Aspects Of Selection Research Articles

Prenatal gender selection: medical, ethical and psychological aspects

The article is devoted to the methodology of prenatal gender selection and ethical aspects of its implementation. Based on the analysis of scientific publications, the principal techniques to determine sex in pre-implantation period, in the embryo and fetus, are presented. Invasive and non-invasive procedures of prenatal diagnosis are descreibed. Invasive procedures include examination of the fetus by chorionic villus sampling karyotyping of cells obtained by amniocentesis. Non-invasive techniques related to pregnant women's blood biochemistry, ultrasound markers of the Down syndrome are given. Fetal blood DNA testing is a more sensitive diagnostic parameter that reduces the indication for invasive procedures. The newest most effective method of sex determination in pre-implantation period is sperm separation screening. Medical and non-medical reasons for prenatal gender determination such as prevention of X-linked genetic disorders in a child, a couple’s choice in order to balance sex of children in the family, social gender preferences are shown. Gender selection for the prevention of the X-linked disorders is justified. Ethical issues regarding to the balance of children in the family, giving preference to a certain sex with the help of advanced diagnostic techniques, and selective abortion are discussed. The bioethical principles for the prevention selective abortion resulted from the gender reasons are established. International documents – the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Dignity of the Human Being with regard to the Application of Biology and Medicine, the Declaration of the World Medical Association regulating protection against sexual discrimination are considered

Critical Aspects of Material Selection in the Packaging and Transporting of Returned Extraterrestrial Samples.

In the framework of the EU-funded EURO-CARES project, aimed at determining the actions to develop a European facility for curation of extraterrestrial samples returned by space missions, we identified the requirements (mainly in terms of materials selection) of the transportation containment facility which should contain the Sample Return Capsule (SRC), which in turn contains the extraterrestrial material returned to Earth. Transportation box design for restricted (i.e., possibly related to biological life) and unrestricted samples is different. Packaging and transport of restricted samples must guarantee the samples' preservation from the terrestrial environment and the safety of people performing these operations and, hence, must be done according to World Health Organization (WHO) rules. In the case of unrestricted samples, the only requirement is sample preservation. We propose a triple packaging as follows: (1) primary receptacle; (2) secondary package (plastic material), optional for unrestricted samples; (3) rigid, cushioned outer layer. Only for restricted samples, an additional layer is proposed, that is, the overpack. The primary receptacle coincides with the SRC. The plastic material of the secondary package must have a low outgassing rate (i.e., <10-7 torr/s) and preferably low permeability and cost. Teflon and Neoflon would be the best choices. The outer package must be rigid and resistant to breakage, and our trade-off analysis identified stainless steel and aluminum alloys as best options. The outer should be filled with an inert atmosphere to inhibit oxidation within the sample in case of leak: argon is more inert than nitrogen, but the latter is easily available. The overpack allows the box environment control (e.g., real-time contamination monitoring); ISO containers could be used to this end. Contamination of the environment inside the box can be monitored by different instruments, which should be selected on the basis of mission requirements. There are no mass limitations for box transport by ground or ship, but these solutions imply a long journey duration. Any aircraft might be used for transporting unrestricted samples. Only cargo aircraft may be used for transporting restricted samples, unless the total sample mass is lower than 50 g (WHO guidelines).

Comparison of the effectiveness of anterior thalamic stimulation in a European registry and a phase III study—English version

Besides the data of the phase III study (SANTE), the results of the MORE registry on the use of anterior thalamic deep brain stimulation (ANT-DBS) have recently become available. In which aspects do the phase III study and the MORE registry differ? A literature-based comparison was performed for the 2‑year outcomes of the prospective, randomized-controlled SANTE trial which included 110 patients and the prospective (nonrandomized, nonstandardized) MORE registry of 170 patients. The data analysis was focused on patient selection, surgical management, stimulation setting, therapeutic effects, and safety aspects. The median 2‑year seizure frequency reduction rate in the MORE registry remained clearly behind that of the SANTE trial (33% vs. 56%). Also in the subgroup of temporal lobe epilepsies, the seizure frequency reduction was not higher than 33%. Patients with cognitive impairment tended to have a poorer outcome compared to patients without cognitive impairment (26% vs. 36% median seizure frequency reduction rate). The MORE registry and the SANTE trial differed in several methodological aspects and patient selection: The SANTE trial included a higher percentage of patients with unifocal epilepsy (p = 0.007), temporal seizure onset (p = 0.0005), more frequent focal to bilateral tonic–clonic seizures (p = 0.02), and excluded patients with cognitive impairment (p < 0.0001). In the MORE registry, not only the trans- but also an extraventricular implantation approach was used and the achieved therapeutic effects were associated with the treating center’s level of expertise. The stimulation parameters and observed side-effects in the two studies were comparable. The registry data confirm the safe and effective use of ANT-DBS in drug-resistant epilepsy. They reflect the clinical routine use of the ANT-DBS therapy. While the results remained behind the outcomes of the phase III trial, they are within the effectiveness range of other neurostimulation therapies for epilepsy. The observed differences might be mainly due to differences in the cohort characteristics and differences in the implantation techniques.

