Aspects Of Mobility Research Articles

Predictive mobility and cost-aware flow placement in SDN-based IoT networks: a Q-learning approach

Software-Defined Networking (SDN) has emerged as an innovative networking method that offers effective management and remarkable flexibility. However, current SDN-based solutions primarily focus on static networks or concentrate on backbone networks, where network dynamics have minimal impact. The existing methods for placing flow entries in Software-Defined Networking (SDN)-based Internet of Things (IoT) systems exhibit shortcomings in accurately predicting outcomes and efficiently reducing table misses and associated performance metrics. This research introduces a new approach, specifically the mobility-aware adaptive flow entry placement scheme for SDN-based Internet of Things (IoT) environments, to address the mobility aspect of networks. The proposed scheme utilizes the Q-learning algorithm to predict the next possible location of end devices, while the cost-sensitive AdaBoost algorithm is employed to select heavy and active flows. As a result, efficient flow rules for incoming flows can be dynamically implemented without controller intervention. Extensive computer simulations demonstrate that this approach significantly enhances match probability and prediction accuracy while concurrently reducing the number of table misses and resource expenditure compared to existing schemes.

Study of charge carriers scattering in the two-layer n-PbTe/n-PbS heterostructure

The dependence of charge carrier mobility on the thickness of n-PbTe and n-PbS films, as well as on the n-PbTe/n-PbS heterostructure grown from the vapor phase on (111) BaF2, was studied. Particular attention was paid to aspects of effective mobility, calculated taking into account the influence of charge carrier scattering on the surface and on misfit dislocations, forming heterointerfaces in materials.

Intergenerational education mobility in India: nonlinearity and the Great Gatsby Curve.

Intergenerational education mobility, which reflects the degree to which an individual's educational attainment is independent of their parents' education, is essential for promoting equal opportunities in society. In the context of India, where socio-economic disparities are deeply entrenched, understanding the dynamics of intergenerational mobility is particularly crucial. This paper examines various aspects of intergenerational education mobility in India using data from the Indian Human Development Survey (IHDS), a nationally representative multi-topic survey. We analyze intergenerational mobility across different age cohorts and investigate the nonlinearities in the transmission of education. Additionally, we explore the impact of educational inequality, economic growth, and public expenditure on education on mobility outcomes. Our analysis reveals a high degree of intergenerational persistence in education, although this persistence has decreased over time. Employing quantile regressions, we observe significant nonlinearities in the relationship between fathers' and sons' educational outcomes across the educational distribution. In particular, we find a widening mobility gap between historically advantaged subgroups (urban populations, upper castes, Hindus) and disadvantaged groups (rural populations, lower castes, Muslims) at the middle and upper quantiles. Moreover, we confirm the "Higher Inequality leading to Lesser Mobility" nexus, supporting the 'Great Gatsby Curve' within the Indian context. Macroeconomic factors, such as economic growth and public expenditure on education, are positively correlated with educational mobility, suggesting that these factors play a critical role in enhancing mobility. These findings highlight the importance of targeted policy interventions to reduce educational disparities and promote greater intergenerational mobility. The widening mobility gaps between socio-economic and demographic groups emphasize the need for more equitable resource distribution and educational reforms. Future research should explore the multifaceted aspects of intergenerational mobility, incorporating longitudinal studies and regional analyses to deepen our understanding of the underlying mechanisms.

Association of Gait Quality With Daily-Life Mobility: An Actigraphy and Global Positioning System Based Analysis in Older Adults.

