es Salaam (DSM), Tanzania, is one such developing country city in which the private sector has become involved in solid waste collection services. The sector comprises Non-Government Organisations (NGOs), Community-Based Organisations (CBOs), and local private companies [Kassim, S. M., & Ali, S. M. (2003). Private solid waste collection SERVICE, Dar es Salaam Tanzania. In Proceedings of the 29th WEDC international conference: Towards millenium development goals. Abuja Nigeria, Water and Engineering Centre WEDC]. The private sector in solid waste collection in DSM has been promoted by Sustainable DSM Programme (SDP) through Environmental Planning and Management (EPM) [UNCHS. (1994a). Sustainable Human Settlements Development: Implementing Agenda 21; UNCHS. (1994b). UNCHS (Habitat) Activities; New Envoy to UNCHS from the United Republic of Tanzania. Habitat News, 16, 1–3]. Contracting out of solid waste collection services to the private sector has emerged to fill the gap in service delivery. In 1991 the city was generating 1400 tonnes of solid waste per day out of which only 5% was being collected. Currently daily solid waste generation is estimated at about 2500 tonnes and approximately 48% of the total waste generated is collected. At present, privatisation covers 44 out of 73 city wards, and 45 1 1 The data found during the study (Source: DSM City Council’ Local document, 2004). active registered private companies are involved [Chinamo, E. B. M. (2003). An overview of solid waste management and how solid waste collection benefits the poor in the city of Dar es Salaam. Solid waste collection that benefits the poor, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, Collaborating Working Group on Solid Waste Management in Low and Middle -Income Countries (CWG)].This paper presents the findings of a study that explored the households’ perspective on solid waste collection services provided by the private sector. The study showed that the solid waste collection service by the private sector is greatly influenced by households’ attitudes and behaviour. Their participation, demand for service, awareness, satisfaction level and views on cost recovery are important in the sector. The study concludes that the above factors would be superior if customers (households) were more involved in the planning and decision-making.

Solid wastes integrated management in Rio de Janeiro: input–output analysis

This paper analyzes the socioeconomic aspects of solid waste management in Rio de Janeiro. An “input–output” methodology was used to examine how the secondary product resulting from recycling is re-introduced into the productive process. A comparative profile was developed from the state of recycling and the various other aspects of solid waste management, both from the perspective of its economic feasibility and from the social aspects involved. This was done analyzing the greenhouse gas emissions and the decreased energy consumption. The effects of re-introducing recycled raw materials into the matrix and the ensuing reduction of the demand for virgin raw materials was based on the input–output matrix for the State of Rio de Janeiro. This paper also analyzes the energy savings obtained from recycling and measures the avoided emissions of greenhouse gases.

Economic evaluation of a landfill system with gas recovery for municipal solid waste management: a case study

Economic activity uses resources, which leads to waste generation. With rapid industrialisation and urbanisation, per capita solid waste generation has increased considerably. Solid waste generation data for last two decades shows an alarming increase. Owing to its improper and untimely collection, the transport and disposal of municipal solid waste poses a severe threat to various components of the environment and also to public health. This paper describes the merits and demerits of various technological aspects of solid waste management. Landfill technology, as it is the most widely employed and is regarded as the most suitable and simple mechanism, especially for tropical countries such as India, is emphasised. All possible costs and benefits and externalities are examined. A cost-benefit analysis of a landfill system with gas recovery (LFSGR) has been carried out for Mumbai city's solid waste, accounting for certain external costs and benefits, and found that it could make a huge difference of savings of about Rs. 6.366 billion (approx. $0.l40 billion) per annum with reference to the existing system of waste disposal.

Success Comes in Cans: Solid Waste Management for NSSN

ABSTRACTThe objective of this paper is three‐fold. The first is to discuss the design impacts of complying with environmental laws associated with solid waste for a new submarine design from a General Arrangements standpoint. The second objective is to describe the process undertaken by the General Arrangements and Human Support Systems Integration Team of the New Attack Submarine Program (PMO450) that enabled the team to develop an option which is viable within technical, cost and schedule constraints. The third objective is to describe the option. This paper will be limited to design aspects of solid waste management for the New Attack Submarine (NSSN). However, the approach is applicable to all operating submarines and the design principles used may be applicable to surface ships.

Planning of disposal sites in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania—A decision support system approach

A system is developed aiming at supporting the planners in several aspects of solid waste management in developing countries. The system is tailored especially to planning of disposal sites in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania based on a decision support system framework. Emphasis was placed on: applicability for users without particular computer knowledge, a simple and comprehensible system for solid waste planners to use, stressing environmental impact, and introduction of subjective judgements. As an important element of problem formulation and problem solving, the involved decision processes are elaborated. The entire system is implemented within a Lotus 1-2-3 spreadsheet environment. The developed model illustrates that it is possible to include and emphasize several features that are lacking in many existing commercial computerized models.

Planning of Disposal Sites in Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania—a Decision Support System Approach

A system is developed aiming at supporting the planners in several aspects of solid waste management in developing countries. The system is tailored especially to planning of disposal sites in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania based on a decision support system framework. Emphasis was placed on: applicability for users without particular computer knowledge, a simple and comprehensible system for solid waste planners to use, stressing environmental impact, and introduction of subjective judgements. As an important element of problem formulation and problem solving, the involved decision processes are elaborated. The entire system is implemented within a Lotus 1-2-3 spreadsheet environment. The developed model illustrates that it is possible to include and emphasize several features that are lacking in many existing commercial computerized models.

The design of a computerized sanitation vehicle routing and scheduling system for the town of oyster bay, new york

Two of the key aspects of solid waste management are the design of efficient collection routes and the formulation of appropriate policies and decisions criteria for the efficient and economic collection of municipal refuse. In this paper, the design and implementation of a computerized system for the routing of solid waste collection vehicles and the experiences in implementing this system for the Town of Oyster Bay, New York are presented. An interesting aspect of this study is that the study was initiated by both the Sanitation Union in the Town of Oyster Bay and the Management of the Town of Oyster Bay.