Aspects Of Forestry Research Articles

Re-Inventories at Two Study Sites in the Oberpfalz (Bavaria, Germany): Increase in RWA Nests, Herb Biodiversity and Dead Wood in Sustainably Managed Forests

A large-scale re-inventory of red wood ant (RWA; Formica rufa-group) nests and a comparative analysis of their presence/absence data was carried out for the first time in 2023 at two study sites in the Oberpfalz, NE Bavaria, Germany, to investigate the suspected decline of nests, their relationship with forestry aspects, and possible changes in spatial distribution due to tectonic activity (GeoBio-Interactions). We inventoried, in two sustainably managed forests, outstanding nest occurrences (5393 nests including 5276 active nests) and an increase of ≈8% over 4–7 years. Our results do not support claims that the number of nests in the Oberpfalz is in sharp decline. RWA preferred mature and medium–mature pine-dominated forests. Standing and downed dead wood did not negatively affect nests. The number of nests with woodpecker cavities and the diversity of the herb layer increased. Nests clusters in NW–SE direction suggest a strong interaction between nest distribution and active tectonics. Our (re-)inventory approach combined with the extensive photo database is a valuable tool for (a) monitoring the entire forest habitat including natural restocking, herb biodiversity, woodpecker cavities, and dead wood in, at, and around nests, and (b) identifying GeoBio-Interactions. Such an approach will lead to more realistic counts of RWA nests and provide scientific evidence of the current situation of nests occurrence. We suggest seven to eight years as an appropriate time interval for re-inventories.

Optimizing Bucking Decisions in Korean Red Pine: A Dynamic Programming Approach to Timber Profitability

Poor bucking decisions in forest stands can result in underestimating the profitability of timber sales. This study focuses on Pinus densiflora, commonly known as a red pine in Korea, which has often been underutilized as pulp and chips, leading to reduced profit margins. This study aimed to improve bucking decisions for red pine by analyzing the potential values in different log types and the profitability of manufacturing lumber products compared to pulp chips. A log sawing simulation model was developed using dynamic programming. This study optimized sawing patterns and estimated net profits for varying log sizes within the lumber market in Korea. The findings reveal that manufacturing lumber products from 3.6 m and 2.7 m logs can yield net profits 861% and 723% higher, respectively, than producing pulp chips from 1.8 m logs. Notably, sawing 3.6 m logs resulted in an average net profit 24% higher than from 2.7 m logs. These results advocate for more strategic bucking decisions based on potential timber sale profits and the end-uses of logs, especially in trees with large diameters at breast height (DBH), which can produce high-quality logs and should be bucked into long sawlogs whenever possible. Additionally, the study emphasizes the importance of practicing timber cruise to appraise the stumpage value of forest stands more accurately, moving beyond mere volume estimation to include tree type and expected volume. By implementing these practices, timber sale profits and the overall value of forest stands in Korea can be significantly enhanced. This approach not only benefits the economic aspect of forestry but also encourages sustainable and efficient resource management.

Analisis Substansi Undang-Undang Nomor 23 Tahun 2014 tentang Pengalihan Urusan Kehutanan dari Pemerintah Kabupaten/Kota kepada Pemerintah Provinsi

With the enactment of Law concerning Regional Government Number 23 of 2014, it is clear that the provincial government has begun to pay greater attention to the forestry sector. This is because the authority granted allows the provincial government to coordinate and manage all aspects of forestry in all districts/cities. This research aims to find out and analyze the substance of Law Number 23 of 2014 concerning the transfer of forestry affairs from district/city governments to provincial governments. The method used is a literature study, where various previous studies are collected to answer various problems regarding regional government authority in forestry matters. The research results show that the substance of Law Number 23 of 2014 eliminates the technical authority that regions, especially districts/cities, have in controlling natural resources, including forestry matters involving various regions. All cross-regional natural resources are the full responsibility of the provincial government or above level. This causes the position of district/city government officials to become limited. The implementation of Law Number 23 of 2014 has also apparently not been completely successful in overcoming existing problems, but this has actually increased the complexity of relations between the center and the regions.
 Keywords: Transfer of Authority, Regional Government, Forestry

«REGULATION ON FOREST PRESERVATION» AND ITS IMPLEMENTATION IN KAZAN GOVERNORATE IN THE LATE XIX – EARLY XX CENTURY

At the end of the XIX – the beginning of the XX century the development of forestry in Russia, including Kazan governorate, was to a certain extent determined by the state policy in this area and forest legislation then in force.
 