Walking is a key component of daily-life mobility. We examined associations between laboratory-measured gait quality and daily-life mobility through Actigraphy and Global Positioning System (GPS). We also assessed the relationship between two modalities of daily-life mobility i.e., Actigraphy and GPS. In community-dwelling older adults (N = 121, age = 77±5 years, 70% female, 90% white), we obtained gait quality from a 4-m instrumented walkway (gait speed, walk-ratio, variability) and accelerometry during 6-Minute Walk (adaptability, similarity, smoothness, power, and regularity). Physical activity measures of step-count and intensity were captured from an Actigraph. Time out-of-home, vehicular time, activity-space, and circularity were quantified using GPS. Partial Spearman correlations between laboratory gait quality and daily-life mobility were calculated. Linear regression was used to model step-count as a function of gait quality. ANCOVA and Tukey analysis compared GPS measures across activity groups [high, medium, low] based on step-count. Age, BMI, and sex were used as covariates. Greater gait speed, adaptability, smoothness, power, and lower regularity were associated with higher step-counts (0.20<|ρp| < 0.26, p < .05). Age(β = -0.37), BMI(β = -0.30), speed(β = 0.14), adaptability(β = 0.20), and power(β = 0.18), explained 41.2% variance in step-count. Gait characteristics were not related to GPS measures. Participants with high (>4800 steps) compared to low activity (steps<3100) spent more time out-of-home (23 vs 15%), more vehicular travel (66 vs 38 minutes), and larger activity-space (5.18 vs 1.88 km2), all p < .05. Gait quality beyond speed contributes to physical activity. Physical activity and GPS-derived measures capture distinct aspects of daily-life mobility. Wearable-derived measures should be considered in gait and mobility-related interventions.

Using Walking Interviews in Migration Research: A Systematic Review of the Qualitative Research Literature

In the field of migration research, the frequency of employing qualitative walking interviews has risen in recent years to delve into the construction, evolution, and negotiation mechanisms of migrant identities within everyday spatial practices. This novel mobile method emphasizes the interaction between micro-experience and macro-structure. It facilitates a shift away from viewing migrants as passive outsiders, empowering them with increased agency, and allow researchers to gain deeper insights into migrants’ emotional dynamics, life experiences, and self-identification within new social landscapes and power configurations. This systematic review aims to evaluate, integrate, and analyse the current empirical evidence in qualitative migration research using walking/go-along interviews for different types of migrants (defined as an individual who moves away from his or her place of usual residence, whether within a country or across an international border, temporarily or permanently, and for a variety of reasons). This review brings together for the first time the knowledge and insights from migration research that involves walking interviews. This review employs framework synthesis to analyse the 24 included articles, identifying five major themes: (1) synergising diverse research methods within different research designs; (2) adjustment of power dynamics; (3) migrants’ place-based threefold agency; (4) migrants' identity construction; (5) place-based sense of belonging or exclusion. By integrating these themes, the methodological contribution of this review lies in recognizing the advantages of combining walking interviews with other research methods, which lies in capturing the multidimensional aspects of mobility, allowing researchers to flexibly switch between methodological strategies and spatial scales. Additionally, this paper recommends a deeper exploration of migratory experiences to transcend prevailing practical knowledge and pay sensitive attention to potential ethical issues throughout the research. Such investigation has the potential to uncover the dynamic evolution of agency, identity construction, and the fluctuating sense of belonging among various migrants throughout their journey.

Structure-property relationships in renewable composites of poly(lactic acid) reinforced by low amounts of micro- and nano-kraft-lignin.

We investigate the direct and indirect effects of micro- and nano-kraft lignin, kL and NkL, respectively, at a quite low amount of 0.5 wt%, in poly(lactic acid) (PLA)-based composites. These renewable composites were prepared via two routes, either simple melt compounding or in situ reactive extrusion. The materials are selected and prepared using targeted methods in order to vary two variables, i.e., the size of kL and the synthetic method, while maintaining constant polymer chain lengths, L-/D-lactide isomer ratio and filler amounts. The direct/indirect effects were respectively investigated in the amorphous/semicrystalline state, as crystallinity plays in general a dominant role in polymers. The investigation involves structural, thermal and molecular mobility aspects. Non-extensive polymer-lignin interactions were recorded here, whereas the presence of the fillers led to both enhancements and suppressions of properties, e.g., glass transition, crystallization, melting temperatures, etc. The local and segmental molecular dynamics map of the said systems was constructed and is shown here for the first time, demonstrating both expected and unexpected trends. An interesting discrepancy between the trends in the calorimetric measurement against the dielectric Tg is revealed, providing indications for 'dynamical heterogeneities' in the composites as compared to neat PLA. The reactive extrusion as compared to compounding-based systems was found to exhibit stronger effects on crystallizability and mobility, most, probably due to the severe enhancement of the chains' diffusion. In general, the effects are more pronounced when employing nano-lignin compared to micro-lignin, which is the expected beneficial behaviour of nanocomposites vs. conventional composites. Interestingly, the variety of these effects can be easily manipulated by the proper selection of the preparation method and/or the thermal treatment under relatively mild conditions. The latter capability is actually desirable for processing and targeted applications and is proved here, once again, as an advantage of biobased polyesters such as PLA.

