Aspects Of Mental Disorders Research Articles

Men's Depression, Externalizing, and DSM-5-TR: Primary Signs and Symptoms or Co-occurring Symptoms?

Men's Depression, Externalizing, and DSM-5-TR: Primary Signs and Symptoms or Co-occurring Symptoms?

Annual Meeting Session to Offer Overview of DSM-5-TR

Back to table of contents Previous article Next article Annual MeetingFull AccessAnnual Meeting Session to Offer Overview of DSM-5-TRSearch for more papers by this authorPublished Online:23 Mar 2022https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.pn.2022.04.4.23AbstractNine years have elapsed since publication of DSM-5 in 2013. Psychiatrists can learn what they need to know about DSM-5-TR at this year’s Annual Meeting.The DSM-5 text revision (DSM-5-TR), released in March by APA Publishing, is the first published revision of DSM-5 since its original publication in 2013. Psychiatrists attending this year’s Annual Meeting in New Orleans can learn everything they need to know about this crucial text at a session titled “DSM-5-TR: What’s New and Why Clinicians Should Care.”DSM-5-TR is a comprehensive update of the descriptive text accompanying each DSM disorder based on reviews of the literature since publication of DSM-5. But the new edition also includes a number of significant changes and improvements that are of interest to practicing clinicians. Among them:Michael First, M.D., DSM-5-TR editor, will provide an overview of the significant changes and improvements that have been made to the manual.Eve VaggAddition of diagnostic categories for prolonged grief disorder, stimulant-induced mild neurocognitive disorder, and unspecified mood disorder. (The absence of unspecified mood disorder from DSM-5 was an unintentional byproduct of the decision to eliminate the mood disorders diagnostic class from DSM-5 in favor of making bipolar disorders and depressive disorders top-level diagnostic classes.)New symptom codes for reporting suicidal and nonsuicidal self-injurious behavior.Modifications of the diagnostic criteria for over 70 disorders.Updates in terminology (for instance, replacing “neuroleptic medications” with “antipsychotic medications or other dopamine receptor blocking agents” and changing “desired gender” to “experienced gender” in the text for gender dysphoria).A new focus on how social determinants of mental health—including racism and discrimination—impact mental health in different communities and renewed attention to the use of nonstigmatizing language.The session will be presented by DSM-5-TR Editor Michael First, M.D. He will describe the revision process and summarize the changes, highlighting those that are most clinically significant.“DSM is widely regarded as the most authoritative source of information about most aspects of mental disorders except treatment,” First told Psychiatric News. “This information, encapsulated in the DSM text, is continually evolving. Consequently, it is crucial for the text to be kept up to date based on evolving psychiatric literature. DSM-5 text sections on ‘Risk and Prognostic Factors’ and ‘Diagnostic Markers’ contain information more susceptible to becoming outdated on the basis of scientific advances. Nine years have elapsed since publication of DSM-5 in 2013, longer than historical revisions to DSM after five to seven years.”Most noteworthy is the addition of a new disorder, prolonged grief disorder. First said the addition is the result of years of research and clinical experience indicating that some people experience a pervasive inability to move past grief over the loss of a loved one and that these symptoms are severe enough to affect day-to-day functioning. It is estimated that following the nonviolent loss of a loved one, 1 in 10 bereaved adults is at risk for developing prolonged grief disorder, he said. ■“DSM-5-TR: What’s New and Why Clinicians Should Care” will be held Saturday, May 21, from 10:30 a.m. to noon. ISSUES NewArchived

Updated DSM-5 Text Revisions to Be Released in March

Updated <i>DSM-5</i> Text Revisions to Be Released in March

Art making and virtual reality: A comparison study of physiological and psychological outcomes

Engaging in creative activities is known to increase well-being by reducing levels of stress, anxiety, and improve life satisfaction. Similarly, virtual reality has emerged as an effective method for decreasing negative emotions and enhancing aspects of mental health. aspects of mental disorders. The primary aim of the current study was to compare 2-dimensional and 3-dimensional art-making on measures of stress, anxiety, and mood in a non-clinical college student sample. Forty-four participants were randomly assigned to a classic art-making intervention in 2-dimensions, a novel art-making intervention in 3-dimensional virtual reality, or a non-artistic control intervention in virtual reality in order to examine the beneficial outcomes of each method. Both physiological (heart rate, skin conductance, & alpha amylase) and self-report measures (stress, anxiety, & mood) were recorded before and after the interventions. Results show that all groups demonstrated a similar ability to reduce anxiety and enhance mood. More specifically, the virtual reality art making group displayed the greatest decrease in heart rate. Also, significant correlations emerged between salivary alpha amylase and the self-report measures (anxiety and negative affect). We discuss a common quality of these groups which may provide insight for future studies regarding art making interventions and health outcomes.

