Account Aspects Research Articles

The legal nature of cryptocurrency as property: Accounting and taxation implications

This Article takes an interdisciplinary approach to examining the legal nature of cryptocurrency as property and its accounting and taxation implications for companies holding cryptocurrencies. Nowadays an increasing number of companies accept cryptocurrencies as payment and investment methods, but it is still unclear how to classify them as property, which results in uncertainties relating to their treatment for accounting and taxation purposes. This is a significant issue because it may affect the available legal remedies, presentation of companies’ financial statements and taxation outcomes. Although the legal status of cryptocurrency as property has now been well explored, little research has been conducted to think about the property, accounting and taxation aspects together.While cryptocurrencies are likely to be treated as either things in action or general intangible properties in law, in accounting they are often treated as inventories or intangible assets. Yet neither of them can satisfactorily represent the true nature of cryptocurrencies as property, because they fail to take into account the unique features of cryptocurrencies. We make several suggestions for improvement, including enhancing disclosure and making better use of contractual arrangements in the short run. In the long run, new legal provisions and accounting standards should be developed specifically for cryptocurrencies to better reflect their unique nature and features as property. But most importantly, professional judgement should always be exercised to ensure a true and fair view about cryptocurrencies is presented.

Recovery incentives program: California's contingency management benefit

ObjectiveThe role of methamphetamine and cocaine use in California's drug poisoning (overdose) crisis has dramatically increased in the past five (5) years and has disproportionately affected American Indian, Alaska Native, and Black Californians. No FDA-approved medications currently exist for the treatment of individuals with stimulant use disorder (StimUD). Outside the Veteran's Administration, the Recovery Incentives Program: California's Contingency Management Benefit is the first large scale implementation of contingency management (CM). CM is the behavioral treatment with the most evidence and largest effect sizes for StimUD. MethodsThe Program uses a CM protocol where participants can receive a maximum of $599 over a six-month period, contingent upon 36 stimulant-negative urine test results. Urine tests are conducted using a set of approved, CLIA-waived, point-of-care urine drug tests (UDTs). To ensure fidelity to the CM protocol and to prevent fraud, waste, and abuse, all aspects of incentive accounting and distribution are managed electronically via a custom-developed software system. Incentive distribution utilizes electronic gift cards. A significant innovation of the project is the conceptualization of the CM Coordinator, a designated and highly trained and supervised individual responsible for all aspects of CM operation in a specific site. Results and conclusionsThe California Department of Health Care Services contracted with UCLA to develop and implement a robust evaluation of the Program; goals include evaluating the effectiveness of real-world implementation and facilitating quality improvement. The project will likely significantly impact the use of CM for StimUD nationally and may well reduce stimulant-related drug poisoning deaths.

The Human Side of Accountability: Dilemmas of Reaching All Learners

This portraiture-informed study by Taeyeon Kim challenges the dominant discourse of accountability, which often focuses on high-stakes policies at the expense of relational aspects of accountability in schools. Building on working theories of accountability, humanizing leadership, and paradox theory, Kim theorizes the “human side of accountability,” where leaders simultaneously address the tensions of multiple demands and implement policy mandates in ways that attempt to mitigate their unintended harm to students, particularly minoritized students. Using interviews, shadowing, photo-elicited focus groups, and artifacts generated from a yearlong qualitative study of three US elementary school principals, Kim explores how school principals make meaning of accountability in their daily practices and how they address dilemmas created by competing demands. The analysis suggests that leaders’ enactment of accountability can be understood as a daily balancing act of promoting equity to provide missing and overlooked support in policy man dates. This article thus challenges existing policy approaches and provides strategies for rethinking how processes of accountability can be imagined in school settings.

A Pattern Recognition Analysis of Vessel Trajectories

The automatic identification system (AIS) facilitates the monitoring of ship movements and provides essential input parameters for traffic safety. Previous studies have employed AIS data to detect behavioral anomalies and classify vessel types using supervised and unsupervised algorithms, including deep learning techniques. The approach proposed in this work focuses on the recognition of vessel types through the “Take One Class at a Time” (TOCAT) classification strategy. This approach pivots on a collection of adaptive models rather than a single intricate algorithm. Using radar data, these models are trained by taking into account aspects such as identifiers, position, velocity, and heading. However, it purposefully excludes positional data to counteract the inconsistencies stemming from route variations and irregular sampling frequencies. Using the given data, we achieved a mean accuracy of 83% on a 6-class classification task.

