Aspects Of Liability Research Articles

ISSUES OF CRIMINALIZATION OF ILLICIT ENRICHMENT

The article discusses the debatable issues of the implementation in the criminal legislation of the Russian Federation of article 20 of the UN Convention against Corruption on Illicit Enrichment. The materials contained in the passport of bills on amendments to the Federal Law “On Ratification of the UN Convention against Corruption” are examined. The author analyzes various points of view on the criminalization of illicit enrichment, as well as certain aspects of disciplinary liability for the failure to provide reliable information on the income and expenses of officials and civil liability in the form of appeals to property of the state, regarding which no evidence of its acquisition by legal income was presented. Proposals are substantiated to criminalize illegal enrichment as an official crime provided for by Chapter 30 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation and the conclusion is drawn on the need to criminalize illegal enrichment as a crime in the field of economic activity.

Guarantees of legality and selected aspects of legal liability in subsidy law

Financial Law Review » Issue 17 (1)/ 2020 » Guarantees of legality and selected aspects of legal liability in subsidy law A A A

Special Aspects of the Pre-Contractual Liability when Concluding Commercial Transactions

This article examines into the problem of pre-contractual liability for damages when concluding commercial transactions. The relevance of the topic stems from the non-existence of a general knowledge of its extent and nature in the specialized literature. It examines the separate theoretical statements and special features within the set of facts for its emergence. The author supports the notion that the commercial legislation should be amended by an explicit provision that sets the limits of the pre-contractual liability in the commercial transactions as is the case in the civil legislation framework.

The legal aspects of liability for violation of the customs control rules in the simplified customs control zones

The legal aspects of liability for violation of the customs control rules in the simplified customs control zones

El resarcimiento del daño moral en España por las intromisiones ilegítimas en la intimidad del otro cónyuge

El presente trabajo versa sobre el concreto aspecto de la responsabilidad civil derivada de las intromisiones ilegítimas en la intimidad del otro cónyuge, y ello con independencia de que el resarcimiento del daño se otorgue en la jurisdicción civil o penal, pues el artículo primero de la Ley Orgánica 1/1982, de 5 de mayo, de protección civil del derecho al honor, a la intimidad personal y familiar y a la propia imagen, establece que sus criterios serán igualmente aplicables para la determinación de la responsabilidad civil del delito.

Некоторые аспекты ответственности за вред, причиненный источником повышенной опасности

Некоторые аспекты ответственности за вред, причиненный источником повышенной опасности

Protection of the People’s Right to Exercise their Vote: Aspect of Administrative Liability

Protection of the People’s Right to Exercise their Vote: Aspect of Administrative Liability

Liability of Internet Service Providers Across Various Countries: An Overview

The role of I.S.P. or Intermediary is very important for effective utilization of information technology. The liability of Intermediary or I.S.P. has gain immense importance at international level. Various countries have defined the liability of I.S.P. either in the form of copyright infringement or for the infringement of information technology. Australia was the first country to enact the legislation relating to the liability aspect of I.S.P. in the form of Copyright Act, 1968 making I.S.P. liable to disable the access to online services hosted outside Australia. Some safe harbors were also provided for I.S.P. as part of the Australia - United States Free Trade Agreement. The US provides for the liability of ISP in the form of Communications Decency Act, 1996, Digital Millennium Copyright Act,1998. Title II of the D.M.C.A. specifically deals with the issue of I.S.P. liability and also provides for the penalties for unauthorized access to a copyright work. As regarding the legislations of Canada, it does not specifically defines the liability of I.S.P., instead it provides safe harbor for those ISP’s providing any means for Internet access. I.S.P.’s are also protected for copyright infringement in Canada. In Singapore the liability of I.S.P. is regulated by the Internet class license and Internet code of Practice which requires the I.S.P. to abide by the conditions of license. I.S.P.’s are also restricted to make public access of those websites which contain offensive content harmful to national interest. Japan’s Copyright Act, 1970, The Provider Liability Limitation Law 2002 protects the I.S.P. against any kind of liability for Copyright infringement. UK enacted two legislations in form of Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 Digital Economy Act 2010 which imposes the obligations on ISP to notify the infringement to its subscribers, also liable to take technical measures to terminate the Internet services after reporting of infringement. The countries also make the provisions for the penalties for offences relating to the infringement of copyright or unauthorized access of information by various I.S.P.’s or Intermediaries. The quantum of punishment is differed in every country according to the nature of offence.

