Aspects Of Public Policy Research Articles

THE ROLE OF PUSKESMAS IN THE IMPLEMENTATION OF PHBS AT SLB ALPA KUMARA WARDANA II

Puskesmas as a health service facility, organized public health effort and individuals in the first level. As a first-rate health facility, puskesmas are responsible for health in their working area. School is one of the institutions that become the responsibility of puskesmas. Health efforts in schools are realized through the development of health promotion. The development of school health promotion is implemented through a health program, UKS. UKS targets are all schools which means not only public schools but also specials schools (SLB) are included. Children with special needs is one of the human resources whose quality must be improved. Such quality improvement can be done through basic behavioral cultivation, including health behavior. PHBS in school is an absolute necessity. This can be said because the various diseases that often attack school-age children associated with PHBS. SLB Alpa Kumara Wardana II is one of the target schools of Puskesmas Pucang Sewu so that the implementation of PHBS from the school is also the responsibility of Puskesmas Pucang Sewu. This study aims to analyze the role of puskesmas in the implementation of PHBS in schools at SLB based on Ottawa Charter. The method used in this research is qualitative with the determination of informants using purposive sampling technique. The results obtained from this research is the role of puskesmas in the implementation of PHBS in schools at SLB Alpa Kumara Wardana II is still less than optimal in the implementation of PHBS in schools. Implementation of PHBS in SLB is still need to improved application from the aspect of build healthy public policy, create supportive environtment, reorient health services, strengthen community action, and develop personal skills.

Financial Inclusion in Latin America 2007 - 2015: Evidence using Panel Data Analysis

Abstract Financial Inclusion plays an important role in terms of economic growth and poverty reduction owing to inequality, therefore, it is a key aspect of public policy in many governments. This study explores those variables that influence financial inclusion in some Latin American countries, through the use of the panel data econometric technique, based on information provided by the World Bank's Global Findex, and the Statistical Yearbook of the World Bank. ECLAC (Economic Commission for Latin America), during the period between 2007 and 2015. The sample includes 7 countries, namely, Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Mexico and Peru. The results indicate that financial inclusion has a positive and significant relationship with the value of GDP per capita, such that the greater the income level which families have, the greater will be the participation in the financial system, and consequently, the greater the degree of financial inclusion. On the other hand, the variable public debt, shows that a high level of indebtedness hinders financial inclusion, therefore, its relationship is negative.

Facilitators of and barriers to the use of healthcare services from a user and provider perspective in Ejisu-Juaben municipality, Ghana

Knowledge about the use of formal healthcare services is an important aspect of public health policy. However, there is a paucity of empirical studies on facilitators of and barriers to formal healthcare use in Ghana from the health user and provider points of view, a gap this qualitative study aims to fill. In-depth interviews were conducted with 20 healthcare users and 15 formal healthcare providers in Ejisu-Juaben Municipality in the Ashanti Region of Ghana. A thematic analytical framework was used to analyse the data, which were then presented based on an a posteriori inductive reduction approach. Four major facilitators of healthcare use were identified: acceptance of the health insurance card, having a good relationship with the healthcare providers, quality of the service offered/professionalism and proximity to healthcare facilities. The barriers to formal healthcare use established in this study were of an economic, social, cultural and institutional nature. The study findings highlight the need to address barriers to the utilisation of formal healthcare by reviewing the national health insurance scheme, recruiting language interpreters at health facilities and integrating the formal and traditional systems into the mainstream national health system in Ghana. This move would help make headway toward meeting UN Sustainable Development Goal 3 of ensuring healthy lives and promoting well-being for all at all ages by 2030.

Progress of machine-building industry of Ukraine trends are in the aspects of public policy

