Private Aspects Research Articles

How Do Plant Growth-Promoting Bacteria Use Plant Hormones to Regulate Stress Reactions?

Phytohormones play a crucial role in regulating growth, productivity, and development while also aiding in the response to diverse environmental changes, encompassing both biotic and abiotic factors. Phytohormone levels in soil and plant tissues are influenced by specific soil bacteria, leading to direct effects on plant growth, development, and stress tolerance. Specific plant growth-promoting bacteria can either synthesize or degrade specific plant phytohormones. Moreover, a wide range of volatile organic compounds synthesized by plant growth-promoting bacteria have been found to influence the expression of phytohormones. Bacteria-plant interactions become more significant under conditions of abiotic stress such as saline soils, drought, and heavy metal pollution. Phytohormones function in a synergistic or antagonistic manner rather than in isolation. The study of plant growth-promoting bacteria involves a range of approaches, such as identifying singular substances or hormones, comparing mutant and non-mutant bacterial strains, screening for individual gene presence, and utilizing omics approaches for analysis. Each approach uncovers the concealed aspects concerning the effects of plant growth-promoting bacteria on plants. Publications that prioritize the comprehensive examination of the private aspects of PGPB and cultivated plant interactions are of utmost significance and crucial for advancing the practical application of microbial biofertilizers. This review explores the potential of PGPB-plant interactions in promoting sustainable agriculture. We summarize the interactions, focusing on the mechanisms through which plant growth-promoting bacteria have a beneficial effect on plant growth and development via phytohormones, with particular emphasis on detecting the synthesis of phytohormones by plant growth-promoting bacteria.

E-Tender Procurement Solutions

Abstract: In today's day and age of the 21st century, India is moving towards an advanced technological advancement where the old and hereditary methods are been revolutionized to become hassle-free and paperless. One of the main aspects of governments, big private and public entities is to ensure that they get the best and budget-friendly products based on the requirements put forth. To get such products companies put out a document known as tenders. These tenders specify the job description time duration estimated cost and other details related to the expected result. In olden times the advertisement of tenders was given in newspapers and the companies used to send the bids and tender requests in a closed and sealed envelope. These envelopes used to be opened on a decided date to ensure transparency in the process. As time progressed the people started manipulating the tenders by changing the amounts to the lowest possible figures thus managing the results. To end this monopoly and eliminate the geographical advantage we are hereby proposing a methodology that will ensure that such discrepancies do not happen. The model we are proposing is known as E tender procurement solutions. This model is based on a user-friendly framework and an assurance of data protection and manipulation-free environment through blockchain. The model can be used as a base where companies can customize it and use it as a self-product.

Law and Application of Pancasila Principles in Interfaith Marriages in Indonesia

The implementation of the life of the nation and state is inextricably tied to the divine values encapsulated in Pancasila and the Constitution. However, the current reality of Indonesia's diverse nation poses a challenge to these divine values. The absence of barriers between individuals, as exemplified by their interactions and the formation of families through marriage, has resulted in the dissolution of ethnic, cultural, and religious distinctions. Consequently, some couples entering into marriage no longer consider their ethnic and cultural background as a determining factor in their relationship.The purpose of this paper is twofold: first, it aims to analyse the views of Pancasila and the 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia on the phenomenon of interfaith marriages in Indonesia; second, it seeks to provide confirmation of the actual legal status of these marriages. In order to achieve this, this paper employs a normative legal research methodology, utilising both a statutory and conceptual approach in its investigation. From a conceptual standpoint, marriage encompasses not only its legal and private aspects, but also its religious aspects. Therefore, the state relinquishes its authority to determine the legitimacy of marriage to religious law, which, by its nature, discourages interfaith marriages. This paper concludes that Pancasila and the 1945 Constitution do not acknowledge the existence of interfaith marriages, as they are deemed incompatible with divine values. Accordingly, the judiciary should refrain from recognizing interfaith unions. To resolve legal disputes surrounding these unions, the Population Administration Act should be amended to repeal Article 35, Paragraph 1.