Effect of avalglucosidase alfa on disease-specific and general patient-reported outcomes in treatment-naïve adults with late-onset Pompe disease compared with alglucosidase alfa: Meaningful change analyses from the Phase 3 COMET trial

BackgroundThe Phase 3 COMET trial (NCT02782741) comparing avalglucosidase alfa and alglucosidase alfa included health-related quality of life (HRQoL) assessments in treatment-naïve patients with late-onset Pompe disease (LOPD). Here, we further characterize results from disease-specific and general patient-reported outcome (PRO) measures. MethodsAdults who participated in the COMET trial receiving avalglucosidase alfa or alglucosidase alfa (both 20 mg/kg biweekly) during the 49-week double-blind treatment period were included in the analysis. Proportions of patients exceeding meaningful change thresholds at Week 49 were compared post hoc between treatment groups. PROs and their meaningful change thresholds included: Pompe Disease Severity Scale (PDSS; decrease 1.0–1.5 points), Pompe Disease Impact Scale (PDIS; decrease 1.0–1.5 points), Rasch-built Pompe-specific Activity Scale (R-PAct; change from unable to able to complete activity), 12-item Short Form Health Survey (SF-12; physical component summary [PCS] score: increase ≥6 points, mental component summary [MCS] score: increase ≥7 points), EuroQol 5 Dimension 5 Level (EQ-5D-5L; improvement of ≥1 category), and Patient Global Impression of Change (PGIC; any improvement). ResultsThe analysis included 99 adult patients (avalglucosidase alfa n = 50; alglucosidase alfa n = 49). Patients who received avalglucosidase alfa had significantly greater odds of achieving a meaningful change versus alglucosidase alfa for the PDSS Shortness of Breath (OR [95% CI] 11.79 [2.24; 62.18]), Fatigue/Pain (6.24 [1.20; 32.54]), Morning Headache (13.98 [1.71; 114.18]), and Overall Fatigue (5.88 [1.37; 25.11]) domains, and were significantly more likely to meet meaningful change thresholds across multiple PDSS domains (all nominal p < 0.05). A numerically greater proportion of patients in the avalglucosidase alfa group were able to complete selected activities of the R-PAct compared with the alglucosidase alfa group. Significantly greater proportions of patients who received avalglucosidase alfa achieved meaningful improvements for EQ-5D-5L usual activities dimension, EQ visual analog scale, and all four PGIC domains. The proportion of patients with improvements in SF-12 PCS and MCS was greater in the avalglucosidase alfa group versus alglucosidase alfa group, but was not significant (p > 0.05). ConclusionsThese analyses show that avalglucosidase alfa improves multiple symptoms and aspects of daily functioning, including breathing and mobility. This supports the clinical relevance of the effects of avalglucosidase alfa on HRQoL for patients with LOPD.

Predictors of early life residential mobility in urban and rural Pennsylvania children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia and implications for environmental exposure assessment.