The development of the machine-building industry is in a state of economic decline. There is a rapid decline in production volumes of machine building. The article outlines the location of certain branches of machine building in Ukraine, depending on a number of factors. The division of transport machine building into certain segments is carried out. Is formed the table with representation of the main centers of machine building in Ukraine. The author presents the main obstacles for the effective development of machine building in Ukraine. Formed a strategy of state policy. It should be aimed at: modernization of production; economic globalization of production; restructuring of mechanical engineering enterprises; development of high-tech specialized productions; diversification of machine-building enterprises; development of innovative technologies; introduction of new mechanisms for coordinating the activities of the mechanical engineering sector; attraction of investments in this branch. It is noted that taking into account the potential of available raw materials, materials and geographic location of the machine-building industry, the focus should be on car manufacturing in the first place. Taking into account the considerable intellectual potential of the state and the presence of highly skilled specialists, efforts to reorient railroad engineering for the production of high-speed trains, powerful electric locomotives and diesel locomotives. It is necessary to establish cooperation in the shipbuilding sector with foreign states. This will enable you to produce not only parts or hulls for ships, but also equip them with technologically advanced equipment.Further development of the machine-building industry depends on a well-structured state policy which should be aimed at developing the economic potential of all sectors of mechanical engineering. The effectiveness of the development of this industry should be aimed at increasing the degree of localization of production and modernization of enterprises in general. It is necessary to restore demand and trust in products primarily to domestic buyers.

Bongar e vencer nos editais: políticas públicas culturais, mercado e grupos artísticos populares

Este trabalho resulta da junção de duas pesquisas, feitas separadamente, mas orientadas pela terceira autora que o subscreve. Ambas são relativas à cultura popular e suas relações com as políticas públicas de cultura por meio de editais, os quais podem requerer novas estratégias de organização destes grupos, bem como implicam em sua provável inserção, bem sucedida ou não, no mercado e indústria cultural, podendo ter desdobramentos para a autonomia de significados rituais que tais grupos expressam. Ambas as pesquisas basearam-se nos métodos da antropologia, por meio de trabalho decampo, que incluiu observação participante, elaboração de diário de campo, recolha de documentos, entrevistas. A análise de dados baseou-se na interpretação de significados, a maneira de Geertz (1989), e na teoria da prática, conforme Ortner (2007, 2011). Utilizamo-nos dos debates teóricos de José Jorge de Carvalho (2010) sobre as tensões e desigualdades que marcam as relações entre mestres e grupos de cultura popular, Estado e mercado de cultura, notadamente a indústria cultural. Para analisar estas questões, tomamos como referência o caso que nos parece bastante emblemático do grupo Bongar. A fundação e a atuação do Bongar salientam aspectos importantes sobre políticas públicas, voltadas às culturas populares, no estado de Pernambuco nas últimas décadas, cujas relações que são orientadas pelos instrumentos burocráticos dos editais para incentivo. Tentamos reunir sugestões para evitar que, nos editais, sejam feitas exigências que criem obstáculos para a autonomia financeira e ritual dos grupos de cultura popular.

The Study of Public Management: Conceptualizing a Design-Oriented Social Science

Talking about the field of public management is a convenient way to idealize research, teaching, and learning about aspects of public policy and administration. The view that public management is concerned with the development and operation of public programs and government organizations falls within the idealization. So, too, does the field’s interdisciplinary constitution. However, what works in staging public management within a patchwork of strategic action fields -- universities, the social science academy, and public administration professionals -- does not provide a basis for academics to address deeper questions about its character. The need to address such questions has been forcefully stated by the field’s leading thinkers, from time to time. This paper idealizes public management as a design-oriented social science, similar in concept to what Herbert Simon called a proper “science of the artificial.” The paper shows that to idealize public management in such a way requires much clarification (and extension) of Simon’s own ideas as he presented them. The resulting idealization of public management as a field of study provides a basis for a rich dialogue about the pursuit of academic excellence in the study of public policy and administration.

Issue Accountability in U.S. House Elections

This paper analyzes the positions Members of Congress take on important aspects of public policy, voters’ preferences on those issues, and individual-level voting behavior in congressional elections. Minimal evidence of issue accountability is found, and its form is different from that reported in previous research. The central implication is that representatives appear to have a good deal of discretion to take positions—at least with respect to voters—without paying an electoral penalty. The “electoral blind spot” (Bawn et al. Perspect Polit 10(3):571–597, 2012) in congressional elections may be substantial.