The secret and The Circle: Georg Simmel’s social theory and Dave Eggers’ dystopian fiction

This article considers Dave Eggers’ 2013 dystopian novel The Circle, which critically explores digital surveillance, alongside Georg Simmel’s social-theoretical writings on the secret, social distance and proximity, and the intersection of social circles. The article shows how Simmel’s social theory illuminates important aspects of secrecy and surveillance in The Circle, including the secret’s constitutive role in individuality and social relations, and allows one to reframe the estranging effect of certain dystopias in terms of Simmelian strangerhood, which is based on the paradoxical unity of closeness and remoteness in social-spatial relations. Conversely, The Circle in certain respects pushes beyond Simmel’s social theory by using literary devices to critically explore social subjectivity and by highlighting elements of 21st century life that challenge or complicate Simmel’s sociological claims. Especially notable in this respect are The Circle’s insights into the affective intimacies between people and their personal technologies that shape our digital social practices. By bringing Simmel’s social theory and The Circle into productive dialogue, this article lays the groundwork for an approach to analysing dystopia that more fully appreciates the genre’s sociological import – including how at least some dystopias implicitly engage in social theorising – than prevailing, literary-formalist approaches to the study of speculative fiction.

Historical-legal aspects of free privatization of agricultural lands

Historical-legal aspects of free privatization of agricultural lands

«Оживились антисоветские элементы»: дневник колхозной практики студентов Коммунистического университета национальных меньшинств Запада. Весна 1930 г.

The subject of the article is the activity of students of the Leningrad branch of the Communist University of National Minorities of the West (LB CUNMW) in strengthening the collective farm system during the first Soviet five-year plan. Despite the high interest of researchers in the problems of collectivization, the contribution of activists who carried out the socialist restructuring of the village remains insufficiently studied. In particular, the role of students of communist universities in the cause of collective farm construction is poorly covered. As a source we have attracted the diary of the students of LB CUNMW who practiced in the spring of 1930 in one of the districts of the Leningrad region. These records were intended to be reporting documents. At the same time, they have the features of documents of personal origin, having expressed features of subjective perception of reality. They contain observations and impressions characterizing from different sides the village life in the north-east of Russia of the period under consideration. The language of the diary is devoid of the formalism inherent in office documentation, which allows us to better see certain aspects of rural life, understand the mindset of the peasants and the trainees themselves. The source highlights the events related to the growing acuteness of socio-economic contradictions in the village, caused by the criticism of the former approach to collectivization by the top leadership of the USSR. The collapse of the newly established collective farms, the attempts of the kulaks to restore their influence in the village, and the growing distrust of Soviet power were the main challenges for young communists. The aim of the publication is to reveal the informational potential of student practice diaries as a historical source, to show their cognitive potential. The study of these materials can be carried out through various methods, both historical and interdisciplinary (content analysis, discourse analysis and others). The inclusion of the report diaries of the students of LB CUNMW in the scientific turnover opens up opportunities to expand and clarify the picture of perceptions of collectivization in the USSR. The documents help to examine collectivization activists as subjects of the historical process in a new way, to understand more deeply their motivations and logic of their actions, to define more precisely their place in the general context of events. The records made by students in the course of their work not only highlight private aspects of peasant life, but also contribute to revealing the inner world of their authors, which becomes accessible to the modern historian.

SOCIAL NETWORKS AS A LANGUAGE TEACHING TOOL

Social networks constitute an intrinsic part of our lives, not only in private aspects, but also professional and academic ones. Digitalisation in various professional and scientific fields, web 2.0, universal mobility and the growing use of multimedia tools in the classroom have led to the use of social networks as teaching material and tools.
 In this work, the main social networks suitable for language teaching will be illustrated and various possibilities for their use will be indicated to derive maximum benefit from them in the classroom or during the student's independent study. Activities that may include the use of digital applications and the ways in which these platforms can be inserted into the different phases of the lesson will be indicated.
 Finally, various practical examples of the inclusion of social networks in the classroom will be given, accompanied by intentional reflections to encourage language teachers to include web 2.0 tools among their working methods.