Starting from a Cottage, One Will Succeed in Ten Thousand Bones, Pleading Guilty to the Thorn, Huigen has Already Repaired the Golden Body

In recent years, financial fraud incidents in the capital market have occurred frequently. Among them, not only the "Shuangkang incident" that caused a sensation in the Chinese capital market, but also the counterfeiting incident of Ruixing Coffee, a Chinese concept stock that caused a sensation in the US capital market. While the fraudulent amount of 2.2 billion yuan exploded, it also sounded the alarm for all listed companies. In the face of major risks and setbacks, and facing a market that is also full of uncertainties, Ruixing quickly took the blame, adjusted its strategy and recharged, and bottomed out after going through the trough. For this reason, this article conducts an in-depth analysis and research on the case of Ruixing’s financial fraud after bottoming out, and analyzes Ruixing’s defects in handling financial issues from the aspects of financial compliance, financial management, strategic accounting, and corporate governance. Provide corresponding reference and reference for other listed companies in my country in dealing with financial aspects. This article first analyzes the status of Ruixing Company and the case study of financial fraud to provide a background basis for the following analysis, and then analyzes the internal reasons of the company and the external environmental factors of the overseas market that caused Ruixing’s financial fraud from the perspective of financial compliance, and finally combines the above reasons Carry out corresponding suggestions and countermeasures for financial compliance in the process of overseas listing of Chinese companies; then from the perspective of financial management, combine financial management theory with Ruixing's solution to bottoming out and rebound, and finally come up with relevant responses from regulatory agencies, creditor's rights, and shareholders Measures; From the perspective of strategic management accounting, first compare with Starbucks’ five-force model, and draw the corresponding measures taken by Ruixing in terms of market analysis and departmental cooperation; Deal with the demands of internal contention, and then provide corresponding policy recommendations from four aspects.

ANALISIS KINERJA BIROKRASI PEMERINTAHAN DESA PADA PERANGKAT DESA PAREREJO KECAMATAN PURWODADI KABUPATEN PASURUAN JAWA TIMUR

The purpose of this study was to determine the Performance Analysis Of Village Government Bureaucracies In The Development Of Parerejo Village, Purwodadi District, Pasuruan District, East Java. This study uses a descriptive qualitative research method. The results of this study are based on indicators in Agus Dwiyanto's theory (2006: 50) regarding the measurement of the performance of the public bureaucracy as follows: (1) the performance of the Parerejo Village Government Bureaucracy has fulfilled the Productivity aspect due to work achievements by maximizing massive organizational evaluation. (2) The performance of the Parerejo Village Bureaucracy has fulfilled the Service Quality aspect because it has SOP as a public service mechanism. (3) The performance of the Parerejo Village Bureaucracy has fulfilled the Responsiveness aspect because it makes community complaints material for organizational evaluation in improving the quality of performance. (4) The Bureaucratic Performance of Parerejo Village has fulfilled the Responsibility aspect because it opens the widest possible forum for public participation. (5) The performance of the Parerejo Village Bureaucracy has met the Accountability aspect because it opens a public participation forum through a Joint forum or media portal as a form of Village Government accountability to the Community.

Process-Oriented Management of Production Inventories: Accounting and Analytical Aspects

Increasing the adaptability of enterprises to the external environment and increasing the efficiency of inventory management is extremely important in the context of martial law. At the same time, high-quality accounting and analytical support plays an important role. The article studies theoretical issues and practical aspects of accounting and analytical support for process-oriented management of production stocks. It considers the role of accounting and analysis in ensuring the process-oriented management of production stocks of an enterprise. The accounting and analysis of production stocks as auxiliary processes in the enterprise's activities have been described. The study of the peculiarities of documentary registration of production stocks of enterprises is in-depth. Directions for improving the primary accounting documents in order to improve the analytical support of production inventory management have been proposed.

