Racial Aspects Research Articles

Is blanqueamiento (whitening) an emerging concept in urban transformation?

The concept of “whitening” has emerged as a tool to describe processes of invisibilizing local social practices in favor of affluent, often white, foreign populations within Mexico City's central urban transformation. This article critically examines the relevance of whitening as an analytical framework compared to more established, albeit sometimes ambiguous, terms such as “gentrification”. The discussion focuses on three key areas: the impoverishment of urban vocabulary; the adaptation of foreign concepts in Latin America; and the limits of whitening as a concept. This comment argues that while whitening captures significant racial dynamics in urban transformations, its conceptual development is still nascent, making it insufficient to encompass the broader socioeconomic dimensions covered by gentrification. Unlike gentrification, which has been adapted to Latin American contexts to capture diverse forms of displacement and exclusion, whitening has yet to undergo such adaptation and remains limited in its geographic and temporal application. Additionally, the article discusses the risk of fragmenting urban discourse through the creation of neologisms that overlap with more established concepts. Whitening may offer valuable insights into racial aspects of urban change, but its application remains restricted compared to the more encompassing and versatile framework of gentrification, which addresses economic, demographic, and cultural changes in a comprehensive manner.

Self-Realisation in the Awakening by Kate Chopin

Racism took a different turn in the 16th century, impacting this generation's society. Through racist beliefs and thoughts, people divided society into divisions. This study was based on racism and white people's historical oppression of black people. In this study, we examined two novels that help to analyze racism in society, and the impact of these novels on culture was also addressed. The study described slavery in the 19th century and the colonial times of Nigerian tribes. Mark Twain’s The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn offered an American perspective on racism vs. the African setting of Things Fall Apart. During the 19th century, Nigerian people faced colonization that impacted the culture and behaviour of indigenous people. In this study, different aspects of racism and the effects of racism on black people were examined. This study also showed that the British invasion forced marginalization in every element of Igbo society, ranging from traditional values to religious and gender roles; this study aims to discuss the differences in the perspective of racism by analyzing Things Fall Apart and The Adventure of Huckleberry Finn. These two pieces of literature helped to develop better concepts and aspects of racism in the social setting and highlighted the racism between white and black people.

Black Canadian university football players’ perspectives on the coach-athlete relationship

To develop positive coach-athlete relationships, coaches can acknowledge and support their players’ sociocultural backgrounds (e.g., ethnicities, genders, races). This is particularly important in connecting with marginalized athletes as the history of sport is intertwined with identity politics, racism, and exclusion. To date, little is known about the role of race in coach-athlete relationships from the perspectives of marginalized individuals. The purpose of the current study was to explore the coach-athlete relationships of Black, Canadian university football players and their coaches from the players’ perspectives. We conducted semi-structured interviews with nine Black football players from five Canadian universities coached by individuals of different racial backgrounds. Using a reflexive thematic analysis, we co-created two overarching themes addressing participants’ racialized experiences inside and outside of sport, including their understanding of Blackness, as well as perceptions on how to improve coaches’ cultural literacies. From our findings, we understood that most Black athletes developed strong connections with their Black coaches compared to White or non-Black coaches of color that were characterized by feelings of trust and the ability to express their cultural identity freely. Athletes highlighted the importance of coaches acquiring or strengthening their cultural competency, and provided examples, advice, and descriptions of what they believed constituted an effective coach. By exploring racial aspects of coach-athlete relationships, this study contributes to coaching science literature and cultural sport psychology by emphasizing the need for coaches to develop cultural competency aptitudes when working with diverse athletes.