Employee Professional Improvement Model Civil State in Resource Staff Work Units State Police Human Power Republic of Indonesia

The purpose of this study was to analyze the factors or variables that most dominantly influenced the increase in civil servant professionalism and to apply the development of a strategic model to increase the professionalism of civil servants in the National Police's SSDM satker by using the concept of Strategic Human Resource Management theory from Noe, et al. The method used is the mixed method methodology. Data collection was carried out through questionnaires and interviews as well as document review. The results showed (1) the factors that most dominantly influenced the increase in the professionalism of civil servants in the National Police's SSDM satker were aspects of job design, selection, training and development, compensation, performance management and employee relations which had not been carried out optimally.

Distributed and Expensive Evolutionary Constrained Optimization With On-Demand Evaluation

Expensive optimization problems (EOPs) are common in industry and surrogate-assisted evolutionary algorithms (SAEAs) have been developed for solving them. However, many EOPs have not only expensive objective, but also expensive constraints, which are evaluated through distributed ways. We define this kind of EOPs as distributed expensive constrained optimization problems (DECOPs). The distributed characteristic of DECOPs leads to the asynchronous evaluation of both objective and constraints. Though some researchers have studied the asynchronous evaluation of objectives, the asynchronous evaluation of constraints has not gained much attention. Therefore, this paper gives a formal formulation of DECOPs and proposes a distributed evolutionary constrained optimization algorithm with on-demand evaluation (DEAOE). DEAOE can adaptively evolve different constraints in an asynchronous way through the on-demand evaluation strategy. The on-demand evaluation works from two aspects to improve the population convergence and diversity. From the aspect of individual selection, a joint sample selection strategy is adopted to determine which candidates are promising. From the aspect of constraint selection, an infeasible-first evaluation strategy is devised to judge which constraints need to be further evolved. Extensive experiments and analyses on benchmark functions and engineering problems demonstrate that DEAOE has better performance and higher efficiency compared to centralized state-of-the-art SAEAs.

HUMOROUS THEATRICAL ACTIVITY AS A MEANS OF SOFT SKILLS FORMATION IN PRESCHOOL AND PRIMARY EDUCATION

The relevance of the paper dealing with the researching humorous theatrical activities in preschool and primary education is determined by the need to form soft skills in older preschoolers and younger schoolchildren for their successful self-adaptation and self-realization in the future. The purpose of the article lies in substantiating the humorous theatrical activity as a means of forming soft skills in the conditions of preschool and primary education; highlighting aspects of the humorous works selection and methodical recommendations for the effective organization of humorous theatrical action in preschool and primary education establishments. The main methods of scientific research include analysis, pedagogical experience study, observation, generalization and specification. The article proves the effectiveness of humorous theatrical activities for mastering soft skills by students of preschool and primary education, taking into account the pedagogical potential of theatrical play. As a result of the research, aspects of the selection of humorous works are outlined: works with cynicism elements, mockery of macabre themes cannot be studied and acted out; to teach children a wide range of humorous works and their features; to select the works that the children liked the most for the theatrical play; etc. Methodological recommendations have been developed for the effective organization of a humorous theatrical action with the aim of forming soft skills in children of pre-school and primary school: it is necessary to go through all the stages of analyzing a comic work in detail; act out the roles of heroes with the help of theatrical props; you can act out small, humane, humorous skits from your own or school life; the teacher should «try on» the roles of the heroes of the work in order to show the correct facial expressions and gestures; all students of the class or pupils of the group must be involved in the organization and conduct of the event; one student cannot act the same comic, positive or negative role over and over again; observe ethics when using jokes; do not use vulgar humor; do not overload the humorous theatrical action with a large number of dynamic scenes, adhere to the time frame depending on the age characteristics of the children; the action should evoke positive emotions in the audience and participants; it is expedient to combine prose humorous works with musical art, pantomime, choreographic productions, ICT tools use.