The complex approach to assessing the treatment results of patients with paranoid schizophrenia

The purpose of the study was the development of treatment results complex assessment scale based on the indicators of the traditionally used scales for dynamic observation and prediction of treatment outcomes for patients with paranoid schizophrenia. A total of 420 patients with paranoid schizophrenia (F20.0) were examined. During the study, an analysis of patients’ outpatient and inpatient cards and psychodiagnostic scales were carried out. Such aspects of patients’ life as social, cognitive and clinical ones were examined. It has been proposed and tested the author’s treatment results complex assessment scale, which covers all aspects of mental disorder in patients with schizophrenia. The developed scale of treatment results complex assessment provides a personalized approach to the management of patients with paranoid schizophrenia. Such complex assessment of the patients’ mental state helps to optimize the analysis of the effects of various therapies, simplify diagnostic tactics and personalize the treatment algorithm.

Homoeopathy in Mental Disorders in Postpartum Stage

Reading a heading in the Hindustan Times supplement on 10th May (Mother’s day) which wrote ‘Mum is not a good word’ was surprising &amp; when delved in to the article, it was about mothers who went through postnatal depression &amp; have narrated their painful experiences &amp; how they came out of the situation. The current article looks into the aspects of mental disorders during postnatal period out of which postnatal depression is one of the disorders. The article looks into the brief history of public health programs on mental health in India &amp; the emergence of maternal mental health as an issue. It moves on to the current situation on postnatal disorders in India &amp; the role of Homoeopathy to deal with these disorders therapeutically as a component of Ministry of AYUSH. The article suggests the integration of medical pluralism in mental health through inclusion of Homoeopathy in the gamete of mental health. As each &amp; every drug in Homoeopathy is only proved on human beings, all the drugs have a mental component as it is only human beings who can express their physical &amp; mental symptoms during proving of the drugs as per the guidelines set by the Homoeopathic research councils of each nation. In India, Central Council for Research in Homoeopathy, an autonomous body under the ministry of AYUSH lays out such guidelines. The article gains more relevance during the current COVID 19 crisis which has precipitated the stress levels &amp; the mothers who have delivered since March 2020 are more prone to mental disorders during their postnatal stage.

Quantitative Proteomics of Synaptosomal Fractions in a Rat Overexpressing Human DISC1 Gene Indicates Profound Synaptic Dysregulation in the Dorsal Striatum.

Disrupted-in-schizophrenia 1 (DISC1) is a key protein involved in behavioral processes and various mental disorders, including schizophrenia and major depression. A transgenic rat overexpressing non-mutant human DISC1, modeling aberrant proteostasis of the DISC1 protein, displays behavioral, biochemical and anatomical deficits consistent with aspects of mental disorders, including changes in the dorsal striatum, an anatomical region critical in the development of behavioral disorders. Herein, dorsal striatum of 10 transgenic DISC1 (tgDISC1) and 10 wild type (WT) littermate control rats was used for synaptosomal preparations and for performing liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS)-based quantitative proteomics, using isobaric labeling (TMT10plex). Functional enrichment analysis was generated from proteins with level changes. The increase in DISC1 expression leads to changes in proteins and synaptic-associated processes including membrane trafficking, ion transport, synaptic organization and neurodevelopment. Canonical pathway analysis assigned proteins with level changes to actin cytoskeleton, Gαq, Rho family GTPase and Rho GDI, axonal guidance, ephrin receptor and dopamine-DARPP32 feedback in cAMP signaling. DISC1-regulated proteins proposed in the current study are also highly associated with neurodevelopmental and mental disorders. Bioinformatics analyses from the current study predicted that the following biological processes may be activated by overexpression of DISC1, i.e., regulation of cell quantities, neuronal and axonal extension and long term potentiation. Our findings demonstrate that the effects of overexpression of non-mutant DISC1 or its misassembly has profound consequences on protein networks essential for behavioral control. These results are also relevant for the interpretation of previous as well as for the design of future studies on DISC1.