Racism Learnt and Unlearnt

For centuries, Africans migrated to India in different phases resulting in a significant presence of the African diaspora in this country. The term “African diaspora” gained currency only in the mid-nineteenth century in connection with the study of the people of African origin dispersed all over the world. But in countries like India, the African presence dates as far back as the period of the Indian Ocean slave trade. Historically, India and Africa have shared cordial political and economic relations. Their shared history of anti-colonial struggle, the mutual reverence for political leaders like Mahatma Gandhi and Nelson Mandela, and India’s support for postapartheid South Africa might indicate the peaceful coexistence of Indians and Africans in present-day India. But the on the ground reality hits differently, as depicted in “The Shade of You” by Anushree Majumdar, published in Eleven Ways to Love: Essays by Penguin India. Majumdar thinks herself a modern and enlightened woman until she gets into a relationship with Bryan Ochieng, a Kenyan studying in Delhi. As she gradually explores her relationship with Bryan, she comes to know about different aspects of racism that the African diaspora faces in Delhi in a more intimate way. Getting mocked and ridiculed for dating a black man in the public space makes her critique the racist attitude of her fellow Delhiites. She realizes that Indians have deeply internalized the colonial legacy of racism and colorism. She understands that, since our very childhood, we embrace a culture informed by racist ideology unconsciously. Indians are satisfied with the tokenist acceptance of black culture by celebrating black footballers and pop artists, but they would never let African diasporic people come closer as family and friends. This mindset has sufficiently exoticized and otherized Africans in India. Her proximity to Bryan reveals to her how ignorant she has been about Bryan’s culture despite her love of selective parts of Kenyan culture. The presence of Bryan and his Kenyan friends in her life offers her moments of self-reflexivity. She comes to question how much she has been able to unlearn her racial prejudices, and the answer forces her to confront an aspect of her race–intolerant subjectivity so far buried under her conscious race-sensitive self. Her self-realization makes her feel uncomfortable and apologetic. She feels that the self-realization that has dawned upon her is not enough to help her in the unlearning process overnight. She fails to maintain a long-term relationship with Bryan given their seemingly unbridgeable cultural gap at that point in time. But Bryan’s entry into her life marks the beginning of her anti-racism journey in the true sense of the term and it continues. Years later, she finds that she has become a better version of herself who is no longer troubled by the hidden guilt and shame associated with her relationship with an African.

A Theoretical Framework of the Role of Racism in Adolescent Personal Identity Development: Applications to Racially Marginalized Youth in the USA

Racism is an element of the sociocultural context that may significantly impact personal identity development among youth of color in the USA. However, theories of personal identity development largely do not consider the influence of racialized experiences. This paper presents a theoretical framework of the role of racism on adolescent personal identity development (RAPID framework); we demonstrate its utility with the example of interpersonal forms of racism in the context of racially marginalized youth in the USA. The RAPID framework combines psychological and sociological perspectives on identity development to describe moments in the process that may be affected by aspects of racism (e.g., stereotypes, biases). Empirical support for aspects of the framework is drawn from research on adolescents’ ethnic-racial identities and specific aspects of personal identities (e.g., academic identity). To create environments that promote positive personal identity development for ethnic-racially marginalized youth, the RAPID framework addresses potential barriers that can be eliminated and highlights aspects of resilience that can be supported. Suggestions for empirical research on the RAPID framework, as well as for theoretical extensions of it, are discussed.

Representations of Racism in Children of Blood and Bone by Tomi Adeyemi

This paper explores different aspects of racism within the context of the novel Children of Blood and Bone (2018) by Tomi Adeyemi, utilizing Critical Race Theory or CRT as an analytical tool. The novel is written within the genre of Young Adult Fiction which tackles the problems of young adults. Although the events of the novel take place in a fantastical setting, they capture reality and depict the lives of black African Americans. Black African Americans in the novel are represented by the oppressed minority who are the diviners. Critical Race Theory recognizes that the legacy of slavery and the racial subordination of black Americans are not only socially inherent within the non-black society but they are still covert in the legal and caste system. The novel is analyzed according to the five tenets of Critical Race Theory which can be listed as follows: Race is a social construct, Racism is ordinary, Intersectionality, Interests convergence, and Counter-Storytelling. These five basic tenets will be examined thoroughly in the paper in relation to the events of the novel.

