Architectural Design Aspects Research Articles

Impact Wind Turbines Implementation in Municipalities in the Context of Sustainable Urbanism with Focus on Dynamic Pedestrian Comfort

The article, in the context of sustainable urbanism, reflects current tendencies of small urban wind power plants implementation into municipalities. There is an emphasis on wind as one of the aspects of architectural design and urbanism. Due to extensional interdisciplinarity of the examined phenomenon, the article captures a wider framework of the issue. The sustainability objectives in the creation of settlements - housing environment are emphasized. By the overview of wind turbines and selected research papers article demonstrates the current state of the subject. Yet the research points out that dynamic pedestrian comfort is not being taken into account and chosen geometries are not suitable. The article outlines visions and possibilities of implementation of small urban wind power plants while correctly using tools, techniques and qualitative and quantitative parameters.

SUSTAINABLE ARCHITECTURE. ENERGY EFFICIENCY AND ECOLOGICAL COMPATIBILITY OF LARGE-SCALE AFFORDABLE HOUSING WITH HONG KONG AS AN EXAMPLE

The article discusses issues related to the need for sustainable development of th-city environment, analyzes the problems arising in the process of formation of modern standards of energy efficiency and sustainability of affordable mass housing in Russia. Lighting beauty rich experience of Hong Kong in the use of green technologies during construction and operation of high-rise complexes, public housing, site improvement, development of public infrastructure, as well as criteria certification based on the level of environmental efficiency. Specifics of using different types of renewable energy, the active planting areas, protection measures against noise and innovative design approaches in terms of high-density development when the inclusion of residential units in the urban environment is based on the collection and comprehensive processing of large amount of information, covering architectural design, engineering, technological, economic and other aspects.

An IEC 61131-3-based PLC implemented by means of an FPGA

The paper discusses the design process of a programmable logic controller implemented by means of an FPGA device. The PLC implements on the machine language level a subset of the instruction set defined in the EN 61131-3 norm. Different aspects of instruction list and hardware architecture design are presented, however two aspects are the most important: Central Processing Unit (CPU) and the Arithmetic and Logic Unit (ALU). The ALU can execute 34 operations, which include the basic logic operations, comparators, and the four basic arithmetic operations. The operations can be performed for fixed-point and floating-point numbers. All the operations are implemented fully in hardware, so the solution is fast. The developed PLC is implemented using an FPGA device; however, the HDL models used for synthesis can be easily ported to an ASIC.

An integrated fire safety assessment of a student housing facility

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to present an integrated approach to fire safety assessment, through combining the outcomes of a checklist tailored to the requirements of the International Building Code (IBC), and an evacuation simulation tool (EVACNET4), applied to a student housing facility as case study. Design/methodology/approach – The authors reviewed relevant literature and previous studies pertaining to fire safety assessment and management. An assessment checklist was developed according to the requirements of the IBC. EVACNET4 simulation tool was utilized to model the evacuation of the facility under review. The results derived from the aforementioned steps were correlated to identify potential corroborating or conflicting issues pertaining to the safe evacuation of building occupants in the occurrence of a fire incident. Findings – Fire safety provisions were found to be adequate, and the building can be evacuated safely in about 190 seconds, should a fire occur. The architectural design aspects of the exit doors which might cause potential bottlenecks were identified. Originality/value – A completely fire safe building does not exist, and thus more integrative approaches to fire safety assessment and management will reduce to the least extent possible fire risks. A holistic fire safety management of campus housing is of paramount interest to the campus community, and the building industry at large.

Adaptation of methodology to select structural alternatives of one-way slab in residential building to the guidelines of the European Committee for Standardization (CEN/TC 350)

The European Committee for Standardization (CEN) through its Technical Committee CEN/TC-350 is developing a series of standards for assessing the building sustainability, at both product and building levels. The practical application of the selection (decision making) of structural alternatives made by one-way slabs leads to an intermediate level between the product and the building. Thus the present study addresses this problem of decision making, following the CEN guidelines and incorporating relevant aspects of architectural design into residential construction. A life cycle assessment (LCA) is developed in order to obtain valid information for the decision making process (the LCA was developed applying CML methodology although Ecoindicator99 was used in order to facilitate the comparison of the values); this information (the carbon footprint values) is contrasted with other databases and with the information from the Environmental Product Declaration (EPD) of one of the lightening materials (expanded polystyrene), in order to validate the results. Solutions of different column disposition and geometries are evaluated in the three pillars of sustainable construction on residential construction: social, economic and environmental. The quantitative analysis of the variables used in this study enables and facilitates an objective comparison in the design stage by a responsible technician; the application of the proposed methodology reduces the possible solutions to be evaluated by the expert to 12.22% of the options in the case of low values of the column index and to 26.67% for the highest values.