Mental Disorders and Consumption of Psychoactive Substances in Women: Epidemiological and Clinical Aspects in the Service of Psychiatry of the Donka National Hospital Guinea, Conakry

Introduction: The use of psychoactive substances (PPS) is a public health problem for vulnerable populations, particularly women and those with mental disorders. Objectives: In this work, our objectives were to determine the frequency of mental disorders and consumption of psychoactive substances in women, to describe their socio-demographic profile, to identify the psychoactive substances consumed, to identify the different types of mental disorders and to describe the clinical aspects of mental disorders induced by the consumption of psychoactive substances in these women. Methodology: This was a retrospective study, of a descriptive type with a duration of 5 years (from 1 January 2009 to 31 December 2013). Data collection lasted three months. Included in this study were all records of hospitalized or outpatient patients in the Mental Disorders and Psychoactive Substance Use Service. Results: The incidence of mental disorders and psychoactive substance use was 10.51%. The age groups 20-29, 30-39 were the most represented are respectively 55.49%, 31.87% with an average age of 29.5 years and extremes of 10-49 years. Singles were the most affected with 91.76% of cases. The majority was in the informal sector and the secondary level was the most affected with 40.11%, 56.04%, respectively. The most commonly used psychoactive substances were cigarettes (3.30%) and alcohol (2.20%). The alcohol and cigarette association was the most frequent, 45.60%. Depression was the most prevalent type of disorder with 35.71%. Occasional consumption was the most common mode of consumption with 84.62%, followed by 15.38% of regular consumption or dependence. Conclusion: This retrospective study did not identify all aspects of women's psychoactive substance use, yet a general population survey could better capture the magnitude of this phenomenon.

Telepsychiatry: Experience of Ethnocultural Research of Mental Health of Kazakhstan and Siberia

Objective Study of clinical and social-psychological aspects of mental disorders associated with somatic diseases with distinguishing the basic pathogenetic factors and development of stepwise therapeutic programs. Material and Methods Analyzed material – persons seeking for psychiatric help at primary care units on eastern frontier territories of Kazakhstan and Russia. Factorial analysis has identified the most significant factors (somatic-vegetative, psychopathological syndromes, somatic pathology, age peculiarities) in formation of combined mental and somatic diseases. With account for specifics of the contingent of patients, age structure, therapeutic-diagnostic complex of general primary care units, stepwise rehabilitative programs have been developed. Results Basic stages of therapy have been distinguished: initial, basic and maintenance. Rehabilitative programs have been developed and introduced: for patients with neurotic disorders, organic mental disorders, personality disorders, affective disorders, alcohol dependence, and separately for persons of younger and elder age. Basic principles of rendering of medical assistance have been structured: complexity, sufficiency, individual-differentiated approach, continuity, cooperativeness. Conclusions Use of base of general somatic primary care units, integrative approach during rendering of specialized psychiatric assistance to patients with mental disorders appeared to be most effective and lesser economically expensive as compared with institutional assistance at a profile institution.

Women Mental Health: Reflections from India.

Women Mental Health: Reflections from India.

Impact of Childhood Stress on Psychopathology

Advances in our knowledge of mental disorder (MD) genetics have contributed to a better understanding of their pathophysiology. Nonetheless, several questions and doubts persist. Recent studies have focused on environmental influences in the development of MDs, and the advent of neuroscientific methodologies has provided new perspectives. Early life events, such as childhood stress, may affect neurodevelopment through mechanisms such as gene-environment interactions and epigenetic regulation, thus leading to diseases in adulthood. The aim of this paper is to review the evidence regarding the role of the environment, particularly childhood stress, in the pathophysiology of MD. We reviewed articles that evaluated environmental influences, with a particular focus on childhood trauma, brain morphology, cognitive functions, and the development of psychopathology and MD. MRI studies have shown that exposure to trauma at an early age can result in several neurostructural changes, such as the reduction of the hippocampus and corpus callosum. Cognitive performance and functioning are also altered in this population. Finally, childhood stress is related to an increased risk of developing MD such as depression, bipolar disorder, schizophrenia and substance abuse. We conclude that there is robust evidence of the role of the environment, specifically adverse childhood experiences, in various aspects of MD.

Medicolegal Aspects of Mental Disorders: A Retrospective Study during the Period 2005-2010

Medicolegal Aspects of Mental Disorders: A Retrospective Study during the Period 2005-2010

The impact of a ward‐based mindfulness programme on recorded aggression in a medium secure facility for women with learning disabilities

Mindfulness is the practice of focusing attention effectively/purposefully, in a non‐judgemental manner, on current circumstances (Kabat‐Zinn, 2009; Crane, 2009). It has been increasingly used as a tool for managing a range of difficulties associated with personal suffering, including stress and chronic pain, as well as some aspects of mental disorder. In this study the practice of mindfulness was introduced to a medium secure ward for female patients with learning disabilities in the form of twice‐weekly, 30‐minute group sessions. Proxy measures of institutional aggression namely the number of observations (Obs), physical interventions (PI), and seclusions (Sec) were recorded at baseline (during the month prior to the introduction of the mindfulness sessions and at two months and six months following the introduction of the sessions). Friedman's Analysis of Variance and post‐hoc analyses using Wilcoxon's Signed Ranks showed a significant reduction at six months. The potential influence of basic mindfulness practice sessions in reducing aggression is discussed.