Studi Literatur: Tanaman Herbal Indonesia yang Berkhasiat sebagai Penurun Hipertensi

Introduction: Hypertension or what is often referred to as high blood pressure is a degenerative disease or PTM that often appears without symptoms. Hypertension is a disturbance in blood circulation that can be life- threatening for individuals when blood pressure is above systolic and diastolic pressure which is unstable. Other hypertension treatments can use good herbal plants to treat various diseases. Various kinds of active substance components which have been widely studied have therapeutic effects derived from herbal plants. About 75- 80% of the worlds population, especially in developing countries, use herbal medicines for primary health care because of their better acceptance of the human body. Objective of the research: The purpose of this literature review is to find out the nutritious herbal plants in Indonesia as traditional medicines to reduce hypertension. Method: The method used in writing this article is a literature review approach by searching literature using the Google Schoolar website database. Result: The results of the study found 15 plants as herbal medicines as drugs to reduce hypertension, namely celery leaves (Apium graveolens L), ginger (Zingiber officinale), basil leaves (Ocimum basilicum), Moringa leaves (Moringa oleifera), garlic (Allium sativum), Turmeric (Curcuma longa), butterfly pea flower (Clitoriaternatea), papaya leaves (Carica papaya), betel leaves (Piper Betle Linn), cucumber (Cucumis sativus), gotu kola leaves (Centella asiatica), carrots (Daucus carota L), bay leaves (Syzygium polyanthum), meniran leaves (Phytallantus niruri), soursop leaves (Annona muricata Linn). Conclusion: Traditional medicine using herbal plants is believed to be able to treat hypertension which has been part of public belief from time to time. The utilization of these traditional plants takes into account aspects such as ease of obtaining, saving costs, and not containing chemicals that cause other side effects.

A comprehensive approach for assessing the reliability of complex networks using OANN approach

The optimistic model of network reliability assumes the nodes to be trustworthy while assigning a failure probability to the network's connections. For calculating a network's reliability, the persistent condition is used to guarantee that no two edges have the same failure probability. Accurately estimating the network's reliability across all of its endpoints is an NP-hard problem. The study of network reliability centers on problems arising from topological isolation of individual data nodes. Analysis of network reliability spans the phases of building, deploying, and testing a network. Issues with connection, capacity, and trip time are all metrics used in analyses of computer network reliability. In this paper, an Optimal ANN strategy is proposed as a means of assessing the reliability of the network. In this research, we analyze the methods used in and findings from recent studies on trustworthiness. The term "Optimized Artificial Neural Network" (OANN) is used to describe a strategy that takes into account aspects of both neural networks and another way for measuring trustworthiness. Results are well tested on network of 2^8nodes (mesh network) and hyper-tree network of n nodes. A network's performance may be evaluated with the help of the suggested method, which also contributes to the calculation of its cost and reliability metrics.

Fraud teori, dan keterkaitan dengan bidang akuntansi, manajemen, ethical culture, audit dan tehnologi: Suatu studi literatur

This article delves into various theories about fraud and their development, explaining why the theory of fraud is both broad and constantly evolving. The method used in this research was a literature study, referencing the period since the beginning of the development of the Fraud theory. Each theory is criticized for giving way to new variables, making the most appropriate contribution to scientific development, and explaining fraud prevention practices in companies. Research on fraud has been widely carried out both abroad and in Indonesia. The findings from this literature study reveal that fraud is inseparable from ethics. It is necessary to incorporate ethical elements into higher education curricula and to include aspects of information technology in theoretical models due to the increasingly advanced technological developments. It is necessary to incorporate ethical elements into higher education curricula and to include aspects of information technology in theoretical models due to the increasingly advanced technological developments.
 Public interest statement
 Fraud is not solely related to management accounting but also involves behavioral accounting and psychological aspects, which should be integrated because fraud involves organizational and human behavior.

Исторические аспекты формирования бухгалтерского суждения

In this paper, attention is paid to one of the significant changes of recent times — the need for a wide application of professional judgment by an accountant. Th e purpose of the study is to prove that the accountant’s judgment is of great importance both in the past and in the present and in the future. Th e results of the study allow us to state the existence of a close relationship between the historical aspects of accounting and modern methods of accounting, which confirms the relevance of the history of the development of accounting, the need to study it for deeper penetration into accounting disciplines and expanding the educational horizon.