Cis-inhibition suppresses basal Notch signaling during sensory organ precursor selection

The emergence of the sensory organ precursor (SOP) from an equivalence group in Drosophila is a paradigm for studying single-cell fate specification through Notch-mediated lateral inhibition. Yet, it remains unclear how only a single SOP is selected from a relatively large group of cells. We show here that a critical aspect of SOP selection is controlled by cis-inhibition (CI), whereby the Notch ligands, Delta (Dl), cis-inhibit Notch receptors in the same cell. Based on the observation that the mammalian ligand Dl-like 1 cannot cis-inhibit Notch in Drosophila, we probe the role of CI in vivo. We develop a mathematical model for SOP selection where Dl activity is independently regulated by the ubiquitin ligases Neuralized and Mindbomb1. We show theoretically and experimentally that Mindbomb1 induces basal Notch activity, which is suppressed by CI. Our results highlight the trade-off between basal Notch activity and CI as a mechanism for singling out a SOP from a large equivalence group.

A Study on Recruitment and Selection in the Education Sector with Reference to the Vocational Coursesin Tribal Communities

This study aims to explore and analyze the recruitment and selection practices in the education sector, specifically focusing on vocational courses within tribal communities. The primary objective is to identify the key challenges, strategies, and potential improvements in the recruitment and selection process for vocational education in these marginalized communities. The education sector plays a crucial role in empowering tribal communities by providing them with access to vocational courses that enhance their employability and socioeconomic development. However, ensuring effective recruitment and selection processes tailored to the unique needs and characteristics of tribal communities remains a significant challenge. The research methodology employed in this study includes a combination of qualitative and quantitative approaches. Primary data is collected through interviews, surveys, and focus group discussions involving stakeholders such as educational institutions, tribal community members, educators, and policymakers. Secondary data is gathered from existing literature, reports, and case studies related to vocational education and tribal communities. The study investigates various aspects of recruitment and selection in the education sector, including the identification of potential candidates, assessment methods, cultural considerations, and community engagement. It examines the current practices and policies implemented by educational institutions in recruiting and selecting students for vocational courses within tribal communities. Findings from the study provide insights into the challenges faced by educational institutions, such as limited access to quality education, lack of awareness about vocational courses, cultural barriers, and geographical constraints. Additionally, the study explores innovative strategies employed by institutions to address these challenges, including community outreach programs, targeted recruitment campaigns, and inclusive selection criteria. Based on the analysis of the data, the study proposes recommendations and best practices to enhance recruitment and selection processes in the education sector for vocational courses in tribal communities. These recommendations aim to improve inclusivity, cultural sensitivity, and community involvement in the selection process. Moreover, the study highlights the importance of collaboration between educational institutions, policymakers, and tribal community leaders to ensure effective implementation of these recommendations. This study contributes to the existing literature on recruitment and selection in the education sector by specifically focusing on vocational courses within tribal communities. The findings and recommendations will be valuable to educational institutions, policymakers, and other stakeholders involved in the design and implementation of vocational education programs for marginalized communities

Research status and prospects of acupuncture for autism spectrum disorders.

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder and has a predilection for children. Its symptoms, such as lifelong social communication deficits and repetitive sensory-motor behaviors, put a huge burden on the patient's family and society. Currently, there is no cure for ASD, and some medications that can improve its symptoms are often accompanied by adverse effects. Among many complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) therapies, acupuncture has shown promising application potential, but after years of practice, it has not been recognized as the preferred CAM therapy for ASD. Therefore, we analyzed and discussed the clinical study reports of acupuncture in the treatment of ASD in the past 15 years from the aspects of study subjects, group setting, intervention modalities, acupoint selection, outcome evaluation, and safety. The data accumulated at present are not sufficient to support the clinical effectiveness of acupuncture in ASD and to justify its use in clinical practice. They provide, however, initial evidence of possible effectiveness and encourage further investigation in order to reach firm conclusions. Based on a comprehensive analysis, we believed that following the Standards for Reporting Interventions in Clinical Trials of Acupuncture (STRICTA) and Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials (CONSORT), screening the optimal combination of acupoints applying a rigorous scientific study design, and performing the related functional experiments may be the effective way to convincingly test the hypothesis that acupuncture may be beneficial in ASD patients. The significance of this review is to provide a reference for researchers to carry out high-quality clinical trials of acupuncture in the treatment of ASD from the perspective of the combination of modern medicine and traditional Chinese medicine.