Criminal Justice Policy during the Harper Era: Private Member’s Bills, Penal Populism, and the Criminal Code of Canada

AbstractDuring the 2015 Maclean’s election debate, Stephen Harper commented, “we have more private member’s legislation that has gone through Parliament under this government than multiple governments before us.” This statement is borne out by empirical evidence: more private member’s bills (PMBs) have become law during Harper’s time in government, compared with most previous parliaments. However, PMBs are subject to less analysis than government bills and do not receive legal scrutiny by the Department of Justice, potentially implicating the protection of rights. Moreover, while one might assume that PMBs concern innocuous local and/or specialized interests, many Harper era PMBs effect substantive legal change to national issues like criminal justice policy. This paper examines the law and order trend in PMBs and addresses the following: why would the PMO under Stephen Harper, noted for its centralized control over all aspects of public policy, permit backbench MPs a role in criminal justice policy, through PMBs?

“IMPLIKASI HUKUM PENGANGKATAN TENAGA HONORER MENJADI CALON PEGAWAI NEGERI SIPIL”

In the Employment Law is not found that the Government may appoint civil servants Candidate (employess) derived from Honorary Workers but then with Government Regulation No. 48 Year 2005 About Appointment of Honorary Workers Being employess has set a policy that the Government may appoint honorary be employess and then amended by Government Regulation No. 43 of 2007 On Amendment of Government Regulation No. 48 Year 2005 concerning the appointment of Honorary Workers Being employess. This study aims to assess the presence of Honorary Workers in the perspective of Employment Law and Legal Implications Power Honorary appointment into employess. This type of research is normative and descriptive analytical study the rules or norms of positive law, relating to the Government's policy to raise the Honorary Workers be employess. The results of this study found that the appointment of Honorary Workers become employess more viscous aspects of public policy rather than juridical aspects. But public policy is then given a legal basis in the form of Government Regulation. Legal implications of the appointment of Honorary be employess conflict between Employment Law with Government Regulations governing, so that under the principles of law should be a higher Regulations beat / disregard the underlying Regulation and this may mean that the implications of the appointment of Honorary Workers into the civil servant is not valid in terms of Legal Aspects

Public Trust and Regulatory Compliance

Several studies have proven that public trust in government improves the level of policy or regulation acceptance and reduce administrative costs. In contexts where trust in government is high, citizens tend to be more willing to voluntarily comply with public policies. This article aims to explore issues of trust and distrust toward government, seen from the aspect of public compliance, both to rules or policies. The level of public trust toward government is expressed by giving its support through its conduct which complies with the existing rules. This study employed a case study research design, which was conducted in Yogyakarta, July 2015 – March 2016. It assessed the government regulation on Traffic and Road Transport and Local Regulation on Street Vendors Management. This study concludes that a number of non-compliant behaviors is a form of low publictrust in government. Disobedience is a representation of government failure to enforce the rule of law which resulted in some of the processes and procedures of public services that have not been followed by people. Level of public trust in the government regulation is an output of a variety of interrelated elements: the performance of the implemented regulation to solve public problems; consistency in the regulation’s enforcement and fairness, and government officials’ behavior, demonstrated through exemplary attitude.

Female Entrepreneurship in Japan

Japanese female entrepreneurs constitute a negligible proportion of the total entrepreneurs for the time being. Attitudinal constraints, social traditions and the management practices that developed after the Second World War inhibited their emergence so far. However, female entrepreneurship seems to be at the confluence of several tendencies favouring its development on better basis than before. In general term, Japanese corporate culture of the last decade has stressed the importance of entrepreneurship and its place in the economy. There is an awakening among women giving them the feeling that they have a larger role to play in the social and industrial fields. Their integration is facilitated by the gradual change in prevailing mentalities and attitudes regarding female employment, including female entrepreneurship. In a period of reconsideration of the premises of the dominant business system paradigm, female employment is now a matter of national politics as well as a major organisational choice on macro-economic and societal terms. The objective of this article is to investigate the current conditions prevailing in Japan and to assess the reality of the changes and of the prospects. The first part consists in an analysis of the current situation of female entrepreneurs in Japanese society and economy. It is followed by an analysis of the main aspects of public policy in this respect. In the second part are exposed the preliminary results of a survey undertaken in 2003. The data result from responses to questionnaires and in-depth interviews with 20 female entrepreneurs in the Tokyo area. The interviews covered the issues of the motives of creation of the business, the perception of the business needs, the obstacles to objectives’ achievements and the reasons of the choice of a given type of business.