Den liberala demokratins konstkritiska protest

Claims that liberal democracy is in crisis need to reckon with the fact that it is a social system historically premised on crisis and criticality. Protest and protesting can, from this standpoint, be viewed as constitutive boundary phenomena of liberal democracy. By considering liberal democracy as a critical life form from a biopolitical perspective, the aim of the article is to suggest how liberal democracy itself can protest art-critically and that this indicates a crisis of its critical life form that is rarely acknowledged. The article argues that the crisis of liberal democracy in Sweden is made visible in the racial aspects of art-critical protests. The claim is also that these art-critical protests, in their turn, must be understood through an analysis of the relationship between, on the one hand, art criticism and citizenship and, on the other, the class relation and capital accumulation. In the article, this is demonstrated through an account of the biopolitical function of the aesthetic culture of the critical tradition, followed by two recent examples of the art-critical protest of liberal democracy. Whereas one of these examples represents a liberal critique of identity politics in art, the other demonstrates a transgression of the liberal principle of arm’s length distance in culture policy. The article concludes that the aesthetic culture of the critical tradition, strategically taken over by the Social Democrats at the dawn of liberal democracy, enabled a continuous reformation of how politics in liberal democracy is organically developed, and that the art-critical protest of liberal democracy today challenges this critical life form.

A SYSTEMIC RACISM TOWARD ETHNIC MINORITY IN THE MOVIE “A UNITED KINGDOM”

In this study, the researcher examines A United Kindom, a film written by Guy Hibbert and directed by Amma Asante. This film depicts prejudice between Seretse Khama, a black man, and white people, as well as his contentious marriage to a British white girl. In this study, the researcher discovered Systemic Racism Toward Ethnic Minorities in a United Kingdom Film. The researcher analyzed the data using racism from Chaney theory as a reference to address the study questions of issue identification. In this study, a sociological method was also applied. The researcher employed the writing approach to acquire data. The descriptive approach was utilized to analyze the data in this study. The data was acquired by the researcher from the screenplay and some scenes in the movie "A United Kingdom." Before gathering data, the researcher must determine how the information will be used. As a result of this research, three aspects of racism are presented in Amma Asante's A United Kingdom Movie: (a) intolerance, (b) discrimination, and (c) separation.Keyword: Systemic Racism; Ethnic Minority; Movie

Medical students' perspectives on racism in medicine and healthcare in Germany: Identified problems and learning needs for medical education.

Against the backdrop of considerable lack of research, this study provides the first exploration of medical students' perspectives on racism in medicine and healthcare in Germany. The aim is to identify problems and learning needs for medical education. We address the following research questions: - How do medical students perceive racism in medicine and healthcare in Germany? - How do they address, understand, and discuss different aspects of racism in this context? - What are their expectations regarding the role of medical education? Semi-structured online focus group discussions were conducted with 32 medical students from 13 different medical schools in Germany. The discussions were transcribed and analyzed using qualitative content analysis. Based on the analysis of the focus groups, four main hypotheses could be formulated: 1. Medical students perceive racism in medicine and healthcare in Germany as a ubiquitous phenomenon. 2. They have problems to identify racist behaviour and structures due to conceptual knowledge gaps. 3. They are insecure how to deal with racism on a situational level. 4. They hold medical education accountable to tackle racism in medicine and healthcare on various levels. Our study raises specific learning needs for addressing racism in medicine and healthcare in Germany. Research from the US-context might inspire innovative approaches for German medical education but needs to take national specificities into account. Further research is needed to prepare the implementation of antiracist training in German medical education.