On Architectural Practice and Arithmetic Abilities in Renaissance Italy

The article examines the figure of the architect at work in Renaissance Italy, when a major change occurred in the practice of design with the spread of arithmetic. This deep scientific, technical, methodological, and cultural shift involved the image of the architect and his profession, his relationship with the patron, as well as the cultural conception of architecture. The essay, crossing disciplinary boundaries, analyses some technical aspects of architectural design in early modern Italy only marginally investigated. If proportional systems and architecture’s theoretical questions have been amply studied, the practical culture, the daily professional practice and its working tools, such as the operative arithmetic actually known to architects, have been only sporadically analysed. During the Renaissance, especially in Italy, an important development of mathematics occurred and arithmetic was clarified and simplified so to allow its diffusion, but at the same time those disciplines remained essentially despised by aristocratic and intellectual elites. What was the architects’ role in this moment of deep change? Which was the arithmetic usually employed by them in the design process? When did Hindu-Arabic numbers and fractions became familiar in the field of architecture? In the secular battle between geometry and arithmetic, which system was used in what professional cases? The essay illustrates how architects with different backgrounds responded to this change, through a comparative analysis of all the architectural drawings containing numbers and calculations made by Michelangelo Buonarroti (1475–1564), Baldassarre Peruzzi (1481–1536), and Antonio da Sangallo the Younger (1484–1546).

A systems architecting framework for optimal distributed integrated modular avionics architectures

This work presents a novel holistic framework for Distributed Integrated Modular Avionics (DIMA) architecture design and optimization. Integrated Modular Avionics (IMA) are a standardization of avionics components. IMA is beneficial in weight and costs if the complexity of sizing, function allocation, and topology selection is mastered. In preceding publications, stand-alone models and optimization algorithms were developed, which significantly support different aspects of DIMA architecture design. This article extends, integrates, and compares all methods in a holistic framework, which enables model and algorithm-aided design of avionics architectures. Domain-specific modeling of systems software, hardware, and aircraft anatomy enables automated verification and early evaluation of architectures. Moreover, the model is the foundation for a flexible kit of eight optimization routines. For design issues in which humans likely lose the overview optimization routines are proposed. The degree of freedom in optimization ranges from function mapping over routing to a complete architecture generation. Routines for platform selection, network, and topology optimization are unique and unrivaled today. All optimization problems are solved globally optimal and a multi-objective solving algorithm calculates the best trade-off architectures for contradicting objectives, the Pareto optimum. All optimization routines are extensively tested by designing the optimal DIMA architecture for aircraft system functions in an A320-like scenario. Results show significant optimization potential of generated architectures compared to a manually designed one. The resulting architectures are analyzed and compared in performance and structure in detail.

Entrances and entrance halls of residential buildings in Belgrade: 1918-1941

Between the two world wars Belgrade saw a surge in housing construction, including many rental apartment buildings, so-called 'luxury city palaces'. In addition to richly decorated street facades in the style of academism, eclecticism and Art Deco, architects paid much attention to the design of entrances and entrance halls. The entrance frequently was the main element of the facade even in buildings in a moderate modernist style. Since this aspect of architectural design is scantily documented, this paper seeks to identify its main trends in the 1920s and 1930s and to establish a typology of entrances and entrance halls of residential buildings. It also outlines the parameters and social circumstances that played a role in giving special attention to this element of residential buildings, and examines whether Belgrade architects pursued a sort of total design inspired by European models.

Design of Network Information Security System

In this paper, in order to design the system based on the principle of the site, focusing on advanced systems, scalability and reliability at the same time, the introduction of design requirements and the target site system from two aspects of the system architecture and modular design of the system discussed and design. Full system architecture is designed for secure site information. The results show that the system can guarantee the availability and security of the site and prevent a variety of adverse information is released and the view to improve the quality of service of Web sites and Web applications.

The role of physical planning procedures and architectural aspects in maintaining urban form sustainability

How would important and vital characteristics of urban forms, like their sustainability and efficiency be affected and altered by physical planning and architectural design processes, ensuring the urban forms’ positive functionality? This question highlights an important issue that may give a way to maintain positive gains from various technical procedures like physical planning and architectural design, by taking into consideration some determinants that may be carried out through different action paths and scales, like environmental, landscape, urban design, and architectural design procedures.As the structure and character of an urban fabric gain their properties from the early process of physical planning, they also may be significantly affected by the architectural design aspects and guidelines of building units, as well as the urban design proposal of the interspatial characteristics of these units resembled in the master plan of the conglomeration under study.The research discusses various procedur...