Concepções de programas de prevenção à violência e promoção da cultura de paz

Resumo Introdução Este artigo propõe-se analisar programas de prevenção à violência com o objetivo de identificar as concepções que orientam o desenvolvimento desses programas e a relação com a promoção da cultura de paz. Método Trata-se de um estudo de abordagem qualitativa aportada no referencial teórico-metodológico da análise de discurso crítica. Foram considerados para análise documentos online referentes a sete programas de prevenção da violência e promoção da cultura de paz desenvolvidos em Belo Horizonte - Minas Gerais. Resultados A análise permitiu identificar uma cadeia de expressões nos objetivos dos programas que revelam aspectos ideológicos das políticas públicas cuja finalidade é a redução de incidências de eventos relacionados à violência. O discurso de promover uma cultura como mudança de paradigma e a fruição entre as pessoas aparece em alguns programas, no qual o fortalecimento de uma cultura de respeito aos direitos humanos e à cidadania está presente nas propostas. Em relação ao público-alvo dos programas, nota-se a focalização em segmentos caracterizados por faixas etárias mais jovens, com menor escolaridade. Conclusão Embora haja uma relevância na implementação de programas de prevenção, ainda persistem desafios que lhes são subjacentes aos aspectos ideológicos, políticos e práticos para construir a perspectiva da cultura de paz.

PUBLIC GOODS BUKANKAH UNTUK RAKYAT?

Public goods no longer were defined theoretically, public goods should be enjoyed by the public for free. This research article would like to give an overview of the management of public goods not only provided by the Government but the private sector also can perform its functions to produce public goods. The phenomenon occurs, the public good has been privatized, the game monopoly and cartels a threat and could increase poverty. The specific purpose of this research focuses on the management of public goods reviewed from the aspect of public policy which comes from a variety of scientific literature. The method in this research article systematic reviews technique, trying to identify all the written evidence exists regarding research themes. The results of this study revealed that the management of public goods cannot be fully enjoyed by the public for free, the practice of cheating took advantage of being a homework assignment for the government to act gives strict sanctions, reducing the privatization of public goods by the private sector.

Telemedicine in Pediatric Cardiology: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association.

Advancements in technology and broadband have revolutionized the current practice of medicine. The field of pediatric cardiology is no exception given the need for prompt diagnosis and reliance on cardiac imaging to identify infants and children with potentially life-threatening cardiovascular disease. As the relationship between telemedicine and pediatric cardiology has advanced, it has created a need to develop a broad, comprehensive document reviewing all the various aspects of telemedicine in pediatric cardiology. For more than a decade, a significant body of literature has been published describing individual experiences and practices, yet there remains no comprehensive statement or document summarizing this rapidly advancing field. In an effort to describe the collective experience and to provide structure and guidance for pediatric cardiology practitioners and healthcare providers, we have developed a scientific statement on the use of telemedicine in pediatric cardiology. Specific areas explored in this document include both neonatal and fetal tele-echocardiography, implications for training community sonographers, pulse oximetry programs, qualitative improvement and appropriate use criteria initiatives, and remote electrophysiological monitoring. This document also includes teleconsultation and teleausculation, direct-to-consumer and home monitoring programs, and a look into the use of telemedicine and pediatric cardiology in the intensive care setting. Furthermore, a detailed review of the legislative, public policy, and legal aspects of telemedicine is provided, along with financial and reimbursement information. Several terms are used in the literature interchangeably; a brief explanation is provided to help readers of this document. The term telehealth is defined as the use of technology to bridge distances in any aspect of medicine; telemedicine is the specific application of technology to conduct clinical medicine at a distance. The term telecardiology is defined as the broad application of telemedicine in the field of cardiology specifically, and tele-echocardiography is the most common application used within this field. Echocardiography is …

Disputes on Public Roads: Coal Transportation Policy and Actor Networks in Jambi Province, Indonesia

Abstract: Besides providing financial contributions to local revenue, coal also increases transportation problems in Jambi province. Mobilization of trucks that pass through the public roads has caused damage although already a regional policy that forbids it. This phenomenon has brought some disputes implication among local stakeholders in various forms, either in the judiciary or in the field. This paper examines that phenomenon from public policy aspects, especially from a policy actor networks perspective. This study used a descriptive qualitative approach by relying on documentary data which revealed that the complexity of coal transportation issues in Jambi province is visible from regulation violations by coal entrepreneurs that use the public road. Demonstrations by coal truck driver, road blockage protests by resident and even efforts by coal entrepreneurs are held to revise local regulation. The source of the problem is due to self-interests of government officials and coal operators. The key solution is law enforcement and policy support from district government towards the provincial government policies.Keywords: Public policy, actor-network, policy network, coal transportation, Jambi Province