A formação de estudantes de Medicina para o cuidado destinado à saúde de pessoas LGBTI+

Abstract: Introduction: Brazil national public policy for the comprehensive healthcare of the LGBTi+ population consists of several guidelines and plans that include the training of health professionals. Through actions and strategies, it aims to minimize the effects of gender and sexuality discrimination on this historically marginalized population. Studies were found that show a lack of specific hours for gender and sexuality, a lack of transversality of the LGBTI+ topic and a lack of addressing the socioeconomic, political and racial aspects of LGBTI+ health in the curricula of Faculties of Medicine in Brazil and in the world. Objective: To compare the perception between admittedly LGBTI+ students and heterosexual students regarding the training of medical students on the health of sexual and gender minorities. Methodology: An in-depth qualitative study was carried out through two focus groups: one with LGBTI+ students and the other with non-LGBTI+ students. In addition, a semi-structured questionnaire was also applied. The analysis was made through the analysis of Spink’s Discursive Practices. Result: Current problems were identified: low number of programmatic hours on the topic; lack of transversality; addressing the topic through a pejorative and prejudiced look; association of LGBTI+ people with infectious or psychiatric diseases; lack of addressing socioeconomic, cultural and racial aspects; Primary Care as a space of greater openness to fight against the cisheteronormative hegemony; Conclusion: LGBTI+ health education is still insufficient, as students feel unprepared to address the issue of gender and sexuality, which directly impacts the healthcare of this population. Additionally, further studies on medical education in LGBTI+ health are needed.

Divisive Concepts in Classrooms: A Call to Inquiry

In this article, I will begin by describing recent divisive concepts legislation, which bans teaching about aspects of racism, sexism, and equity, speculating briefly on the motivations behind it and the implications resulting from it. I will then describe how discussing divisive concepts in classrooms may be a helpful way for students to better understand the particular concepts and for students to take a stand on them. While I will briefly argue for the importance of classroom discussion of divisive concepts, my central claim will be that we must do more than merely discuss these concepts. Instead, we should engage in classroom inquiry about them. Inquiry positions students to not be silent regarding divisive concepts, as some legislation may cause, and inquiry positions students to not just talk about divisive concepts, but to solve social problems related to them in our world today. In other words, inquiry enables us to do something about divisive concepts, rather than just learning about them, as some educators currently advocate in calls for discussion. And inquiry is certainly more effective than banning divisive concepts or pushing them to the background, as recent legislation attempts to do. I argue that rather than excluding divisive concepts or the divisions they may provoke from our classrooms, we need educative spaces where we inquire into what divides us, why we are divided, and how we might respond to such division. Within that inquiry, we can better attend to our divisions while also taking up the specific concepts prohibited in recent legislation.

Cinematic empire and nostalgia in Viceroy’s House and Victoria and Abdul

The commercial viability of Gurinder Chadha’s Viceroy’s House (2017) and Stephen Frears’ Victoria and Abdul (2017) can be attributed to their effective use of heritage film elements to offer romanticized versions of British rule. Decoding the teleological intent behind these romanticized versions, this article contends that the chosen films promote nostalgia in response to the postimperial melancholia that Britain is experiencing in the contemporary period. Exploring the cinematic recreation of nostalgia, this article analyses the spatial, material, and racial aspects of Victoria and Abdul and Viceroy’s House. The spatial analysis highlights the cinematography used to depict heritage space to commemorate British tradition, the material examination focuses on colonial gifts of economic mobility and political emancipation bestowed on the colonized, and the racial analysis focuses on Muslim stereotyping through exoticism and animalization to reinforce British pride in civilizing the “inferior race”. An explication of these cinematic and narrative elements highlights the films’ invocation of nostalgia for an idealized past through a return to a closed epoch of empire that uncritically and dangerously reproduces ideologies of British cultural and racial superiority. Furthermore, this invocation of nostalgia works to glorify British historical origins and strengthen national cohesion in order to allay collective anxieties about the abject loss of the empire’s global recognition in the wake of Brexit.