Accounting and analytical aspects of information disclosure in integrated reporting of agricultural organizations

The activities of agricultural organizations are subject to a variety of risks, each of which can lead to a significant reduction in production efficiency. For risk management, it is necessary to make timely management decisions, which is impossible in the absence of a high-quality information base. The inclusion of financial and non-financial indicators in the integrated reporting and its preparation from the perspective of a risk-oriented approach will allow meeting the information needs of various user groups and increase the efficiency of the economic entity. However, at the present stage of development, the issue of forming an integrated report taking into account industry specifics remains unresolved. The article examines the existing approaches of Russian authors to the structure and conceptual content of integrated reporting, presents possible risks of agricultural activity that are subject to disclosure using financial and non-financial indicators, and forms a conceptual model of integrated reporting of an agricultural organization.

Problematic Aspects of Accounting for Contributions to Share Capital of Companies in Investor

Introduction. The process of creating, reorganizing, and liquidating enterprises has always been and remains an important object of accounting. In this regard, a considerable amount of scientific literature and articles have been published, analyzing the legislative, regulatory, and instructive basis for such accounting. However, it should be noted that issues related to the reflection in the accounting of the process of acquiring corporate rights by investors and the repayment of indebtedness for contributions to the share capital of subsidiary companies are understudied and highly controversial. Due to the time difference between these processes and the investor’s failure to reflect corporate rights in accounting and reporting as of their occurrence date, information users (creditors, investors, shareholders) will lack reliable data on the company’s assets, its financial and resource capabilities, development strategy, and risks. Therefore, there is a need to find ways to properly reflect corporate rights in accounting for the investor’s share in the company’s share capital in accordance with the statutory documents and further transfer of assets against the specified contributions.The purpose of the study is to improve the methodology for accounting for contributions to the share capital of business entities in investor, which will allow for the formation of substantiated accounting and reporting information and making informed management decisions, taking into account the risks of enterprise activity and its development strategy. Methods. The research methodology is based on the application of a systemic approach to improving the accounting for corporate rights in the investor and the procedure for the repayment of indebtedness for contributions to the share capital. The following research methods were used: comparison, analysis, and synthesis - to determine the impact of investment processes on micro and macroeconomics, the role of accounting information in these processes; comparative analysis, scientific generalization - for analyzing the proposed variants of reflecting indebtedness of investors for contributions to the share capital in accounting; induction and deduction, abstract-logical - for improving the Chart of Accounts for accounting and the Instruction on its application to reflect the right to a share in the share capital of companies; cause-and-effect relationship, modeling, and formalization - for constructing a model for accounting for contributions to the share capital of business entities in the investor.Results. The impact of investment processes on micro- and macroeconomics has been identified, emphasizing the role of accounting information in shaping the investment policies of economic entities. An analysis of the proposed variants of reflecting indebtedness of investors for contributions to the share capital has been carried out, based on which the authors have made their own proposals for solving this problem. In the Chart of Accounts for accounting for assets, capital, liabilities, and business operations of enterprises and organizations, as well as in the Instruction on its application, it is proposed to open subaccount 126 «Rights to a Share in the Share Capital of Companies» under account 12 «Intangible Assets,» which will allow for reflecting in accounting the fact of obtaining the right to a share in the share capital of the company in accordance with the signed statutory documents. For accounting for the occurrence and repayment of indebtedness for contributions to the share capital of a subsidiary company, it is recommended to use subaccount 682 «Internal Settlements.» It is emphasized that when accounting for operations related to investments in the share capital of business entities, the investor needs to calculate VAT obligations based on the fixed value of assets in the statutory documents in the form of inventories or non-current assets. A model for accounting for contributions to the share capital of business entities in the investor has been developed, which will provide reliable information support for investment processes in the enterprise.Prospects for further research. Further research will focus on improving information support for contributions to the share capital of business entities in the investor to enable a substantiated assessment of their performance.