Rent creation and rent seeking in environmental policy

Rents and political motives are present in many aspects of public policy. This article considers the role of rents, rent seeking, and the political choice of environmental policy. Rents are introduced into the political choice of price and quantity regulation under conditions of uncertainty. The model shows how political-economy aspects affect the choice between price and quantity regulation. The contesting of rents associated with different policies affects the regulatory structure and influences the political choice of an environmental policy target. The primary conclusion is that the political choice of environmental policy depends on the interaction between the efficiency of rent transfer and the size of rent-seeking groups within the economy.

Smart cities: terrain for ‘epic struggle’ or new urban utopias?

The idea of 'smart cities' increasingly dominates much of the discourse about future urban development although there is little agreement on definitions or derivations for the term. In the UK there is an abundance of encouragement for cities to strive to become 'smart', with Government (e.g. Department for Business, Innovation and Skills (BIS)), state agencies (e.g. Future Cities Catapult (FCC) and Innovate UK) and foundations such as Nesta all urging cities to embrace the growing market opportunities for collaboration with corporate technology providers. At the same time the term remains highly contested with a number of critiques warning of the dangers of civic leaders accepting the promises of global tech corporations, e.g. offering 'smart city in a box' solutions (IFTF, 2011; Townsend, 2013).Others, such as the American science fiction writer, Bruce Sterling, no stranger to depicting future dystopias, even suggest that much of what is being offered by these corporations is a conscious conspiracy to undermine democracy and human rights:Mutated forms of electronic sociality are arising. Some resemble the trade guilds once common in the days of feudal aristocracy. Others are 'smart city' machines that resemble the urban political party machinery that distributed protection and favouritism. At the flip of a switch, any 'smart city' can become a smart gated-community, fortress-like, secured and 'resilient'. (Sterling, 2014, 19)In spite of these critical voices the public profile of 'smart cities' and the tech corporations supporting them has never been higher, backed up by massive marketing campaigns and public events which offer cities an ever-growing array of tech driven solutions to economic, environmental and social challenges. Little of this is particularly new, however, as there has been a critical appreciation of the impact of technological change on economic and social life, particularly in cities, around the concept of the 'information society' for more than 30 years (Qvortrup, 1986). Urban policy makers have been considering ideas such as information cities, digital cities and intelligent cities since the early development of more open and commercial versions of the internet in the 1990s, including many urban initiatives, such as the Manchester Host network (1991), Digital City Amsterdam (1994) and Virtual Helsinki (1996). Alongside these developments a number of cities came together to form their own trans-European networks, including Telecities, set up as part of Eurocities in 1993, and the Inter-Regional Information Society Initiative (IRISI) in 1994 (ENoLL, 2015).Even the more proactive policy initiatives around ideas of local digital agendas, digital strategies and digital challenges have been embedded in many aspects of public policy for more than 10 years, from the 2005 strategy Connecting the UK: The Digital Strategy (Cabinet Office and DTI, 2005) to the 2010 Digital Agenda for Europe (European Commission, 2010a). What does seem to be different in what has emerged in the last five years is the scope and scale of the hype around the idea of 'smart cities'. In an increasingly globalised digital world it is perhaps not surprising that most, if not all, of the legacy of these earlier, often very disparate, initiatives have coalesced into one convenient, more generic label, of cities being, or wanting to be, 'smart'. Certainly the marketing and deployment budgets of the many corporates focusing on the smart cities market appear to have grown as exponentially as the number of smart products and services they aim to offer, now supported by global industrial networks, representing most of the largest corporate players, such as the Smart Cities Council (http://smartcitiescouncil.com/).In 1992 the adoption of the Agenda 21 programme by the UN included the idea of 'smart growth' and five years later in 1997 the American Planning Association included this concept within a regulatory framework (Ryser, 2014). …