A Formal Method for Assessing Architecture Model and Design Maturity Using Domain-independent Patterns

Design patterns have been used as a formal or systematic means for extracting and patterning knowledge about good design choices, as well as capturing lessons learned associated with poor design choices (or so-called anti-patterns). Yet little attention is devoted specifically to pattern languages that are based on the fabric of architecture models – the conceptual data model – to capture reusable design knowledge and architecting best practices that can be applied in more than one domain at a high level of abstraction. This paper demonstrates a simple model-based method for identifying and patterning architecture design aspects that are domain-independent, and thus transferable and reusable in any system design with a comparable data model. The use of this method in formally documenting good and poor patterns in an abstract way is demonstrated by example. Discovered patterns such as those presented herein can be distributed, codified in a tool of choice, and sought out in actual architecture models of systems using automation. Since there may not be universal agreement on a common set of “good” and “poor” patterns, individual architects or organizations can use this method to state their particular practices as formal axioms, and structure them to assist in the assessment of model and design maturity against their own specific standards.

Genetic Analysis and Treatment of Cracks in the Residential Construction

In the modern construction process, the wall cracks in residential buildings in the more general question, which the concrete cracks. Concrete cracks caused by a variety of reasons, such as temperature changes, uneven ground subsidence, wall expansion and contraction, there are some cracks by external effects or conservation measures is wrong or some chemical reaction causing the problem. In this paper, architectural design, building materials, construction and other aspects to analyze and propose some solutions approach.

DIMM-in-a-PACKAGE (DIAP) signal integrity for high-performance on-board memory applications

The recent explosion of thin notebooks and tablets has challenged the IC packaging industry to come up with new solutions of DRAM integration onto motherboard. Beyond traditional SO-DIMMs, innovative memory solutions should perform well at high speed (1600 MT/s) with much reduced footprint and z-height, while leveraging current manufacturing infrastructure for lower cost and also enabling simpler and cheaper motherboard design. To accomplish all the goals stated above for high-performance on-board memory applications, we showed a new DIMM-in-a-Package (DIAP) technology. This 22.5×17.5×1.2mm quad-die face-down (QFD) part has four standard center bond DDR3L dies (each ×16) face-down, which are wire-bonded to the bottom layer of the 407-ball BGA package. This judiciously designed package places data nets at the peripheral and command/control/address nets in the middle of the BGA. As such, motherboard design and layout were substantially simplified to allow the use of low-cost non-HDI Type 3 board for signal integrity performance comparable to expensive HDI boards. The QFD™ ball assignment could accommodate future memory density expansion and different memory type (e.g. LPDDR3, DDR4). It also enables dual-rank operations in each channel when double-sided assembly is used. We successfully demonstrated in production build that 1GB ×64 DDR3L QFD with data rate of 1600 MT/s can be achieved on a Type 3 motherboard for the Intel Haswell mobile platform in dual-channel dual-rank operation. A balanced-T Command/Address topology between the processor and the memory was implemented in a DELL XPS 12 Ultrabook. Channel simulations including chip, package and board were performed. We also conducted cross-talk analysis up to 9 aggressors to take into account the timing impact from the dense routing inside QFD. Layout optimization techniques for best signal integrity, such as trace length matching and stub length minimization, were discussed in detail and applied to both package and motherboard design. Lastly, we also presented and discussed DIAPs currently under study with different memory bus topologies for even higher data rate up to 2400 MT/s using the same QFD technology. Our results and analysis demonstrated DIAP using wirebond-based QFD technology as a viable candidate for the compact, low-cost, high-performance on-board memory solution. We have identified several key aspects of DIAP architecture design and physical layout that are strongly impacting the SI of QFD parts at rate >1600 MT/s and that could be optimized for DDR4 operations. QFD DIAP can become an attractive low-cost, high-performance option for many OEMs and ODMs in various mobile, personal and network computing platforms.

The Decomposition of DSP’s Control Logic Block for Power Reduction

The paper considers the architecture and low power design aspects of the digital signal processing block embedded into a three-phase integrated power meter IC. Utilized power reduction techniques were focused on the optimization of control logic block. The operations that control unit performs are described together with power optimization results.

AGED MATERIALS IN PROJECTS OF MODERN ARCHITECTS

The article presents the projects of contemporary architects who use in their works aged materials in the context of reconstruction, and as an independent aesthetic aspect of modern architectural design. Also considered the relevance of the aged-material trends in contemporary architecture.