Liability Aspects, Legal Effects and Review of the Regulation 1107/2006 (Disabled Persons and Persons With Reduced Mobility When Travelling by Air)

The purpose of the study is to present content, effects and shortcomings of the Regulation 1107/2006 (“the Regulation”) concerning the rights of disabled persons and persons with reduced mobility when travelling by air. Indeterminacy of the term ‘PRM’ and inadequate information to carriers and airport operators about the need for assistance to PRMs hinders the adequate implementation of the Regulation. Sui generis principle of solidarity implies that a charge for assistance to PRMs is levied on each carrier using an airport, proportionate to the number of passengers it carries to or from the airport, and this enables a high level of protection of PRMs. As a counter-balance to the principle of solidarity, a principle of cost efficiency has been incorporated which puts an airport operator or the airport operator's subcontractor under the obligation to keep PRM charges commensurate to PRM ground handling charges. In addition to implementation of the solidarity principle, the high level of protection of PRMs is also ensured by the obligation to adopt quality standards for ground handling of PRMs at all airports servicing more than 150,000 passengers, as well as both airport operators and carriers being obliged to train their staff how to provide the appropriate assistance. The absence of clarity on the obligations of airport operators and carriers has resulted in inconsistency in the regime of responsibility for damage to wheelchairs or mobility equipment and other assistive devices.

Відповідальність за космічну шкоду в контексті прав людини

Мета дослідження: Виявити напрямки оптимізації правового регулювання відповідальності за космічну шкоду на основі комплексного аналізу міжнародних актів та законодавства зарубіжних країн. Методи дослідження: Для досягнення мети дослідження були використані загально- та конкретно-наукові (спеціальні). Серед останніх особливу увагу приділено використанню системного підходу та компаративного методу. Результати: На даний момент в українському законодавстві та юридичній науці відсутні дослідження, спрямовані на комплексне вивчення питань космічного права в контексті прав людини. Тобто проблема взаємозв’язку між космічним правом та правами людини в українському контексті ще недостатньо досліджена. Проте для України, яка є "запускаючою державою" в розумінні міжнародного права, це питання актуальне. Дослідження є однією з перших спроб вивчення питань космічного права в контексті прав людини, особливо екологічних. Тому в статті основну увагу приділено міжнародно-правовим аспектам відповідальності за шкоду екологічним правам людини, яку можуть нанести космічні об’єкти. Обговорення: Aвтори пропонують шляхи оптимізації правового регулювання відповідальності за шкоду екологічним правам людини, яку можуть нанести космічні об’єкти та наголошують на особливостях відповідальності «запускаючи країн» в контексті захисту екологічних прав людини.

Some actual aspects of civil and legal liability for damage caused by crimes of corruption in the field of state and municipal purchases

Some actual aspects of civil and legal liability for damage caused by crimes of corruption in the field of state and municipal purchases

Теоретичні аспекти процесуальної відповідальності у кримінальній юстиції

Теоретичні аспекти процесуальної відповідальності у кримінальній юстиції

Генеза вітчизняного законодавства про кримінальну відповідальність за державну зраду

The article analyses the historical aspect of criminal liability for high treason in Ukraine since the times of Kyivan Rus’. The genesis of the emergence and transformation of this legal phenomenon is studied on the material of the statutes of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, the codified criminal laws of the Russian Empire, the criminal codes of the Soviet era. It is noted that all the criminal codes of the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic were not proper domestic laws. They were created in strict accordance with the instructions of the central authorities of Moscow, which were based on the principle of political expediency. In fact, these norms of the Ukrainian criminal legislation were copied from the Criminal Code of the RSFSR. Therefore, in Ukraine in the 1920s and 1950s the concept of «counter-revolutionary crimes» was introduced into criminal law. A relevant chapter of the Criminal Code was created, which included high treason. As a result, the ideas of class struggle became the norms of criminal law and were used as an instrument of political repression. Based on the study, it was concluded that it is necessary to improve the current criminal legislation of Ukraine, taking into account the historical experience of criminal responsibility for high treason and in accordance with modern threats to the national security of Ukraine.

Некоторые аспекты ответственности и этики нотариуса

Некоторые аспекты ответственности и этики нотариуса

Regimes of Liability for Damages Caused by Abnormally Dangerous Activities

The present paper examines certain aspects of liability for the damages caused by abnormally dangerous activities, mainly viewing them in the context of Latvian law. It addresses the questions which activities (and due to which particularities) shall be treated as abnormally dangerous, what kind of liability models could be applied for the compensation of damages caused by such activities, what is the role of insurance in this respect, to what extent strict liability or stricter forms of liability should be applied, as well as who shall be held liable for these damages.