Qualimetric accounting for agricultural products, land and biological assets

Subject. This article discusses the issues of improving the accounting of qualitative characteristics of land and biological assets, first of all, as well as agricultural products from the point of view of the qualimetric approach in accounting. Objectives. The article aims to highlight the organizational, methodological and technical aspects of the assessment and quantitative accounting of the quality of land and biological assets, as well as agricultural products, and offer recommendations for assessing and reflecting qualimetric indicators of qualitative assessment of production resources and agricultural products on accounts. Methods. For the study, we used analysis and synthesis, modeling, and abstraction. Results. The article presents the author-developed organizational and methodological recommendations for calculating qualimetric indicators for quantitative assessment of the quality of land and biological assets, as well as agricultural products, and proposes methods for determining the fair value of these assets and reflecting the corresponding transactions on accounts. Conclusions and Relevance. The study of theoretical provisions and organizational and methodological aspects of accounting reveals the need for the introduction of qualimetric assessment and quantitative accounting of the quality of resources and products in agriculture. The results of the study can be applied in the theory and practice of accounting for resources and agricultural products, based on their quality and utility.

IMPACT OF THE CHANGE IN THE POSITION OF THE NEIGHBORHOOD FROM REGIONAL EQUIPMENT TO SUB-DISTRICT EQUIPMENT IN THE DISTRICT OF MUKOMUKO CITY, MUKOMUKO REGENCY

The change in Law Number 32 of 2004 to Law Number 23 of 2014 concerning Regional Government resulted in a significant change, where the village became a sub-district apparatus. The problems that arise are the working relationship between the lurah and the sub-district head, the performance of the village organization after changing regulations, and the performance of the sub-district organization in supervising the village. The research was conducted in Mukomuko City District, Mukomuko Regency, Bengkulu Province. The purpose of this study was to determine the impact of implementing the change in the position of the village from regional apparatus to sub-district apparatus. These changes have the potential to have both positive and negative impacts on local communities and local government. The research method used is qualitative research by collecting data through interviews, observation, and documentation. The results showed that the change in the position of the village to become a sub-district official had several negative impacts, namely delays in disbursing funds for the village from the sub-district, limited kewenngan lurah, absence of village apparatus in the sub-district. The conclusion is that the impact of changing the position of the village from regional apparatus to sub-district apparatus seen from the aspects of efficiency, accountability and transparency has positive and negative impacts.

METHODOLOGICAL APPROACHES TO THE ORGANIZATION OF INNOVATIVE ACTIVITIES IN AGRICULTURE: FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC PRACTICE

Introduction. The competitiveness of agricultural micro, small and medium-sized enterprises is significantly influenced by the speed of adaptation of innovative solutions. However, innovations created by scientists using a "top-down" approach, which is typical for Ukraine as well, are mostly unified and standardized, and it is difficult to adapt them in a changing environment. The recognition of such shortcomings of innovative activity led to the need to shift the approaches of innovation policy and methodology of research activity through the introduction of the practice of interactive innovation and multilateral participation in innovative activity in economically developed countries. Therefore, the methodological approaches of the organization of domestic research activities must also be reviewed. Methods. When preparing the research results, the following research methods were used: synthesis and comparative analysis – to study aspects of the organization of traditional and civic types of science, abstract-logical – to determine the essence of the conceptual and organizational foundations of joint applied research, monographic – to systematize signs by descending and ascending approaches to the organization of research activities. Results. The conceptual principles of domestic innovation policy in the traditional (top-down) type of research activity and the civic (bottom-up) type, which is actively implemented in foreign practice, are systematized. The peculiarities of the methodology of research activities managed by scientific personnel and managed by users of innovations are analyzed. The possibility of introducing the practice of joint applied research in the agricultural sector in Ukraine based on the approach "development of technologies for participation" is substantiated, taking into account the aspects of costs, motivation and accountability. Discussion. The following studies are expected to focus on the definition of effective tools (material and non-material) for stimulating creative activity within the framework of the system of agricultural knowledge and innovations, mechanisms for co-financing, distribution of intellectual property rights, organization of monitoring and evaluation of joint applied research, effective in Ukrainian realities Keywords: entrepreneurship, innovation management, technological innovation, agricultural research, farmer education.