Detained on Sight: The Socioeconomic Aspect of Social Context in R v Le

Reasonable-person psychological detention is an area of criminal law that has been subject to a number of jurisprudential innovations in the 21st century. This work responds to a current gap in the literature regarding the importance of socioeconomic factors to the crystallization of detention in accordance with s. 9 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms. The thesis of this paper is that socioeconomic factors are foundational to understanding the social context in which police interactions sometimes crystallize into detention. The socioeconomic aspect of social context reveals the way police interact with individuals in a certain space. Racial aspects of social context are postulated to be tied to socioeconomic aspects insofar as the racialization of individuals tends to occur in certain spaces – namely, high-crime, low-income neighbourhoods. The methodology of this work includes an analysis of trends in detention case law beginning with the 2009 decision of R v Grant and ending with the 2020 decisions of R v Thompson and R c Dorfeuille. Secondly, this work investigates the Honourable Michael H. Tulloch’s Report of the Independent Street Checks Review. Thirdly, this work investigates a series of studies conducted by Yunliang Meng, a geography scholar who analyzed the Toronto Police Service’s racialization of individuals as a function of space. In conclusion, this paper recommends modifications to police practices that require officers to make explicit statements at the outset of interactions with individuals which determine whether or not the individual is detained.

Speaking the Unspoken: Understanding Internalized Racial Oppression from the Perspective of Black Women Psychotherapists

ABSTRACT This article focuses on internalized racial oppression, a less understood yet detrimental aspect of racism. This article is based on a qualitative grounded theory study that explored how Black women psychotherapists understand the phenomenon. Literature and findings reveal that there is no existing shared understanding of how Black women experience IRO. Findings support how systemic racism upholds IRO and how IRO is intersectional. I use sociopolitical concepts and psychological object relations to discuss the findings as understood by Black women. In this, colorism, hair texturism, double consciousness were unexpected but important findings. Implications and future directions are discussed.

How to appear fully committed to doing nothing at all about structural and systemic racism: A modest proposal for health and higher education services.

How to appear fully committed to doing nothing at all about structural and systemic racism: A modest proposal for health and higher education services.

TELEHEALTH IN THE PREGNANCY-PUERPERAL PERIOD: COMPLEMENTARY HEALTH STRATEGY IN A PANDEMIC SCENARIO

ABSTRACT Objective: to reflect on the use of Telehealth in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic for women in the pregnancy-puerperal period. Method: this is a reflection based on the literature with an approach on Telehealth as a tool for virtual health care in the pandemic context. Therefore, this reflection addresses the use of Telehealth, showing the particularities of adopting remote appointments, with their applicability and limitations, considering the socioeconomic and racial aspects that are intrinsically associated with public health issues. Results: Telehealth is a tool for coping with COVID-19, as it minimizes the exposure of pregnant and puerperal women during consultations in the health units. In Brazil, it is observed that this strategy is still incipient. This is intensified as we relate the socioeconomic and racial issues to the maternal mortality rates, especially among black- and brown-skinned women. Conclusion: this reflection shows that Telehealth is an important care strategy for women in the pregnancy-puerperal period and, in this perspective, it needs to have its viability recognized and valued so that public policies are created that guarantee access to the digital resources, in addition to the need for investments in training of the professionals and deepening of this theme by the academic community. Such initiatives will promote expanded access to virtual care for women, in addition to the socioeconomic and racial issues.

Fatores associados à ocorrência de parto em posição vertical no Brasil

To identify the factors associated with Upright Delivery (UD) performed in hospitals linked to the Rede Cegonha (RC) in Brazil. Cross-sectional study with 3,073 parturients who had vaginal delivery in 606 health facilities in Brazil, located in health regions with a regional action plan approved in the RC. Socioeconomic, demographic, and obstetric characteristics of the parturients, organizational and management aspects of maternity hospitals, and work processes in childbirth care were evaluated. The multivariate logistic regression model with a hierarchical approach was adjusted to identify the variables associated with UD (outcome), estimating Odds Ratios (OR) with a significance level of 5%. Of the evaluated parturient, 6.7% gave birth in the vertical position. The following were associated with a greater chance of PPV: being black (OR=2.07); having 13 or more years of study (OR=3.20); giving birth in a high-risk hospital (OR=1.58); giving birth in PPP rooms (which assisted with labor, delivery, and puerperium in the same environment) in Obstetric Centers (OR=2.07) or in-hospital Normal Delivery Centers (OR=1.62); being assisted by an obstetrician nurse (OR=1.64) or by a midwife (OR=7.62) when compared to a doctor; receiving massage during labor and delivery (OR=1.89); using a stool (OR=4.16) and among women who did not ask for/not receive analgesia (OR=3.15). The UD is an event related to racial aspects and the education of the parturient, being stimulated in health establishments where good practices of childbirth care are implemented, with adequate ambiance, and with multidisciplinary teams comprising midwives and obstetric nurses.