 The purpose of the study is to characterize the content of the “Regulations on Forest Preservation” dated 1888 and to analyze its implementation in the territory of Kazan governorate.
 
 Materials and methods. The work carried out is mainly based on the analysis of previously unknown archival documents extracted from the fund of Kazan Governorate Forest Protection Committee of the State Archive of the Republic of Tatarstan and the fund of the Forest Department of the Russian State Historical Archive. Materials from published sources and scientific literature on forestry issues were also used. The research is based on the principles of historicism, objectivity and consistency.
 
 Study results. The “Regulation” paid the main attention to proper management of the economy in protective and water-conserving forests. They were subject to mandatory saving from exhaustion and extermination. At the beginning of the XX century there were more than 200 such protective forest estates in Kazan governorate. Direct control over the forest resources conservation in the governorate was conducted by Kazan Forest Protection Committee, which was assisted by the ranks of the state forest administration, forest guards, police and other institutions. The number of forest estates subject to the forest protection law in Kazan province increased significantly over time. This was accompanied by the establishment of state control, primarily over the forests of private individuals and peasant rural societies, clear regulation of the volume and order of forest use, reforestation and other fundamental aspects of forestry. Gradually, the effect of the “Regulation” spread to almost the entire forest area of the governorate, regardless of the category of forest owners.
 
 Conclusions. In general, implementation of the “Regulation on Forest Preservation” had, undoubtedly, a positive impact on the condition and development of forest protection legislation and Russia’s forest industry, including Kazan governorate of the period under review.

Kajian Tentang Hukum Kehutanan Terhadap Daerah Otonom Baru (DOB) Di Indonesia

By laying a foundation in the forestry environment as a basis for running a regional government system, it will encourage the ability to reduce aspects of forest destruction in the region. The deterioration of existing forest conditions cannot be separated from the existence of a development and licensing system that has not prioritized forestry aspects as aspects that need to be prioritized. The effectiveness of law regarding human environmental issues cannot be separated from the state of the administrative apparatus and law enforcement officials as the infrastructure for effective implementation of the law in the realities of environmental life.

Fifty years of operational research in forestry

AbstractThis paper describes operational research (OR) contributions in forestry over the past 50 years, based on scientific pathways along which the authors have traveled. We draw on our personal experiences and recall how the use of OR in forestry has evolved from the early use of linear programming in the Canadian forest products industry in the 1950s and strategic forest management planning by the U.S. Forest Service in the 1960s. We describe the widespread use of OR in many aspects of forestry over a 50‐year timespan (1970–2020) and to the present day, where climate change and biodiversity challenges and increased data availability are important. The paper covers many areas of forestry, including forest management, natural disturbance processes, tactical and operational harvesting, transportation, and value chain management. Each section in the paper includes a historical description of OR‐based key applications as well as OR‐based model and method developments Additionally, we discuss our perceptions of OR in future use and its importance in forestry.

Is It Possible to Compromise Forest Conservation with Forest Use?

A variety of elements in nature, from a pine cone’s bracts to a spiral galaxy, are described by a unique mathematical relationship described by Fibonacci as adhering to the “golden ratio”. In forest management, various models are used to achieve a balance between forest use and conservation that meets societal expectations in both ecological and economic terms. In Central European countries, where forest management has been subordinated to the timber industry, such a transition is still in progress, and people continue to look for an acceptable balance between forest conservation and management. The main objective of this paper is to review approaches to forest management in Central Europe with the aim of contributing to current discussions on forest management models in Europe. We anticipate that the new EU Biodiversity Strategy for 2030 will implement the billion-tree afforestation program with appropriate consideration of forest potential based on the tenets of sustainable management and that the future climate will be neutral. We hope that the forestry aspects of the strategy will provide a positive impetus to forest management by finding effective compromises between forest conservation and forest use in furthering the aims of sustainable development.