Международное нормотворчество как детерминанта совершенствования правового регулирования государственных закупок для нужд системы МВД России

Introduction. International lawmaking is a source of a legal regulation of public procurement.
 Nevertheless, a defining of the system and the specifics of international agreements is required, regulating public procurement in the system of Russian legislative sources in this area, as well as the role of various international collaborations in determining the key aspects of the improvement of legislation on procurement for public needs (including the needs of the Russian Ministry of Internal Affairs system).
 Methods. Content analysis, descriptive and systemic methods of data analysis were used as research methods.
 Results. The characterization of international lawmaking and international organizations’ initiatives in the field of public procurement provides the following main conclusions.
 1. General provisions on procurement are contained in the universal and regional model (CIN), standard (UNCITRAL) and plurilateral (WTO) agreements, i.e. in the indicative and advisory instruments.
 The scientific discussion on the international regulation of public procurement is that the specifics of such relations do not provide for the creation of rigid norms at the cross-border level, as they affect national public order. At the same time, these acts reflect modern trends, for instance, the digitalization of state (municipal) procurement, etc. This fact proves that international lawmaking is an obvious determinant of improving the legal regulation of public procurement, including the needs of the Russian Ministry of Internal Affairs system.
 2. The private aspects of the public procurement process are fragmentarily regularized by special international agreements.
 3. There are also no separate international organizations in the field of public procurement, at the same time, all cross-border trade and economic organizations do not ignore the issues of ensuring public needs and form the norms of the «soft» law. Thus, international lawmaking determines the directions of improving the legal regulation of public procurement for the needs of the Russian Ministry of Internal Affairs system in the same way as any other public procurement, but with consideration of the specifics of ensuring the powers of the public body in question.

Ondoafi Power Structure in the Traditional Village Government System in Jayapura District

The implementation of the traditional regional government system and the Ondoafi government system will certainly face organizational obstacles both in terms of culture, organization and social law. Structurally, the Ondoafi traditional government has broad rights/authorities and is seen and respected by the customary law community. On the government administration side, there is supervision of local governments and of course prevention of community/social relations. This research uses legal and empirical research. The results of this research illustrate that Ondoafi actually regulates two government systems, namely; The traditional government system is a general or traditional and regional government system established based on the regional planning of Jayapura Regency, as well as a new system of traditional city structures that already exist in the traditional government system and local culture. traditional government system, inherited by custom, sacred and responsible for Ondoafi's work. However, there are also new structures, functions and activities that enable Ondoafi to carry out his duties as a traditional leader in both public and private aspects.

The Impact of Privatization on Employee Job Insecurity: The Case of the Healthcare Sector in Saudi Arabia

Research has discussed several aspects of privatization in developed and developing countries. In this study, we build on the Psychological Contract Theory and the Human Capital Theory, as well as research on proactive behavior and self-concepts, to examine how understanding privatization impacts the quantitative and qualitative job insecurity of employees in the healthcare sector in Saudi Arabia during the privatization process. Using a sample of 136 employees, our results show that understanding the concept of privatization in general is negatively related to quantitative job insecurity. and knowing the nuances of privatization of the healthcare sector impacts quantitative, but not qualitative, job insecurity. This study makes several theoretical contributions to the literature on privatization, human resources, and organizational behavior. This study also provides useful practical implications for policymakers and managers.