The evolutionary turn in psychiatry: a historical overview

Ever since Darwin, psychiatrists have been tempted to put evolutionary theory to use in their efforts to understand and explain various aspects of mental disorders. Following a number of pivotal developments in the history of evolutionary thought, including degeneration theory, ethology and the modern synthesis, this introductory paper provides an overview of the many trends and schools in the history of 'psychiatric Darwinism' and 'evolutionary psychiatry'. We conclude with an attempt to distinguish three underlying motives in asking evolutionary questions about mental disorders.

Cultural Competence Reexamined: Critique and Directions for the Future

Cultural Competence Reexamined: Critique and Directions for the Future

The Reliability and Validity of a Brief Self-Report Questionnaire to Screen for Mental Health Problems: The Health Dynamics Inventory

Mental health problems are underrecognized in medical settings, leading to inadequate treatment. The present paper describes the development of the Health Dynamics Inventory (HDI), a brief, self-report questionnaire developed to evaluate mental health functioning. The HDI was written to evaluate the three aspects of mental disorders as described in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM): (1) the experience of emotional or behavioral symptoms; (2) emotional distress; and (3) psychosocial impairment. This study evaluated the psychometric properties and construct validity of its items, scales, and subscales. Results indicated that the items distinguish patients from nonpatients, that the instrument's scales and subscales are reliable, and that the scales and subscales discriminates between persons with mental health concerns or diagnosable problems and those without such concerns or problems. The utility of the instrument for screening mental health problems in primary care settings is discussed.

A brief medical necessity scale for mental disorders: reliability, validity, and clinical utility.

Managed care organizations (MCOs) use the concept of "medical necessity" to decide whether a prescribed treatment is warranted for a given medical condition. Because mental disorders lack the objective disease criteria common to medical illness, behavioral health administrators need a validated means to identify and quantify the severity of "medically important" aspects of mental disorders. The authors developed and tested a brief medical necessity scale for mental disorders in 205 patients presenting for initial evaluation. The scale had a factor structure with four subscales; good internal consistency, interrater reliability, and concurrent and predictive validity; and modest ability to identify patients requiring hospitalization and, in hospitalized patients, those requiring involuntary hospitalization. The authors propose use of the scale to better clarify decisions about level of care assignments and to better assess patient characteristics predictive of good outcome.

Quality of life in the elderly with affective disturbances: Biological mechanisms and pathogenesis

Summary The interest in quality of life (QOL) is quite new in medicine and psychiatrists have started systematic researches concerning the QOL of persons with men tal disorders only in the beginning of the eighties. This interest has historical reasons. One of the main approaches of psychiatry to study mental disorders was the study of their symptoms to develop nosologies. Now, new orientations try to study the link between mental disorders and personal impairments, disabilities and handicaps. This link between disorders and disabilities is completed by the study of QOL. This explains why it is necessary to develop parallel strategies for clinical, disability and QOL assessments in psychiatry. Treatments should be planned taking into account risk/benefit ratios at individual, familial and social levels. Clinical researches developing new treatments or identifying biological markers of mental disorders should also consider not only improvement of symptoms but of QOL, too. This paper is an review of QOL assessment and some links between QOL and clinical, biological, and pharmacological aspects of mental disorders in old age.

Social class and psychiatric disorder. The examination of an extreme.

Relationships between social status and various aspects of mental disorder have been of long-standing interest to both clinicians and researchers, and a large body of literature exists attesting to the importance of social status in understanding psychiatric illness and disability. Reports examining social status and schizophrenia suggest that relationships between socioeconomic status and psychiatric illness may rest heavily upon differences between the lowest socioeconomic stratum and the remainder of society. To investigate the extent to which relationships between socioeconomic status and psychiatric illness and disability reflect differences between a deviant lowest socioeconomic stratum and the remainder of society, data from 217 patients hospitalized for psychiatric disorder and reassessed at a 2-year follow-up were examined. At initial assessment, 17 patient characteristics were found to be associated with socioeconomic status; for seven of these 17 characteristics, the largest difference between classes was found between the lowest and the adjacent (next-lowest) social class. At follow-up, for five of 15 characteristics found to be related to social class, the greatest interclass difference occurred between the lowest and the adjacent social class. Both initially and at follow-up, significant associations between patient characteristics and social class remained when the lowest social class patients were excluded from the analyses.

Book ReviewBiological Aspects of Mental Disorders

Book ReviewBiological Aspects of Mental Disorders