Readout Electronics for the ATLAS LAr Calorimeter at HL-LHC

Abstract The ATLAS Liquid Argon (LAr) calorimeters are high precision, high sensitivity and high granularity detectors designed to provide precision measurements of electrons, photons, jets and missing transverse energy. ATLAS and its LAr calorimeters have been operating and collecting proton-proton collisions at LHC since 2009. The current front-end electronics of the LAr calorimeters need to be upgraded to sustain the higher radiation levels and data rates expected at the upgraded high luminosity LHC machine (HL-LHC), which will have 5 times more luminosity than the LHC in its ultimate configuration. The complexity of the present electronics and the obsolescence of some of components of which it is made, will not allow a partial replacement of the system. A completely new readout architecture scheme is under study and many components are being developed in various R&D programs of the LAr Calorimeter Group.The new front-end readout electronics will send data continuously at each bunch crossing through high speed radiation resistant optical links. The data will be processed real-time with the possibility of implementing trigger algorithms for clusters and electron/photon identification at a higher granularity than that which is currently implemented. The new architecture will eliminate the intrinsic limitation presently existing on Level-1 trigger acceptance. This article is an overview of the R&D activities which covers architectural design aspects of the new electronics as well as some detailed progress on the development of several ASICs needed, and preliminary studies with FPGAs to cover the backend functions including part of the Level-1 trigger requirements. A recently proposed staged upgrade with hybrid Tower Builder Board (TBB) is also described.

A Knowledge-based and Extensible Aircraft Conceptual Design Environment

Design knowledge and experience are the bases to carry out aircraft conceptual design tasks due to the high complexity and integration of the tasks during this phase. When carrying out the same task, different designers may need individual strategies to fulfill their own demands. A knowledge-based and extensible method in building aircraft conceptual design systems is studied considering the above requirements. Based on the theory, a knowledge-based aircraft conceptual design environment, called knowledge-based and extensible aircraft conceptual design environment (KEACDE) with open architecture, is built as to enable designers to wrap add-on extensions and make their own aircraft conceptual design systems. The architecture, characteristics and other design and development aspects of KEACDE are discussed. A civil airplane conceptual design system (CACDS) is achieved using KEACDE. Finally, a civil airplane design case is presented to demonstrate the usability and effectiveness of this environment.

Issues of Sloping Roof Design of Multi-Storied Buildings

According to the sloping roof engineering characteristics of multi-storied buildings, summarized from architectural design, structural design and other aspects, the roof forms, slope, structure, drainage organization, ventilation, lighting, lightning protection and other related issues were discussed in this paper. The common problems about changing the plane roof to the sloping roof in the old buildings, such as deal with the water tanks, inner courtyard and solar water heaters of the old buildings were also investigated in this paper. The design methods and ideas of dealing with the sloping roof series’ design problems were proposed. Some reasonable suggestions about structural analysis methods, key parts of the sloping roof, cornice and plinth were given as references for the future selection of sloping roof scheme, design and other aspects of treatment.

ELEMENTS OF PHENOMENOLOGICAL APPROACH IN WORKS OF ARCHITECT PETER ZUMTOR

This article contains the analysis of texts of Peter Zumtor, modern architect, protagonist of rational architecture. In his texts Zumtor says about his understanding of architectural works essence, its structure, design process and role of remembering for making projects idea and others aspects of architectural design. In this work is contained an attempt for revealing the propinquity of Zumtor's ideas to phenomeno-logical movements spirit.

Wayfinding for People with Dementia: A Review of the Role of Architectural Design

This paper provides an overview of the available literature on architectural wayfinding design for people with dementia in nursing homes. The results were to be summarized and substantiated through an interdisciplinary interpretation, taking into account changes in the orientation process of people with dementia. Spatial disorientation and declining wayfinding abilities are among the early symptoms of dementia, limiting a person's ability to perform activities of daily living (ADLs) independently and ultimately, perhaps leading to institutionalization. A prerequisite to maintaining residents' quality of life in a nursing home is their ability to orient themselves within their new environment. The available literature on wayfinding design for people with dementia in nursing homes was reviewed. Two aspects of interventions for residents' wayfinding abilities were identified: the design of the floor plan typology and environmental cues. The design of the physical environment plays a major role in supporting the wayfinding abilities of people with dementia. The floor plan design of a nursing home in particular has a significant influence on residents' spatial orientation and wayfinding. Additional interventions such as signage, furnishing, lighting, and colors are additional supporting features but they cannot compensate for an adverse architectural design. For the creation of a supportive, dementia-friendly environment, both aspects of architectural design must be considered. Design guidelines to support the wayfinding abilities of people with dementia were developed to synthesize both.