State vs. private preschool setting: assessing school quality for a successful learning environment

ABSTRACT Child-care researchers agree on the importance of preschool quality as an essential factor in developmental and cognitive outcomes. This study is a first attempt to assess structural and process aspects of Greek private and state preschool settings after the COVID-19 crisis and to provide empirical evidence for efforts to maintain the early childhood education curriculum. Comparisons between state and private preschool settings in two regions of Epirus showed the difference between the two types of preschools. All processes are perfectly in line with the current trends of educational programmes in Greece presented by the Institute for Educational Policy. The Early Childhood Environment Rating Scale-Revised (ECERS-R) in Greek translation was used in schools where children aged 3–5 years are enrolled. The results indicate that the quality of care in private preschools differed significantly from the quality of care in the state samples, although all scored good overall quality. A follow-up study will determine whether the quality of preschool processes is related to the quality of the home learning environment.

Of divas and diaries: Externalizing the internal in Trevor

This article examines the Oscar-winning film Trevor, paying particular attention to how the filmmakers depict the public/external and private/internal aspects of the title character’s identity as he comes to terms with being gay and navigates the coming-out process. The backbone of the film’s narrative is a series of diary entries voiced aloud by Trevor, granting the viewer access to his private thoughts. The film’s soundtrack, consisting mostly of songs by Diana Ross, further externalizes Trevor’s private feelings while linking him to queer culture through his worship of a gay icon. Through a discussion of these elements, this article argues that Trevor uses its narrative structure along with various visual and sonic techniques to illuminate the public and private aspects of coming out in a productive and empowering way.

Photographs, Visual Memes, and Viral Videos: Visual Phatic News Sharing on WhatsApp during the COVID-19 Pandemic in Spain, Italy, and The Netherlands

Sharing and discussing visual images in WhatsApp groups functions as a form of phatic news sharing to achieve a sense of togetherness and sociability. We explore how visual media content shared in personal WhatsApp interactions during the first strict lockdown months of the COVID-19 pandemic functions as phatic news. Our study addresses a gap in journalism studies in researching news-related and visual content from user perspectives. Our article provides insights into how the “semi-private” space of WhatsApp offers people a digital communication space to deal with becoming a news subject during the crisis: people appropriate news by shaping it into different visual forms which can be attractively shared on WhatsApp. We focus on working adults (aged 25–49) in urban areas in Spain, Italy, and the Netherlands. Visual phatic news sharing on WhatsApp combines public and private aspects, especially how people address issues of public concern through their private WhatsApp communication. Our conclusions reveal how WhatsApp functions as a sense-making practice and vehicle for ontological security in dealing with the fearful and unsettling crisis situation. The visual images shared are a hybrid form of communication, blurring boundaries between private life and public concerns presented on the news.

Общая характеристика полиции как общественного института

The article reveals the general characteristics of the police as a public institution. It illuminates the place of the police in the general structure of society, the functions it performs and the internal structure of this institution. Particular attention is paid to the interaction of police representatives with the population and the provisions of public opinion about law enforcement agencies. Two aspects of the police are analyzed: the ideal aspect, which reflects society’s expectations from this institution, and the private aspect, related to the real state of the police. The importance of public opinion about the police as a factor in law enforcement is substantiated. The starting point for writing this article is as follows. The social significance of the police is closely related to the establishment of law and order and overcoming criminal activity, while police officers have both extended powers and a number of strictly prescribed restrictions and obligations. Considering the activities of law en-forcement officers at a general level, it should be noted that it is largely related to the process of communica-tion between police officers and representatives of the civilian population.

THE EFFECT OF HYBRIDIZATION ON THE GOVERNANCE OF A PUBLIC-PRIVATE PARTNERSHIP (PPP) IN THE CONSPECTUS OF MANDATORY AND VOLUNTARY FINANCIAL REPORTING