ECOLOGICAL AND STATISTICAL ANALYSIS OF MAIN ASPECTS OF FORESTRY MANAGEMENT OF TERNOPIL REGION

In the context of growing anthropogenic impact on forest ecosystems, there is a need to control the use of this valuable natural resource. Ternopil region has a unique natural potential. A large area of the region is covered with forests, the main share of which is occupied by deciduous species. Ecological and statistical study of the main aspects of forestry in Ternopil region, identification of major trends is one of the priorities, as forests cover about 14% of the region, and conservation, reproduction and expansion of forests is a necessary prerequisite for planning environmental measures. The aim of the work is to conduct an ecological and statistical analysis of the main aspects of forestry in the Ternopil region in 2016–2020 and to identify the main patterns. Methodology. The research was conducted on the basis of information collection methods and statistical data analysis methods. All calculations were performed by using Microsoft Excel and Microcal Origin (version 6). The research used data from the Ministry of Environmental Protection and Natural Resources of Ukraine in Ternopil region (environmental passport), Ternopil Regional State Administration, Ternopil Regional Department of Forestry and Hunting for 2016–2020 years. Scientific novelty. Based on the conducted ecological and statistical study of the main aspects of forestry management of Ternopil region in 2016–2020, a clear trend to reduce the volume of deforestation from forestry activities. The nature of the functions allows to predict the decline in the future of these indicators. The same trend is characteristic of the volume of areas of reforestation. As for the volume of areas for afforestation, they are characterized by a tendency to increase over the entire study period. In addition, based on the nature of the function for this indicator, we predict its further growth. Conclusions. It has been established that there is a clear downward trend in the volume of deforestation in the Ternopil region and the volume of deforestation from forest activities related to logging. The volume of reforestation works also decreased annually, there is a tendency to increase the area of afforestation.

Influence of INGER and TORDIS Energetic Willow Clones Planted on Contaminated Soil on the Survival Rates, Yields and Calorific Value

The paper presents some forestry aspects of using Inger and Tordis willow clones to obtain woody biomass and remedy degraded soils. The methodological aspects regarding the planting of willow seedlings, the evaluation of the survival rate, the evaluation of the biomass quantity and the enrichment of the soil are analyzed. The results of the experiments showed that the degraded soil decreased the viability rate of the cuttings by 16.6% for the Tordis clone and 35.8 for the Inger clone. The analysis of the soil samples showed that it was enriched in nutrients after 2 years of cultivation, by the decomposition of the fallen leaves on the soil and by the absorption of the substances from the soil. Regarding the amount of biomass, its mass per hectare after the first year of cultivation was 0.64 t/ha for the Inger clone and 0.66 t/ha for the Tordis clone, while the calorific values of 19,376 kJ/kg for Inger and 19,355 kJ/kg for Tordis were good values. The final conclusion of the paper highlights that Osier willow is a viable solution for obtaining energetic biomass and putting it back into the productive circuit of degraded soils.

PRACTICAL ASPECTS OF IMPROVING FOREST SEED ZONING

When using forest seeds for the needs of reforestation and afforestation, the requirements of forest seed zoning should be observed, which regulates the permissible directions and distances of movement of seeds of a particular species of forest trees and shrubs, taking into account their geographical and edaphic origin. Forest seed zoning provides the most rational use of the genotypic potential of a certain species of woody plants in different types of forest vegetation conditions and is an important stage in the organization of forest seed business on a genetic and selection basis. The task of the article is to identify a number of problematic issues in forest seed production, to identify areas where it is possible to address the issue of improving forest seed zoning in the context of forest seed and nursery development in modern conditions. New terminology is proposed and the essence of the proposed normative and legal documents is introduced from the perspective of adaptation of forest seed and nursery to the introduction of conditions for obtaining and circulation of forest reproductive material to the level of compliance with the requirements applicable in EU countries. The issue of improving forest seed zoning in the context of the development of forest seed production and nurseries becomes especially relevant in the process of solving the problem of putting forest reproductive material into circulation, according to the draft Law of Ukraine "On Forest Reproductive Resources" (2019). This article analyzes the forestry aspects of zoning of the territories of Ukraine used in forestry practice, and proposes the improvement of forest seed zoning in the direction of forest efficiency and the criteria for assessing the population and ecosystem functionality of forests. Also, the improvement of forest seed zoning is considered from the applied standpoint of ensuring the conditions for obtaining and putting into circulation forest reproductive material. This is a key issue for the transfer of forest seed and nursery of Ukraine to the level of compliance with the requirements applicable in the countries of the European Union.