Residential mobility can introduce exposure misclassification in pediatric epidemiology studies using birth address only. We examined whether residential mobility varies by sociodemographic factors and urbanicity/rurality among children with cancer. Our study included 400 children born in Pennsylvania during 2002-2015 and diagnosed with leukemia at ages 2-7 years. Addresses were obtained from state registries at birth and diagnosis. We considered three aspects of mobility between birth and diagnosis: whether a child moved, whether a mover changed census tract, and distance moved. We evaluated predictors of these aspects in urban- and rural-born children using chi-square, t-tests, and regression analyses. Overall, 58% of children moved between birth and diagnosis; suburban/rural-born children were more likely to move than urban-born children (67% versus 57%). The mean distance moved was 16.7 km in suburban/rural-born and 14.8 km in urban-born movers. In urban-born children, moving between birth and diagnosis was associated with race, education, participation in the Nutrition Program for Women, Infants and Children (WIC), and census tract-level income (all χ2 p < 0.01). Urban-born movers tended to be born in a census tract with a higher Social Vulnerability Index than non-movers (t-test p < 0.01). No factors were statistically significantly associated with any of the residential mobility metrics in suburban/rural-born children, although the sample size was small. In this study of a vulnerable population of children with cancer, we found that rural-born children were more likely to move than urban-born children, however, the frequency of movers changing census tracts was equivalent. Mobility in urban-born children, but not rural-born, was associated with several social factors, although the sample size for rural-born children was small. Mobility could be an important source of misclassification depending on the spatial heterogeneity and resolution of the exposure data and whether the social factors are related to exposures or health outcomes. Our results highlight the importance of considering differences in mobility between urban and rural populations in spatial research.

Social segregation levels vary depending on activity space types: Comparison of segregation in residential, workplace, routine and non-routine activities in Tokyo metropolitan area

Given the dynamic spatial characteristics of modern cities, the issue of social segregation based on activity spaces has been gaining increased attention. However, few studies have performed a detailed comparison of the differences in social segregation at different types of activities space on the citywide scale with a relatively small granularity from both place and individual perspectives. To gain a better understanding of the intricate and dynamic aspects of human mobility and its patterns of segregation, it is necessary to conduct comparative research utilizing several activity segregation indices by exploring different contexts behind people's activities. Thus, in this study, we take the Tokyo metropolitan area as a case and classify the activity spaces into four categories: residential, working, routine activities, and non-routine activities, and then calculate the place income segregation and individual experienced income segregation under different activity contexts. Our findings show that the segregation levels vary depending on the activity contexts. For the place income segregation, the segregation level in residential and non-routine activity spaces tends to be higher than that in the working and routine activity spaces, respectively. In terms of spatial distribution, the values of segregation indicators in the suburbs deviate more from the regional mean. In addition, the main composition of the population in highly segregated areas is low- and middle-income class groups, and there are no super-rich activity areas that completely exclude other income groups in the Tokyo metropolitan area. For the individual experienced income segregation, the higher the household income, the lower the segregation level among all households except the poorest. Furthermore, the differences between individual income segregation indicators tend to be smaller near the central area and bigger in suburban areas. This work demonstrates the importance of comparing the differences in various activity segregation contexts in urban spaces instead of merely focusing on one specific perspective.

Saul’s Israel, the “Hebrews,” and Identity Politics in 1 Samuel 13–14

Abstract This article offers a critical reassessment of the Bible’s עברים (ʿibrîm) and the problems of identification associated with the label with a focus on the two anomalous cases in 1 Sam 13–14 that deviate from an overarching pattern of the gentilic term’s etic usage. Building on the literary-historical and philological analysis of 1 Sam 13:3 and 14:2, I delineate the limits of a previous interpretive spectrum and argue that the identity of the “Hebrews” in these two passages is characterized by their collective capability of choosing and transferring political allegiance. This mobile aspect of negotiating political identity that the label “Hebrew” carries is further compared with the usage of the Akkadian term ʿibrum from Mari and the depiction of David’s loyalty to the Philistines and the designation of Hebrews in 1 Sam 29:3. By offering an alternative translation of the “Hebrew(s),” I challenge a conventional categorical paradigm associated with the interpretation of gentilics in biblical scholarship.