In the conceptualization and theoretical framework of hybrid organizations and in the construction of a role of key performance indicators, Alter (2004), and Ponte et al. (2017) refer to hybrid organizations as the result of hybridization, between the entities with and without profit. These hybrid organizations operate on the border between the non-profit (or public) and for-profit (or private) sectors and are both market-oriented and mission--oriented. The research project presented in this work shows how a hybrid organization faces the problem/challenge of managing, measuring, and reporting financial information, as well as the tools it uses to prevent possible deviations from mission or revenue. Through a systematic review of the literature, the author intended to contribute to the identification and characterization of performance measurement tools, which allow the control of both objectives, social and financial performance, in the hybrid organizational context, to reduce the risk of unwanted deviations. The performance of a PPP is measured from at least three perspectives: (1) the private aspects, such as a return of investment, (2) the public aspects, such as improvements in quality of life, and (3) the partnership itself, as an organization and management capacity. As a hybrid organization, the company cannot simply look for financial performance, social responsibility issues are also at stake, as well as a set of non-market aspects, such as: ethical behavior, contribution to social development, as well as improving the quality of life of the workforce and their families (Ponte et al 2017). Bearing in mind that performance management is only as effective as its measurements (Grossman, 2012), the measurement tool proposed matches the strategic challenges and control needs of hybrid organizations. The identified model, SBSC, provides a better understanding of the company’s sustainability strategy, inside and outside, associated with a holistic view of the aspects of social responsibility, as well, tracking its impact on the other key performance factors.

Online Courts and Private and Public Aspects of Open Justice: Enhancing Access to Court or Violating the Right to Privacy?

As the technological revolution takes over the world, the justice system is also susceptible to change. The Online Court of England and Wales (‘OC’) is an example of such a step taken in that direction. However, some argue that this has vast implications on access to justice for the ‘digitally excluded’ or the Litigant-in-Persons (LIP). While this argument is warranted, it fails to address the two essential implications of Online Courts: First, the potential of online courts to enhance access to justice by legally empowering LIPs along with enhancing access to court for them (Private Aspect of open justice). Further, such access to court is enhanced for the general public and the media (Public Aspect of open justice) alike. Secondly, the threat of uncontrolled access to online proceedings facilitated by modern avenues like ‘live-streaming’ and ‘live-tweeting’, turning justice into a disruptive one. This article argues that OC is better placed at improving access to justice issues than physical courts, by enhancing both the private and public aspects of open justice. However, enhancing the public aspect also poses major threats to the Right to Privacy of individuals. Further, this article argues that a more nuanced approach towards a future technology-focused justice system needs to balance the public aspect of the open justice principle with the Right to privacy. Hence, this article suggests that regulative and accountability measures like ‘penalty point systems’ should be placed right from the outset to prevent any leakage of sensitive data prompted by uncontrolled access to online courts.

A consumer surplus, welfare and profit enhancing strategy for improving urban public transport networks

We show that a novel pricing system can help resolve a series of perennial problems evident in the deregulated British urban public transport market that have impeded urban growth, access equality and environmental ambitions. A two-stage pricing system, with operators setting their multi-operator service ticket prices collusively in one stage and their single-operator ticket prices independently in the other, offers potential consumer surplus, profit and welfare gains over, what we characterise as, the free-market ‘Status Quo’. The proposed win–win pricing system can also support a larger number of operators and services with potential additional welfare gains. We also compare the proposed system against a multi-operator ticketing card (MTC) scheme, permitted in the UK under the Block Exemption. The Block Exemption allows collusive pricing on a limited basis but is due to expire and is under statutory review, making this is a timely contribution. We show, whilst the MTC offers higher welfare when all regimes provide the same number of services, the proposed system can support a larger number of operators in the presence of fixed costs, which can reverse the welfare ranking in its favour. A calibration exercise indicates the market may be operating in the region where the proposed system can dominate the ‘Status Quo’ in profit, consumer surplus and welfare terms and support a larger network than the ‘Status Quo’ or MTC with further welfare gains. The resulting higher public transport patronage may also offer further indirect benefits via reduced pollution, congestion and accidents. Improved transport efficiency may have urban density advantages, especially in Britain’s second-tier cities which do not tend to benefit from extensive public transit rail and underground networks, with associated agglomeration effects contributing to the current levelling-up priority. Given the salience amongst developed countries of the private aspect of urban public transport in Britain, along with an unresolved private vs public debate, this issue is of potential interest to urban planners and policymakers beyond the UK.