Cultivation of Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) using the silvofishery method in Tanjungrejo, Percut Sei Tuan, North Sumatra Province

Silvofishery is a mangrove ecosystem management model that combines fisheries and forestry aspects. This method is also a solution for cultivators to cultivate fish without damaging the mangrove ecosystem. It is hoped that the results of this service activity can be used as a model or input for the community in order to manage ponds with silvofishery technology without having to do open ponds which will slowly damage the environment. This community service activity aimed to provide information and skills to partner groups on the silvofishery method. Other aim was to assist partners in the tilapia rearing process. Based on the description of the problems and objectives of this community service activity, the activities that have been carried out are counseling about silvofishery. The second activity, provision of tilapia seeds and feed for fish rearing activities in silvofishery ponds. The results obtained were increased partners' knowledge and skills regarding silvofishery. The people of Tanjungrejo Village also get tilapia cultivation products that can be traded without cutting down mangrove trees.

Towards sustainable development: A multi‐country persistence analysis of forest products footprint using a stationarity test with smooth shifts

AbstractThe human demand on forest products has been getting more significant over time as people increasingly continue to convert forests to agricultural and urban uses. The consequence of these human activities is the loss of forest resources through deforestation and forest degradation as exemplified by the continued degradation of the Amazon rainforest, which has implication for sustainable development. However, several economic aspects of forestry have not been adequately investigated in the existing literature including the persistence of forest products footprint. The importance of examining the persistence or nonstationary of forest products footprint is that it tells us whether blueprints to address the rising forest products footprint will be effective or not. The aim of this paper is to examine the nonstationarity of forest products footprint in 89 countries using a new panel stationarity test that provides for gradual breaks, heterogeneity across cross‐sectional units and cross‐sectional dependency. The results suggest significant evidence for nonstationarity of the forest products footprint. The policy implications of the results are elaborated in the body of the paper.

Problems of Sustainable Transport of Large-Sized Roundwood

When considering the economic and environmental aspects of forestry, especially the issues related to timber harvesting, emphasis should be placed on the importance of the availability of raw material resources for the sustainable flow of goods. It would also be difficult to disregard certain issues related to transport, which play a key role in the efficient flow of wooden raw materials. It has to be noticed that timber transport options are limited by a number of factors, including the considerable fragmentation of wood resources and the lack of adequately developed railway transport facilities. This paper focuses on issues related to the road transport of timber carried out by transport companies. Observations to date of large-sized roundwood (thicker than 14 cm and longer than 3 m) transport in Poland indicate a relatively frequent occurrence of overloaded vehicles, exceeding the permissible total weight limit. Empirical evidence also suggests that in many cases, it is an effect of improperly endorsed standards with regard to the density of the transported material. Moreover, there is a clear correlation between the loading volume and economic as well as environmental factors. Therefore, the aim of this article was to show both the current situation in the transport of bulky timber and to present the possibilities for its optimization, from the point of view of locational, economic and environmental factors.

Back to the Forest’s future: Guiding principles of German forest stakeholders and their impact on the forestry sector

Long-term planning is an important aspect of forestry. The future-oriented guiding principles of forestry stakeholders impact their decisions and therefore the future of the sector. Forestry faces major challenges due to global changes. At the same time, the ability of traditional forestry stakeholders to manage uncertainty and ensure sustainable management is increasingly being questioned from both within and outside the sector. To study the shared and conflicting guiding principles followed by forestry stakeholders and how these might shape stakeholders’ actions, we conducted 49 semi-structured qualitative interviews with different German forestry stakeholders, mostly from Bavaria. We used a qualitative approach and linked the “Leitbild analysis” (Leitbild = German for guiding principles) and the sensemaking concept to derive a typology of six guiding principles followed by forestry stakeholders. Results show that the guiding principles of forestry stakeholders are mostly formed around policy conflicts between traditional forest users and nature conservationists. Differences were mainly based on the question of which side would dominate future forest management. In all the groups, the views reflected were mainly negative, and traditional forestry stakeholders saw themselves losing power and authority in the future. We argue that these negative future expectations might narrow stakeholders’ perspectives on potential chances and opportunities due to the low self-efficacy that we observed. In line with the assumption that by guiding today's actions, future images have a real-world impact, we find that current problems might be perpetuated through the expectation that they will remain unchanged in the future. Based on our findings, we emphasize the need for a stronger focus on potential future chances and shaping options within the German forestry sector and the need to embrace new ways of cooperation between stakeholders.