Effects of phase transition on the dynamic discharge energy density of antiferroelectric ceramics

AbstractAntiferroelectrics (AFEs) are widely used for energy storage capacitors. At present, there are two methods to evaluate the energy density of AFE: the recoverable energy density Wre calculated by the low‐frequency P–E loop and the dynamic discharge energy density Wdis calculated by the fast discharge current. It has been widely observed that the value of Wdis is lower than Wre but less attention was paid to how to increase Wdis. Compared with Wre, the value of Wdis is closer to the energy density of AFE pulse capacitors in practical applications. In this work, the effects of phase transition properties on the dynamic discharge energy density were studied from the aspect of domain switching mobility. Compositions with P–E loop varying from “square” to “slant” were fabricated. It was found that in AFEs with “square” P–E loops, the recoverable energy density Wre was remarkably higher than Wdis. By modifying the P–E loops to long slim, the value of Wdis tended to be close to Wre, resulting in higher dynamic discharge energy efficiency. This indicates that by adjusting the P–E loop, higher Wdis can be achieved in AFE with lower Wre. The AFEs with long slim P–E loops also have faster discharge speeds, leading to higher power density. The outstanding fast discharge performance of AFEs with long slim P–E loops originated from their faster domain mobility and less viscous force during domain switching. This work provides a new approach to designing the AFEs energy storage materials by tuning their dynamic phase‐transition properties and domain mobility.

How to Tame Mobility in Federated Learning Over Mobile Networks?

Federated learning (FL) over mobile networks has attracted intensive attention recently. User mobility is a fundamental feature of mobile networks, which leads to dynamic network topology and wireless connectivity losses. As such, user mobility is usually considered a “trouble maker" and a great challenge to FL over mobile networks. Interestingly, we found that small user mobility can positively contribute to improving FL performance. This is because the total dataset size and the data diversity that the FL can utilize are increased by user mobility. Based on this observation, we aim to tame and exploit mobility instead of treating it as a hostile “trouble maker”. To this end, we first investigate how the FL performance changes with user mobility theoretically by jointly taking into account the positive and negative aspects of mobility. Specifically, a closed-form expression to quantify the impact of mobility on the FL loss is derived, which explains when negative or positive aspects of mobility dominate the FL performance. Next, a joint FL and communication optimization problem is formulated based on theoretical analyses to minimize the FL loss function by optimizing wireless resource allocation. Finally, we propose a two-step optimization algorithm to solve the formulated problem. The simulation results verify the theoretical analyses. It is also shown that the proposed method can significantly enhance learning performance considering users with high mobility. When the average velocity is larger than 150 km/h, the proposed method achieves more than 80% accuracy in the MNIST dataset, while the existing methods may fail during training.

Massive intein content in Anaeramoeba reveals aspects of intein mobility in eukaryotes.

Inteins are self-splicing protein elements found in viruses and all three domains of life. How the DNA encoding these selfish elements spreads within and between genomes is poorly understood, particularly in eukaryotes where inteins are scarce. Here, we show that the nuclear genomes of three strains of Anaeramoeba encode between 45 and 103 inteins, in stark contrast to four found in the most intein-rich eukaryotic genome described previously. The Anaeramoeba inteins reside in a wide range of proteins, only some of which correspond to intein-containing proteins in other eukaryotes, prokaryotes, and viruses. Our data also suggest that viruses have contributed to the spread of inteins in Anaeramoeba and the colonization of new alleles. The persistence of Anaeramoeba inteins might be partly explained by intragenomic movement of intein-encoding regions from gene to gene. Our intein dataset greatly expands the spectrum of intein-containing proteins and provides insights into the evolution of inteins in eukaryotes.