Eggonomics: Vitrification and bioeconomies of egg donation in the United States and Spain.

Regulations governing assisted reproduction control the degree to which gamete donation is legal and how people providing genetic material are selected and compensated. The United States and Spain are both global leaders in fertility treatment with donor oocytes. Yet both countries take different approaches to how egg donation is regulated. The US model reveals a hierarchically organized form of gendered eugenics. In Spain, the eugenic aspects of donor selection are more subtle. Drawing upon fieldwork in the United States and Spain, this article examines (1) how compensated egg donation operates under two regulatory settings, (2) the implications for egg donors as providers of bioproducts, and (3) how advances in oocyte vitrification enhances the commodity quality of human eggs. By comparing these two reproductive bioeconomies we gain insight into how different cultural, medical, and ethical frameworks intersect with egg donor embodied experiences.

Adaptive Feature Point Image Registration Algorithm with Added Spatial Constraint Model

Image data with different spectral features contain different attribute information of a target, which is naturally complementary and can provide more comprehensive and detailed features after registration and fusion. Image registration methods based on point features have the advantages of high speed and precision, and have been widely used in visible light image registration. For registration of multiscale images and those with different spectral characteristics, the precision of these methods is affected by such factors as complex gradient variation. To this end, we add a spatial constraint model to point feature image registration, and improve the method from the aspects of feature point selection, registration, and image conversion parameter calculation. The method is applied to different types of image registration programs, and the results show that it can effectively improve the registration accuracy of multiscale images with different spectral characteristics.

Structure optimization and selection of catalyst particle for highly efficient gas oil hydrodenitrogenation

In this work, a single particle model and particle-resolved reactor model are established at particle and reactor scales for HDN process of gas oil. In the aspects of optimal particle shape and size selection, the specific surface area of particle plays a decisive role at particle scale, while the interaction between reaction and diffusion resulting from the bed bulk density and total particle surface area is more crucial at reactor scale. In terms of selecting the optimal pore structure, the optimal pore diameter and porosity are found to be nonlinear correlated with particle specific surface area at particle and reactor scales, and the deviation is within an acceptable range. The optimal pore structures of HDN catalyst with given particle shape and size could be derived from the obtained correlation in the single particle model instead of the particle-resolved reactor model to greatly reduce the computational resources and time consumption.

CRISPR/Cas9-mediated gene editing of the let-7 seed sequence improves silk yield in the silkworm, Bombyx mori

Body size and silk protein synthesis ability are two crucial aspects of artificial selection in silkworm breeding; however, the role of genes in both pathways remains unknown. To determine whether let-7 microRNA could regulate larval development and silk gland growth simultaneously, we designed a guide RNA to edit let-7 using the CRISPR/Cas9 system. The indels predominantly appeared in the let-7 seed region, and the vast majority of the mutations were small-fragment deletions. Loss of let-7 function prolonged the fifth larval period, and substantially increased body weight during the wandering stage, but it resulted in developmental arrest during the pupal-moth transition. let-7 systemic knock down promoted silk gland growth and increased silk yield by >50 %, with efficiency significantly higher than in tissue-specific edited individuals. Hormone signaling and cell cycle pathway genes were activated in different patterns in the body and silk gland, implying that let-7 may regulate different target genes to play role in tissue growth. In summary, we first report that conditional knock down let-7 promoting the simultaneous growth of body and silk gland, greatly improve silk yield in the silkworm.

Review symposium: Beyond presidentialism and parliamentarism

Steffen Ganghof’s Beyond Presidentialism and Parliamentarism: Democratic Design and the Separation of Powers (Oxford University Press, 2021) posits that “in a democracy, a constitutional separation of powers between the executive and the assembly may be desirable, but the constitutional concentration of executive power in a single human being is not” (Ganghof, 2021). To consider, examine and theorise about this, Ganghof urges engagement with semi-parliamentarism. As explained by Ganghof, legislative power is shared between two democratically legitimate sections of parliament in a semi-parliamentary system, but only one of those sections selects the government and can remove it in a no-confidence vote. Consequently, power is dispersed and not concentrated in the hands of any one person, which, Ganghof argues, can lead to an enhanced form of parliamentary democracy. In this book review symposium, George Tsebelis, Michael Thies, José Antonio Cheibub, Rosalind Dixon and Daniel Bogéa review Steffen Ganghof’s book and engage with the author about aspects of research design, case selection and theoretical argument. This symposium arose from an engaging and constructive discussion of the book at a seminar hosted by Texas A&M University in 2022. We thank Prof José Cheibub (Texas A&M) for organising that seminar and Dr Anna Fruhstorfer (University of Potsdam) for initiating this book review symposium.