Effect of Internal Control, Accountability, and Transparency of Financial Statements on the Financial Statements Quality (Case Study on Amil Zakat Institute of the Indonesian Zakat Initiative)

Purpose: This study seeks to examine the impact of internal control, accountability, and transparency on the quality of financial statements.
 Methodology: Data for this study was primarily collected through questionnaires distributed to respondents. The questionnaires covered aspects of internal control, accountability, transparency, and financial statement quality. The study focused on the Amil Zakat Institute of the Indonesian Zakat Initiative as the population, and a purposive sampling method was used to select 35 samples. The research methodology involved descriptive statistical analysis, testing of classical assumptions, and multiple linear regression with subsequent hypothesis testing.
 Findings: The findings indicate that transparency has a positive and significant influence on the quality of financial statements. However, accountability and internal control factors do not demonstrate a significant impact on financial statement quality. Nevertheless, when considered together, the variables of internal control, accountability, and transparency do significantly affect the quality of financial statements.
 Implications: Financial statements will be useful to users if the information presented in these financial reports is understandable, relevant, reliable and comparable.

EXPENSES WITHIN A STEEL ENTERPRISE’S MANAGEMENT SYSTEM

The article discloses the accounting and analytical aspect of costs in the enterprise management system. In the production process, material, labor and other own and engaged resources are spent, which causes the occurrence of costs. The amount of incurred costs determines the competitiveness and profitability of the manufactured products, as well as the efficiency of indicators of the production activity of business entities. Management of the company's costs on the basis of the analysis of the elements of operating costs and the constituent items of the planned costing of finished products remains an urgent issue. The investigated metallurgical enterprise is part of the limited liability company «METINVEST HOLDING». In accordance with the legislation of Ukraine, the company maintains records and compiles financial statements according to international financial reporting standards, which ensure transparency and availability of information. It has been found that production is associated with costs, which play an important role in accounting and are of decisive importance in the formation of financial results of the business entity. The authors analyzed the indicators of the financial results of the «Metinvest» Group. The ratio of net debt to EBITDA was calculated, which shows how many years it will take Metinvest Group to repay its debt. Taking into account the production direction of the Private Joint-Stock Company «KAMET-STEEL», the dynamics of the elements of operating costs were determined according to the data of the Reports on the total income. The main tasks of cost accounting are argued and the elements of operating costs in PJSC «KAMET-STEEL» are detailed. It was determined that the biggest increase (negative changes) at the end of the reporting year, compared to the previous one, was material costs. It is proven that the determination of the cost of production is carried out with the help of costing, which is understood as the method of calculating or calculating the cost of a unit of manufactured products and its entire volume. Cost is a monetary expression of costs associated with the production and sale of products. Costing is a form, an accounting calculation, which is presented in tabular form and reflects the costs in monetary terms for the production of a unit of production or its entire volume. The article analyzes the articles of the planned costing of the blast furnace, liquid cast iron section of PJSC «KAMET-STEEL». The importance of calculating the cost price for cost management is summarized, as information is formed based on its data for further analysis in order to find opportunities to improve the efficiency of the company's operational activities.

Accounting and analytical aspects of the formation of financial results of the corporation

The article offers the developed accounting and analytical models of financial results formation recommended for large agricultural organizations of the Stavropol Territory on the basis of the information base of accounting and tax reporting.

LAPORAN KEUANGAN MASJID: PERSPEKTIF AKUNTANSI SYARIAH DAN PENCEGAHAN FRAUD

This study aims to qualitatively analyze and find out the financial reports presented by mosques based on the perspective of Sharia accounting and fraud prevention. This study used a descriptive qualitative method. The data used in this research is secondary data. Secondary data was obtained from the mosque's financial reports. The results of this study indicate that DSAK IAI (Financial Accounting Standards Board of the Indonesian Institute of Accountants) as a professional organization of accountants in Indonesia issued ISAK 35 to strengthen aspects of recognition, measurement, presentation and disclosure so that the financial statements of mosques presented based on ISAK 35 include statements of financial position, comprehensive income statements, cash flow statements, reports on changes in net assets, and notes on financial statements in order to create financial reports that are easy to understand, have relevance and have high comparability to strengthen aspects of accountability and transparency in order to minimize the occurrence of fraudulent practices.