MOBI-Qual: a common framework to manage the product-service system quality of shared mobility

AbstractShared mobility is transforming urban transportation. The increasing demand for more efficient and sustainable transportation options has driven the growth of the shared mobility sector, attracting operators ranging from new entrants to traditional manufacturers looking to diversify their markets. Despite its popularity, there is currently a lack of tools to support the design and management of the quality of shared mobility. Seeking to contribute towards bridging this gap, this paper presents a comprehensive quality framework, refereed as MOBI-Qual. MOBI-Qual was developed using a bottom-up approach, wherein quality determinants were defined based on an extensive analysis of digital Voice-of-Customer data, specifically customer review. A topic modelling algorithm was utilized to extract the quality determinants for the most prevalent shared mobility modes. Following this, a common framework was established through a comparison of these quality determinants. The proposed framework comprises eleven quality determinants that comprehensively cover various aspects of shared mobility.

What is in a name? Alternative gender knowledge and the retrogressive worlding of radical right digital media

ABSTRACT The article explores the role of radical right digital media in alternative gender knowledge production during the 2018 “Referendum for Family” in Romania and critically reflects on the challenges it poses for feminist and LGBTQ+ local struggles for recognition and representation. Using mixed research methods for data collection and analysis, the article seeks to address two questions: What are the discursive articulations of gender in ActiveNews and their intersectional dynamics with sexuality, religion, national identity? What (normative) assumptions underpin alternative knowledge claims on gender in ActiveNews? The study aims to shed light onto an important aspect of anti-gender mobilization, which intends to create what in my view could be labeled a “retrogressive worlding.” The argument of the article is anti-gender campaigns endeavor to create a specific worlding centered on alternative gender knowledge, wherein digital media plays a key role. The findings reveal that alternative gender knowledge fabricated by ActiveNews discredits empirical data and conceptualization of gender, sexuality, family as socially constructed and historically malleable. The anti-gender tropes serve a “retrogressive worlding” that does not accommodate gender as analytical category or non-normative gender display and sexuality.

A unified framework for the measurement of mobility in older persons.

Mobility is often referred to as a 'sixth vital sign' because of its ability to predict critical health outcomes in later adulthood. In the World Health Organization (WHO) World Report on Aging and Health, mobility is described as movement in all its forms whether powered by the body or a vehicle. As such, mobility encompasses basic physical actions such as getting up from a chair and walking, as well as activities such as exercising, driving and using public transportation. A plethora of measurement tools have been developed to assess various aspects of mobility; however, there is wide variability in the mobility constructs being measured which limits standardisation and meaningful comparison across studies. In this paper, we propose a comprehensive framework for measuring mobility that considers three distinct facets of mobility: perceived mobility ability ('what can you do'), actual mobility ability ('what you actually do') and locomotor capacity for mobility ('what could you do'). These three facets of mobility are rooted in the three components of healthy aging endorsed by the WHO: functional ability, intrinsic capacity and environments. By proposing a unified framework for measuring mobility based on theory and empirical evidence, we can advance the science of monitoring and managing mobility to ensure functional ability in older age.

Perancangan E-Tajwid Berbasis Android Di RTQ (Rumah Tahfiz Qur’an) Raudhatul As Salimy Gobah Tilatang Kamang

Abstract—This research is motivated by the lack of support for learning media in conveying recitation learning material. One effective and efficient way to increase interest in learning recitation is by designing an Android-based learning media. So that users, especially children aged 8 to 12, are able to read the Qur'an properly and correctly. Learning media for recitation are now available in several forms, including in the form of books, interactive CDs, and e-learning. Books have limitations that they can only display information in the form of text and images, are easily damaged by water or torn, and are difficult to carry around. The Interactive CD form has drawbacks for accessing it because you have to use computer media, the computer requires electrical power. The aspect of mobility is lacking because computers are not easy to carry everywhere. With the above constraints, we need a tool that will facilitate the process of learning to read the Qur'an. The tool meant here is the design of a mobile-based recitation learning media application&#x0D; In designing this internship information system, researchers used DDD-E. Media development using the DDD-E model consists of (1) Decide or set program goals and materials, (2) Design or design, namely creating program structures, (3) Develop or developing is producing media elements and making media appearance, (4) Evaluate or evaluate, namely checking the entire design and development process. The resulting media were tested for the validity, practicality and effectiveness of the product using a questionnaire to assess the product aimed at media experts, teachers and students.&#x0D; The results of the product test that the author did obtained a validity test from 1 validator obtained a value of 0.86 with a very valid category, a practicality test from 2 practicums obtained a value of 0.95 with a very high category, and the effectiveness test of 31 assessors obtained a value of 0, 88 with very effective category. So that the E-Tajwid application can be used as a support in learning the science of recitation