Real-time processing system and Internet of Things application in the cultural tourism industry development

The introduction of the Internet of Things and other information technologies provides new methods for tourism information innovation. The development of computer technology has changed the traditional tourism mode and made the information-based tourism industry develop. With the improvement and development of embedded systems, embedded systems will develop in the direction of networking, intelligence, standardization and integration. In the process of innovation, the tourism system needs innovation support, support and protection, guidance and response mechanisms. The innovation of tourism system mainly relies on market demand and supply as its most important part, in which market demand is the main driving force for formation. The operation of the system is supported by the tourism support and protection subsystem, with the innovative technology subsystem as the most important content. Based on the traditional theory of tourism industry, this paper sorted out and analyzed the related needs of tourism industry, and combined with the computer industry, according to the embedded real-time network system and the convenience of the Internet of Things industry, on the relevant technology platform to establish a modern tourism industry development system. By using the powerful advantages of computer technology, this paper from the perspective of destination selection, management optimization, industrial development, consumption upgrading, service diversification and other aspects, to promote the development of modern cultural tourism industry.

Strategi Brand Communication Dalam Menarik Minat Calon Mahasiswa Baru

This research is motivated by the existence of competition between universities in attracting students' interest has begun to get tougher. This is coupled with private universities in Indonesia which are currently increasingly advanced and developing so that with these conditions, higher education institutions that have just been established and are not yet well known in the community feel the great impact of competition in attracting students. This will motivate every university in Indonesia to make more efforts to improve the quality and quality of the institution through the various advantages they have. The purpose of this study is to explain the brand communication strategy of FKOMINFO Garut University, seen from the four stages used, namely understanding the message, compiling persuasive messages, selecting methods and selecting media. The method used in this study uses a qualitative approach using the theory of Communication Strategy in which there are 4 aspects studied, namely understanding the message, compiling persuasive messages, choosing methods and choosing media. Data analysis techniques from this research are data reduction, data presentation, conclusion drawing and verification. Data collection techniques used are participant observation, in-depth interviews, literature study and documentation. The results of this study indicate that the communication strategy used by FKOMINFO Garut University in the aspect of understanding the message is to form a team that has been provided with information and tasks that must be carried out. Then in the aspect of compiling persuasive messages, it contains relevant information for prospective new students. Furthermore, in the aspect of method selection, namely by applying interactive and persuasive ways in delivering messages when the activity takes place. Finally, in the aspect of media selection by using various media, both conventional media and utilizing new media.

Using Causal Diagrams for Biomedical Research.

Causal diagrams are used in biomedical research to develop and portray conceptual models that accurately and concisely convey assumptions about putative causal relations. Specifically, causal diagrams can be used for both observational studies and clinical trials to provide a scientific basis for some aspects of multivariable model selection. This methodology also provides an explicit framework for classifying potential sources of bias and enabling the identification of confounder, collider, and mediator variables for statistical analyses. We illustrate the potential serious miscalculation of effect estimates resulting from incorrect selection of variables for multivariable modeling without regard to their type and causal ordering as demonstrated by causal diagrams. Our objective is to improve researchers' understanding of the critical variable selection process to enhance their communication with collaborating statisticians regarding the scientific basis for intended study designs and multivariable statistical analyses. We introduce the concept of causal diagrams and their development as directed acyclic graphs to illustrate the usefulness of this methodology. We present numeric examples of effect estimate calculations and miscalculations based on analyses of the well-known Framingham Heart Study. Clinical researchers can use causal diagrams to improve their understanding of complex causation relations to determine accurate and valid multivariable models for statistical analyses. The Framingham Heart Study dataset and software codes for our analyses are provided in Appendix E1 (available online at http://www.annemergmed.com) to allow readers the opportunity to conduct their analyses.

A Literature Survey on AI-Aided Beamforming and Beam Management for 5G and 6G Systems.