공중보건정책과 건강 형평성

Equity-focused public health policy has solid theoretical and practical basis, in addition to ethical one. In the Republic of Korea (hereafter Korea), however, equity in health has not had a high priority in policy goals, regardless of policy areas and particular actors or approaches. Equitable health has been only a minor concern in most public health issues and their decision-making. Generic public health policies are needed to reduce inequity in health, but the importance of a firm basis for sound policy-making cannot be overemphasized. Health equity should be 'mainstreamed' in all public health policies. Potential approaches include intersectoral collaboration, health impact assessment, and 'Health in All Policies.' Public policy agendas for equitable health cannot be formulated without measurement and recognition of the problem. Korea is still suffering from the lack of reliable information on the current status of health inequity, resulting in a relatively weak awareness of the problem among both the general public and policy-makers. More information is needed to increase recognition and awareness that will increase intervention and actions. The absence of decision-making and actions should not be justified even by the lack of information on determinants and pathways of health inequities. Generic plausible solutions can often work in the real world according to political and social commitment. I have discussed several aspects of public health policy from the perspective of health equity, focusing on current status and plausible explanation. Policy process, agenda setting in particular, is highlighted and theories and concepts are presented along with analysis and description of current situation.

Overview of Emerging Technology in Orthopedic Surgery: What is the Value in 3D Modeling and Printing?

Three-dimensional printing and modeling has evolved significantly since first introduced in the 1980s. In the last 5 years, this revolution in technology has become far more accessible and affordable, and is already mainstream in many areas of medicine. Nowhere is this more apparent than in orthopedics, and many surgeons already incorporate aspects of 3D modeling and virtual procedures in their routine clinical practice. However, this technology promises to become even more prevalent as creative applications continue to be developed, and further innovations are certain to come. There are important public policy aspects to consider, both economic and regulatory. Regulatory issues are currently still under development, but will need to take into account sterilization, quality assurance, and product liability. The mechanical integrity of 3D-printed implants is influenced by the unique characteristics of the print process, including the energy density of the laser, the resolution of the print, and the orientation of the print on the build platform. Introduction of expensive new technology should only be done after careful consideration of the costs associated, the potential benefits, and the value that can be derived. The value in 3D modeling and printing can be considered relative to the initial costs, the experience of a 3D modeling unit, the complexity of a particular case, and the clinical expertise of the surgeons involved. There is significant potential value derived from modeling most displaced intra-articular fractures, once a 3D modeling unit is established and proficient. However, the greatest value comes from modeling the most highly complex cases. When the pathology is most abnormal, 3D modeling/printing can be a valuable clinical adjunct for even the most expert and experienced surgeons. Although currently hospital-based 3D modeling/printing units are uncommon, they will soon become far more common. For surgeons in developing nations, 3D printing may currently be prohibitively expensive, but 3D modeling is relatively inexpensive and therefore far more accessible. As 3D printer prices continue to fall, the ability to rapidly manufacture prototypes and patient-specific models will inevitably spread through these regions as well. However, the future for 3D-printed medical models, devices, and implants will be limited unless we are able to document their clinical superiority and confirm their value with respect to patient outcomes. Level of Evidence: Level V—expert opinion.

Project PROGRESS

Project PROGRESS (Promoting Renewable energy research On the Grid to create Responsible STEM workforce in Solar Sustainability) is a unique first-time multidisciplinary program that provides an ideal opportunity for all participants, including students, faculty, and the workforce in the state to learn through experience and research. Students in this course are charged to develop innovative ideas to grow and sustain renewable energy research in the commonwealth of Virginia through a hands-on, experiential, and project-based approach. This project has helped to promote the much needed awareness of the importance of community-based solar energy by engaging various stake-holders in studying its impact and assessing its benefits, while supporting and encouraging solar energy growth in Virginia. The Dominion Foundation, the philanthropic arm of the Dominion Power (Virginia), funded this experimental STEM course.The two principle outcomes of this project include: (a) Engaging students in a new hands-on course that will be developed called “STEM for Solar” and; (b) Engaging the students in self-directed research on a variety of projects involving Solar including Virginia energy issues, critical energy infrastructure, smart-grid technology, and sustainability.Project PROGRESS includes a multi-disciplinary team of faculty and experts from various disciplines and industry. Student research projects include developing new designs of technologies to make solar energy economical to storing solar energy and beyond. This course stands a model of collaboration between a local philanthropic organization and GMU. Many aspects of STEM and public policy, applicable to the entire student body of COS, and Engineering are reviewed.