Aspects of Legal and Ethical Liability in International Trade with B2B Customised Products – Industrial Component Sector Experience

Purpose of the article: There has been a growing demand for customised solution offers prepared by companies on both B2B and B2C markets. Strong focus on product customisation generates legal and ethical business aspects, especially in the international trade. The purpose of this article is company behaviour changes mapping and trend identification specifically in international trade within the industrial component sector based on performed qualitative research. Methodology/methods: Qualitative research in the form of research case studies was used. There were five companies selected representing a variety of industrial component suppliers, both producers and trade companies in different size categories located in several European countries. The research questions were formulated and research results and respective limitations were discussed. Scientific aim: The scientific aim consists in observing and describing the current situation and trends in international trade within the industrial component sector with a high involvement of the product customisation. An important aspect also includes a multidisciplinary approach of the article covering marketing, trade and legal business issues. Findings: The research results show an increasing importance of focus on offering product individualisation to customers as a key factor influencing their sustainable competitiveness. Companies also see an increased importance of related process optimisation, as well as streamlining customer communication. Conclusions: Based on the presented five case studies, it is possibly to identify a trend of an increased demand for closer cooperation of the component suppliers with their customers independent of the country of location. Customers are also asking for supplier’s full responsibility for the solution delivered. On the other hand, companies are not yet ready to provide such services in an efficient way within the current structure of their distribution channels. In order to confirm those qualitative research results, there should be additional quantitative research prepared and performed mapping a broader range of companies in wider industrial sectors to get a better picture of both customer demands and company capabilities.

Some aspects of product pharmaceutical product liability in the United States of America1

Some aspects of product pharmaceutical product liability in the United States of America1

Common Purpose and Conspiracy Liability in New Zealand: Criminality by Association?

Case law interpreting the common purpose aspect of party liability and the law on conspiracy in New Zealand (as set out in ss 66(2) and 310 of the Crimes Act 1961 (NZ)) has created a situation of over-reach. Individuals who have a limited relationship to criminality carried out by another or in a group context are potentially caught by extended liability rules that can lead to a poor association between the moral culpability of a defendant and serious criminal liability. Indeed, it is suggested that these forms of liability risk guilt by association rather than on the basis of individual positive fault: we suggest that New Zealand’s judges, following and sometimes expanding upon interpretations from other common law jurisdictions, have lost sight of the core concept of individual fault.

Shaping Competition Policy in the Era of Digitization - Access to Data

Data have become an essential basis for economic growth in the European Union. The digital industry itself has brought with it new developments, but traditional industries are also increasingly being digitized. In this context, the economic importance of data is becoming increasingly apparent, whether as a resource for new business models, competition-essential information or also in the negative sense as an opportunity to restrict competition by companies not sharing data. On January 10, 2017, the EU Commission published a Communication entitled Building a European Data Economy, which presents various ideas and proposals for legal framework conditions in connection with the European data economy. Besides a Europe-wide cross-border data flow, liability aspects of autonomous systems and Internet of Things applications as well as portability and interoperability of non-personal data and standards, access and transmission of data is also being discussed there. A working paper complements this Communication. From the point of view of competition law, two main questions derive from this paper for a data access: • First, it must be clarified whether there can be any right of access to data from an antitrust point of view (A.). • Secondly, insofar as such access is to be granted, this access relationship is still to be specifically designed (B.).

Informational Liability of Foreignness: Who Gains from Transparency Regulation? (WITHDRAWN)

What is the role of information for firms engaging in FDI? This paper explores the informational aspects of liability of foreignness, taking advantage of a natural experiment. Canadian regulations have mandated that domestic oil companies include the estimated size and value of gas and oil reserves in their financial reporting since 2004. Using gas and oil field acquisition data in North America, we examine whether this change in the information environment affects the asset valuations of reserve acquirers, and whether the valuation effect is different between foreign and domestic firms. The analysis of 2,299 oil reserve deals shows that the more- transparent information environment has a positive effect on valuation on average, but the effect is higher for reserves acquired by domestic firms than for those purchased by foreign firms. This demonstrates that a change in the information environment affects firms’ behavior differently depending on their country of origin.