Modern wireless communication systems rely heavily on multiple antennas and their corresponding signal processing to achieve optimal performance. As 5G and 6G networks emerge, beamforming and beam management become increasingly complex due to factors such as user mobility, a higher number of antennas, and the adoption of elevated frequencies. Artificial intelligence, specifically machine learning, offers a valuable solution to mitigate this complexity and minimize the overhead associated with beam management and selection, all while maintaining system performance. Despite growing interest in AI-assisted beamforming, beam management, and selection, a comprehensive collection of datasets and benchmarks remains scarce. Furthermore, identifying the most-suitable algorithm for a given scenario remains an open question. This article aimed to provide an exhaustive survey of the subject, highlighting unresolved issues and potential directions for future developments. The discussion encompasses the architectural and signal processing aspects of contemporary beamforming, beam management, and selection. In addition, the article examines various communication challenges and their respective solutions, considering approaches such as centralized/decentralized, supervised/unsupervised, semi-supervised, active, federated, and reinforcement learning.

A Perspective on Miniature Soft Robotics: Actuation, Fabrication, Control, and Applications

Soft robotics enriches the robotic functionalities by engineering soft materials and electronics toward enhanced compliance, adaptivity, and friendly human machine. This decade has witnessed extraordinary progresses and benefits in scaling down soft robotics to small scale for a wide range of potential and promising applications, including medical and surgical soft robots, wearable and rehabilitation robots, and unconstructed environments exploration. This perspective highlights recent research efforts in miniature soft robotics in a brief and comprehensive way in terms of actuation, powering, designs, fabrication, control, and applications in four sections. Section 2 discusses the key aspects of materials selection and structural designs for small‐scale tethered and untethered actuation and powering, including fluidic actuation, stimuli‐responsive actuation, and soft living biohybrid materials, as well as structural forms from 1D to 3D. Section 3 discusses the advanced manufacturing techniques at small scales for fabricating miniature soft robots, including lithography, mechanical self‐assembly, additive manufacturing, tissue engineering, and other fabrication methods. Section 4 discusses the control systems used in miniature robots, including off‐board/onboard controls and artificial intelligence‐based controls. Section 5 discusses their potential broad applications in healthcare, small‐scale objects manipulating and processing, and environmental monitoring. Finally, outlooks on the challenges and opportunities are discussed.

RETRACTED: Australian and New Zealand Society for Vascular Surgery clinical practice guidelines on venous outflow Obstruction of the femoral-iliocaval veins

BackgroundThe overall goal of this report is to provide a high-level, practical approach to managing venous outflow obstruction (VOO) in Australia and New Zealand. MethodsA group of vascular surgeons from the Australian and New Zealand Society for Vascular Surgery with specific interest, training, and experience in the management of VOO were surveyed to assess current local practice. The results were analyzed and areas of disagreement identified. Following this, the group performed a literature review of consensus guidelines published by leading international organizations focused on the management of chronic venous disease, namely the Society for Vascular Surgery, American Venous Forum, European Society for Vascular Surgery, American Vein and Lymphatic Society, Cardiovascular and Interventional Radiology Society of Europe, and American Heart Association. These guidelines were compared against the consensus statements obtained through the surveys to determine how they relate to Australian and New Zealand practice. In addition, selected key studies, reviews, and meta-analyses on venous stenting were discussed and added to the document. Finally, a selection of statements with >75% agreement was voted on, and barriers to the guideline's applicability were identified. ResultsThe document addresses two key areas: patient selection and technical aspects of venous stenting. Regarding patient selection, patients with a CEAP (Clinical-Etiologic-Anatomic-Physiologic) score of ≥3 or a venous clinical severity score for pain of ≥2, or both, and evidence of >50% stenosis on venography, computed tomography venography, magnetic resonance venography, and/or intravascular ultrasound should be considered for venous stenting (level of recommendation Ib) Patients undergoing thrombus removal for acute iliofemoral deep vein thrombosis, in whom a culprit stenotic lesion has been uncovered, should be considered for venous stenting (level of recommendation Ib). Patients with chronic pelvic pain, deep dyspareunia, postcoital pain affecting their quality of life, when other causes have been ruled out, should be considered for venous stenting (level of recommendation Ic). Asymptomatic patients should not be offered venous stenting (level of recommendation IIIc). ConclusionsPatients with deep VOO have been underdiagnosed and undertreated for decades; however, in recent years, interest from physicians and industry has grown substantially. The advent of simpler and safer treatment options has revolutionized its management, but, unfortunately, formal training for venous disease has not grown at the same rate. Simplifying the technology and training required can result in inconsistent outcomes. These guidelines are aimed at developing standards of care and will serve as an educational platform for future developments.