Kinerja Pengelolaan Sampah Perkotaan di Kota Kecamatan Gresik

Garbage is a problem that needs more attention. Increasing population density and limited land to accommodate leftover consumption are one of the factors causing the volume of waste to continue to mount. This study aims to determine the performance of urban waste management in the city of Gresik sub-district. The analysis technique used in this study is a qualitative and quantitative descriptive analysis technique. The technique used to select respondents is Stratified Random Sampling technique. The data used uses primary and secondary data.
 The results showed that there was 281.61 m3 of waste per day, with 5.1 m3 per day coming from the non-residential sector and 21 villages/kelurahan in Gresik District. The value of the performance level of waste management in Gresik District is 56% of the average yield for each waste management variable, so that the performance level of waste management in Gresik District is quite good. Performance results are influenced by technical, institutional, financing, community and private aspects as well as laws and regulations. Factors affecting the performance of waste management include transportation operations that are not optimal as a whole, the number of personnel and infrastructure is still limited, the community does not fully support waste management and there is still a lack of enforcement against violations of waste regulations.

Integrating consumer risk perception and awareness with simulation-based quantitative microbial risk assessment using a coupled systems framework: A case study of private groundwater users in Ontario

Private well users in Ontario are responsible for ensuring the potability of their own private drinking water source through protective actions (i.e., water treatment, well maintenance, and regular water quality testing). In the absence of regulation and limited surveillance, quantitative microbial risk assessment (QMRA) represents the most practical and robust approach to estimating the human health burden attributable to private wells. For an increasingly accurate estimation, QMRA of private well water should be represented by a coupled model, which includes both the socio-cognitive and physical aspects of private well water contamination and microbial exposure. The objective of the current study was to determine levels of waterborne exposure via well water consumption among three sub-groups (i.e., clusters) of private well users in Ontario and quantify the risk of waterborne acute gastrointestinal illness (AGI) attributed to Giardia, shiga-toxin producing E. coli (STEC) and norovirus from private drinking water sources in Ontario. Baseline simulations were utilized to explore the effect of varying socio-cognitive scenarios on model inputs (i.e., increased awareness, protective actions, aging population). The current study uses a large spatio-temporal groundwater quality dataset and cross-sectional province-wide survey to create socio-cognitive-specific QMRA simulations to estimate the risk of waterborne AGI attributed to three enteric pathogens in private drinking waters source in Ontario. Findings suggest significant differences in the level of exposure among sub-groups of private well users. Private well users within Cluster 3 are characterised by higher levels of exposure and annual illness attributable to STEC, Giardia and norovirus than Clusters 1 and 2. Provincial incidence rates of 520.9 (1522 illness per year), 532.1 (2211 illness per year) and 605.5 (5345 illness per year) cases/100,000 private well users per year were predicted for private well users associated with Clusters 1 through 3. Established models will enable development of necessary tools tailored to specific groups of at-risk well users, allowing for preventative public health management of private groundwater sources.

PLAY AND THE ATRICALITY IN CLASSICAL ATHENS (plots, masks, and characters)

The main objective of this study is the metaphysics of the urban space of Athens in the classical age. It determined the forms of transition of the social behavior of citizens from ancient religious algorithmic rituals to creative theatricality. Both poles comprised various aspects of human life - private and public, political and psychological, legal and religious. However, transitivity was not exhaustive: the poles, although modified, persisted for a long time. This made the Athenian community multi-dimensional, which was quite evident in the landscape of the city. We decided to overcome the usual formality of the architecture of the City, highlighting its metaphysical features on the background of political philosophy and mathematics, moral theory, and aesthetics. In this regard, the following points of the Athenian landscape are subject to analysis and interpretation - the City walls and gates, the Areopagus, the Agora, the Acropolis, and the Theater of Dionysus.