STATE FORESTRY IN UKRAINE: STATE OF DEVELOPMENT AND AREAS OF IMPROVEMENT OF ITS MANAGEMENT ON THE ROAD TO PROFIT

The issues of forestry development from the founding of the Forest Department to the present time, in particular, with the proposal of amendments to the Forest Code of Ukraine are investigated. It is necessary to update taxation indicators and content of the procedure of land use in state forestry, including by environmental components, with adaptation to the EU legislation. The taxation indicators of accounting and management in the state forestry of Ukraine at the time of Independence have been analyzed. The management aspects of forestry and forestry reform in the second half of the twentieth century are substantiated. The structural dynamics of the distribution of forest land (forests) by land use categories and ecological components of forest ecosystems within the land use of the State Forestry Agency of Ukraine for the period 1988–2011 is analyzed. The basic principles for reforming state forestry NPAs since the declaration of independence have been substantiated and continue to be carried out according to the principles of centralized state forest management — without taking into account expenses, revenues and calculating profitability, — using super complicated mechanisms for calculating rents. Considering the basic imperatives, Ukrainian forest legislation requires a dramatic improvement, beginning with the formulation and definition of terms adapted to UNECE/FAO terms, with sectoral approval in agreement with the Ministry of Regional Development, Construction and Housing and Communal Services of Ukraine NAAS of Ukraine.

Implementing forest landscape restoration in Latin America: Stakeholder perceptions on legal frameworks

Legal frameworks could play a key role in enabling countries to meet their ambitious forest landscape restoration (FLR) targets. In this paper, we examine the perceptions of different types of stakeholders from 17 Latin American countries on aspects of forestry and environmental legal frameworks that enable or hamper FLR interventions at the national level. We first reviewed general, environmental, social and financial aspects of existing legal frameworks in order to provide the basis for a mixed qualitative - quantitative analysis of perceptions. The analysis combines information from semi-structured interviews and a Likert-scale questionnaire given to relevant stakeholders involved in implementing FLR interventions in the countries assessed. We interviewed stakeholders from government, academia, national non-governmental organizations (NGOs) and local private and non-governmental organizations. We found that most legal frameworks are in the jurisdiction of either the agriculture or the environmental sectors. As a whole, we did not find evidence of the kind of legal frameworks articulation needed to enable the coordinated deployment of various forest FLR interventions across landscapes. We found efforts in Brazil, Colombia, Guatemala, Costa Rica, Ecuador and Mexico to improve cross-sectorial communication and legislation, and to develop innovative financial mechanisms to support FLR interventions. In general, interviewees had a positive perception of the content of legal frameworks in their countries; however, they highlighted weak implementation capacities, insufficient funding, sectorial and social conflicts, and lack of transparency as key impediments for policy implementation. Academic and NGO stakeholders perceived the content of the legal frameworks more negatively, whereas government officials were more positive. Different perceptions and the prevalence of cross-sectorial conflicts highlight the importance of efforts aimed at improving governance mechanisms and policy integration in the region. In addition, a targeted effort is needed to develop long-term, funding options that are public, private or mixed, and to disseminate information on the importance of FLR interventions for national economies and human well-being. We consider our results as a preliminary overview of the legal environment for FLR implementation in Latin America.

Ecological and economic aspects of forestry in Ukraine in the context of sustainable land using