Rethinking Driving Assessment: A Hypothesis-Driven Proposal for Cognitive Evaluation

Driving is a critical aspect of personal mobility and autonomy, but ensuring road safety requires a comprehensive evaluation of driving abilities beyond self-reported behaviors and practical skills. This article emphasizes the importance of cognitive assessment in determining fitness to drive and explores the potential benefits of using digital tools for such evaluations to enhance road safety. Implementing these digital tools does come with challenges, such as unfamiliarity with digital cognitive reviews for some and the requirement of adaptability to evaluate cognitive skills across various age demographics. Additionally, the absence of standardization in driving assessments across different regions can result in inconsistencies in judging who is fit to drive. Despite these hurdles, integrating digital cognitive evaluations and training into conducting assessments and educational initiatives can more effectively comprehend and address mental aspects of driving, thereby potentially reducing crash risk and promoting road safety. This hypothesis-driven approach proposes that a thorough assessment of an individual's readiness to drive, focusing on vital cognitive domains associated with safe driving, can contribute to safer roads and yield substantial social, economic, and personal benefits. We encourage future research and educators to consider these insights when developing driving education programs and assessments of driving fitness.

Efficient Strategy to Exchange Road Messages Between Smart Vehicles and Wireless Sensor Networks in Hybrid Sensor and Vehicular Networks

The aim of the intelligent transport system (ITS) is the improvement of road safety. This system is based on intelligent vehicles composing a network called Vehicular Ad hoc NETwork (VANET). This network suffers from a disconnection problem due to its dynamic topology. Therefore, a framework of collaboration between the Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) and VANET called Hybr1id Sensor and Vehicular Networks (HSVN) has been proposed. In HSVN, the WSN can play the role of a relay between disconnected vehicles. This paper aims to propose a strategy allowing the exchange of messages between the two networks. That reduces the number of accidents and improves the management of road traffic. We can summarize our proposition in three essential points. First, an algorithm is proposed to decompose the vehicular network into clusters. This algorithm takes into account the mobile aspect of vehicles and the road model. Second, a data encoding model and a message model have been proposed to improve the quality of messages. That reduces the response time of drivers to a critical situation. Finally, an exchange algorithm is proposed to ensure the transmission of road messages between vehicles and sensors. Its principle of work is based on several scenarios defined relative to the network condition. Obtained results show an improvement in the delivery delays of road messages and the number of exchanged road messages between the vehicles.

A study on integration of health and education facilities in Rural Access Index (RAI)

Rural Access Index (RAI) is one of the most widely used policy metrics for evaluating rural accessibility. But the indicator focuses only on the mobility aspect of accessibility, omitting consideration of facility proximation. This article proposes a modified version of the RAI that incorporates two critical facilities: healthcare and education. Additionally, it examines whether the new RAI would result in a better representation of accessibility for Bangladesh. For this study, 40 upazilas (sub-regions) having above 80% rural population and reflecting diverse geographical regions were chosen as study areas. All data were collected from secondary sources. Buffer analysis and multiple regression models were developed for the two RAIs separately. Findings reveal the mean RAI to be 47.24, which was 76.83 for the World Bank (WB) method. About 29.6% people per upazila are located near quality roads but do not have basic facilities nearby. Based on regression models and further analysis, the proposed RAI is more credible for evaluating accessibility, whereas all parts of the existing RAI do not guarantee service availability. Irrespective of opportunities available, the average WB RAI remains around 75.53, which may not entirely reflect accessibility accurately. The study suggests rethinking RAI implementations and underlining the importance of measuring access holistically for effective resource allocation.