The Racism of The Black Women in Audre Lorde Selected Poems Entitle Power, Who Said It Was Simple, and A Woman Speaks

This study aims to describe the racism reflected in the poems entitled Power, ‘Who Said It Was Simple and A Woman Speaks, and to reveal the power of black women against racism in Audre Lorde's poems entitled Power, Who Said It Was Simple and A Woman Speaks. The method used in the collection is the documentation method because the writer collected data from the poems. Data collection was carried out by reading the poem in a comprehensive manner to understand its entire content and find the meaning, especially the essence associated with the topic, identifying data which could be a sentence, then the data object can be separated from each stanza and found the value of racism on each line of poetry, after knowing the results of the analysis the writer will draw conclusions. While the data analysis steps the writer uses critical race theory by Delgado and Stefancic (2001), such as: racism, race and power. Second, identifying the power of black women by utilizing the concept of Black Feminist by Collins (2000), and the Black Power Movement edited by Joseph (2006), then the writer interprets the data, the final step is to draw conclusions. The author can draw some conclusions that the 3 types of poetry are classified into satire and are written based on the reality that occurs in the author’s experience. In the poem 'Power', there are several aspects of racism, namely skin colour, injustice, segregation and racial discrimination. From the poem 'Who Said It Was', there are aspects of racism, such as gender, skin colour, and homophobia. In poem 'A woman speak’ there are several aspects of racism contained in poetry, namely discrimination against race, sex, and skin colour. Apart from racist values, the three poems also contained ‘The Power of Black Women’ or what is called the power or means used by women to fight racism.

Runyoga: Från arisk blodsmystik till nyandlig självutveckling

Rune yoga is a spiritual practice based on the idea that the Runic alphabet can be used for spiritual and magical purposes. Based on an interpretation of the Runes where every letter in the alphabet is considered to contain within it a source of mystical powers Rune Yoga uses techniques inspired by Indian yoga to channel these forces. While contemporary Rune Yoga has become a part of Heathen and Alternative Spirituality that attracts people from a variety of Ethnic background the origin of the practice lies within the Ariosophical movement, a racial form of Esotericism that developed in Germany and Austria in the early 20th century. In this article the origin of Rune Yoga within the Ariosphical movement is presented, how it was integrated in ideas about Aryan racial supremacy. The article continues to show how Rune Yoga later migrated to North America and became a practice used within a non-racial milieu and what aspects remained from the original Ariosophical movement. The article argues that while some aspects of Ariosophical thinking remains within Rune Yoga the racial aspects have ceased to be important. Rather than focusing on race modern Rune Yoga focus in self-improvement for the individual and there is a lack of collectivist goals.

THE EFFECT OF RACISM IN THE MEDIA TO DEAL WITH MIGRATION

Migration is associated with important global issues, including development, poverty, and human rights. Migrants are frequently the most dynamic members of society; migration has historically aided economic development, the rise of nations, and the enrichment of cultures. It also presents significant challenges. The article is based on Halliday´s systematic functional grammar in terms of transitivity and modality. The aim of this article is to investigate the transitivity and modalities of migration as it appears in a number of British tabloids. The focus is on aspects of racism in the media and how to deal with the migration phenomenon. It is important to see how the media plays a role in the reproduction of racism. This article shows attitudes to migration as they have appeared in British periodicals over the last few years. It´s obvious that the role of the media in the reproduction of racism is inextricably linked to the general characteristics of racism and white domination in society, particularly the structural and ideological structuring of that kind of group power. This highlights the press's function as a business, social, and cultural institution. The press has to be examined in connection with the institutions of the economy and the political as well ‎.