Over the last half a century, the total area of forests in the world has decreased significantly. Ukraine belongs to countries with low quantity of forests and deficient of woods, because the level of forest cover is 15.9% with the required optimal value of 25-30%. Steppe areas are characterized by 1.9–4.8% of forest cover. The current total area of forest land belonging to the forest fund of Ukraine is 10.4 million hectares, including 9.6 million hectares of forested vegetation, about 3.5 million hectares of forests have restrictions in forest management. In 2008–2017, 4.03 million hectares of forests were cut down in Ukraine and additionally destroyed by fire, pests, storms, and by poachers about 170.7 thousand hectares, only 16.3% of this area was recovered. In order to ensure optimal forest cover, it is necessary to differentially restore the forest area in Ukraine by 6.0–9.2 million hectares. The average field protective forest cover in some physical-geographical zones of Ukraine varies within 1.3–1.5%, the optimal should be 3.0–4.5%. In particular, about 76.0% of the territory of the steppe zone of Ukraine has insufficient forest cover, which causes systematic negative manifestations of water and wind erosion. This situation is complicated by the high level of agricultural development of the southern regions - up to 97%, which causes a low degree of environmental sustainability of landscapes to preserve soil fertility. Retrospective analysis showed a significant decrease in the area of forest protection strips over the past 60 years by 1.9–2.3 times. The total loss of protective forest strips in Ukraine over the last 10 years is 10 071 hectares, which has weakened the nature protection function of the forest plantation and caused the scale of water and wind erosion. The survey uses data from the State Statistics Service and the State Geo-cadastre of Ukraine during 2008–2017. Decryption of Earth remote sensing data and use of a series of correctly calibrated MODIS satellite images (geometric resolution 230 × 230 m) made it possible to determine the ratio of the spatial distribution of the forest fund to the agricultural land on the territory of Ukraine. Using the Zonal Statistics of Spatial Analyst Tools module, of the ArcGIS program was determined forested and plowed lands within separate administrative and territorial units. The difficult situation in Ukraine, in which the state of forest ecosystems does not meet the ecological and economic requirements, is caused by the complexity of management decisions in the field of forestry. The obtained results make it possible to substantiate the need for spatial-differential measures of forest restoration and implementation of land and water preservation measures for optimization of the land fund on the basis of adaptive-landscape principles, which allows to create preconditions for rational use and rehabilitation of forest and land resources of Ukraine. Keywords: ecological and economic aspects, forest fund, protective forest strips, forest cover, plowing, ecological sustainability, sustainable land use, Ukraine, geomodeling.

Forest policy goals in Poland in light of the current forestry aims in Europe Part 1. Forest policy processes in Europe

Abstract The Polish “National Forest Policy” was adopted by the Council of Ministers in April 1997 and since then no revisions of this document have been made. However, over the last two decades policy changes affecting forests and forestry have been implemented worldwide including Europe. Nonetheless, in more recent years, significant changes in social, economic, institutional, and legal aspects of forestry have also occurred in Poland. This paper is the first of a series of five articles, which aim at highlighting necessary changes in the “National Forest Policy” following the achievements of European forest policy processes and trends in forest policy of selected European countries. The focus of the present paper are the most important European processes of forest policy formulation, in particular the Ministerial Conference on the Protection of Forests in Europe (Forest Europe process) as well as forest-focused and forest-related polices of the European Union. Included in this research are the Forest Europe resolutions as well as decisions and EU policies, strategies and legal acts in terms of the general objectives set for forests and forestry. The analysis focuses on the period 1997–2016, i.e. starting from the year the “National Forest Policy” has been adopted. The conclusions of this first paper are that in recent years, forests and forestry have been increasingly included in various sectoral policies of the European Union (environmental and biodiversity protection, climate, energy, agricultural polices), which requires the member states to revise and adjust their own forest-related regulations and policies.

Feminist Institutionalist Interpretation of Forest Tenure Regimes in Nepal

Forest tenure reform is one of the key agenda for sustainable forest governance. But forest tenure is not gender neutral. We examine various forest tenure regimes of Nepal from feminist institutionalist approach and explore, to what extent, each regime recognises the right of women to forest tenure. Five community-based forest tenure regimes, namely community forest, pro-poor leasehold forest, collaborative forest, buffer zone community forest and conservation area are taken into account for assessing gender dimension. Historical changes and continuity are presented in forestry governance in terms of women’s bundle of rights over forest resources across three key phases – before 1950s, from 1950s to 1970s and from 1970s onward. Formal and informal institutions in each of the five tenure regimes were analysed and we found that the formal institutions in community forestry recognises the roles of the women in forest tenure, but those in other regimes and informal rules in all the regimes, by and large, prevent women from having access to and control over forest resource decisions. Emerging aspects of forestry, mainly forest-based enterprises and REDD+ have not been able to address gender issues properly. Some recommendations are made for gender equality in forest tenure regimes.

Сеянцы с закрытой корневой системой: лесохозяйственные и биофизические аспекты

Сеянцы с закрытой корневой системой: лесохозяйственные и биофизические аспекты