Aspects Of Decision Research Articles

Relationship Between the Decision-Making Balance Regarding Organ Donation and Level of Empathy.

In Turkey, the rate of organ donations has not reached the desired level. Although the vital importance of organ transplantation is known, the low participation in organ donation is an issue that needs to be examined meticulously. Organ donation decisions can be affected by demographic factors, such as family, personality traits, and religion and by psychological factors, such as attitude, intention, and sacrifice. For this reason, it is important to find the reasons that prevent people from being a donor and to develop intervention methods for them. In this context, we aimed to evaluate the relationship between the balance of decision-making regarding organ donation and the level of empathy. A total of 638 adults (mean age of 25.32 ± 9.95 years; n = 468 female participants and n = 170 male participants) voluntarily participated in the study. We used the Organ Donation Decisional Balance Survey to measure basic information on participants' personal valuations on the importance of positive and negative aspects of donor decisions. We used the Empathy Quotient scale to determine the empathy level of participants. We determined the relationship between variables using Pearson correlation analysis. Organ donation balance had positive correlations with measures of cognitive empathy subscale (r = 0.115; P < .01), emotional reactivity subscale (r = 0.117; P < .01), and social skills subscale (r = 0.084; P < .05). We found a positive relationship between empathy and the individual decision-making balance on donation; therefore, empathy development and altruism may affect organ donation decisions.

The police hunch: the Bayesian brain, active inference, and the free energy principle in action.

In the realm of law enforcement, the "police hunch" has long been a mysterious but crucial aspect of decision-making. Drawing on the developing framework of Active Inference from cognitive science, this theoretical article examines the genesis, mechanics, and implications of the police hunch. It argues that hunches - often vital in high-stakes situations - should not be described as mere intuitions, but as intricate products of our mind's generative models. These models, shaped by observations of the social world and assimilated and enacted through active inference, seek to reduce surprise and make hunches an indispensable tool for officers, in exactly the same way that hypotheses are indispensable for scientists. However, the predictive validity of hunches is influenced by a range of factors, including experience and bias, thus warranting critical examination of their reliability. This article not only explores the formation of police hunches but also provides practical insights for officers and researchers on how to harness the power of active inference to fully understand policing decisions and subsequently explore new avenues for future research.

Identification and Prioritization of Decision-Making Aspects on High-Rise Fast-track Buildings – A Pilot Study

For decades, the construction industry has been facing time overrun challenges on almost all mega projects. Rarely there are no schedule slippages. Schedule compression is an approach, applied to meet the tight project deadlines and overcome time overrun issues. Fast-track and crashing are the two techniques used for schedule compression. Worldwide, fast-track has been used on projects for more than 50 years, but Pakistan is yet to adapt it as a construction norm in a scientific way. This reluctance on behalf of the client, the contractor and the consultant is primarily due to the inherently uncertain and risky nature of fast-track projects which requires dynamic decision-making. Moreover, these dynamic decision-making aspects have never been identified and parameterized to develop a decision-making model which can lead to project success in relation to time, cost, and quality. The aim of this research is to identify and parameterize the decision-making aspects into a research questionnaire which can further be used to develop a comprehensive decision-making model for high-rise construction in Pakistan. After an extensive literature review, initially 41 fast-track decision-making aspects were identified which were reduced to 37 after consultation with research community. The refined questionnaire containing 37 decision-making aspects was used for pilot survey in Pakistan’s construction industry to check its validity. Based on the input from the respondents, 19 most important decision-making aspects were discussed. The questionnaire consisted of a 5-point Likert scale, used to study the impact of each identified decision-making aspect on time variance, cost variance, scope variance and quality variance. This questionnaire will act as a stepping-stone for further development of a 3C’s (client, contractor, and consultant) decision-making model for fast-track high-rise projects in Pakistan using structural equation modelling (SEM).

Leveraging Data Analytics for Productivity and Compliance in Banking

In the modern banking world, data analytics have become a significant factor in making operational processes more efficient, more accurate in risk management, and more compliant with regulations. This paper examines the various aspects of data-driven banking decision-making and its role in productivity improvements and compliance. Data analytics solutions, which address specific challenges banks are experiencing, are further explained in this research, ultimately revealing the disruptive power of stepping up one's data activities. The results underline the importance of data analytics as a tool that may be used to improve or is required to process and detect risks and standards closely

Social-Welfare Aspects of Green Decision-Making in Channel Competition with Government Financial Intervention

Social-Welfare Aspects of Green Decision-Making in Channel Competition with Government Financial Intervention

중국 기업의 가상 브랜드 커뮤니티 분위기가 소비자 가치공동 창출 행위에 미치는 영향

Purpose - This study is based on the Theory of Planned Behavior and aims to explore the decision-making mechanisms of consumers participating in value co-creation activities within virtual brand communities.&#x0D; Methodology - The research involved a comprehensive survey of 405 participants from various virtual brand communities. Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) was used for data analysis, applying SPSS and AMOS to test the hypotheses. The study focused on community rules and regulations, community experience and community trust.&#x0D; Results - The research found that community rules and regulations significantly impact subjective norms and perceived behavioral control, but not directly influence consumer attitudes. Community experience positively affected consumer attitudes, subjective norms and perceived behavioral control. Community trust was found to positively influence these aspects of consumer decision-making. However, a gap was identified in the direct influence of perceived behavioral control on actual consumer behavior.&#x0D; Implications - The findings of this study contribute to a more comprehensive understanding of factors affecting consumer behavior in virtual brand communities. It underscores the necessity for community managers to develop strategies that consider these internal decision-making mechanisms, facilitating more effective community engagement. The study also identifies a potential area for future research in the direct influence of perceived behavioral control on actual consumer behavior.

Stakeholder Perspectives on Environmental Accounting Disclosure: A Case Study of North Toraja District Government

This research uses an ethnographic approach to explore environmental accounting reporting practices in the local government of North Toraja regency. Through participatory observation, in-depth interviews, and document analysis, qualitative data were obtained to understand the dynamics of environmental accounting practices at the local level. The findings show the complexity of environmental accounting reporting practices, which are not only influenced by economic and environmental factors, but also closely related to local cultural preservation needs. Interviews with stakeholders, including government officials, environmentalists, financial officers, and research employees, revealed additional dimensions of environmental accounting practices. The integration of these practices with local cultural preservation highlights the central role of socio-cultural aspects in environment-related decision-making. In addition, the importance of active community involvement and proper budget allocation was highlighted, with adequate financial support considered crucial for the effective implementation of the practice. Corporate social responsibility is not only seen as a regulatory obligation, but also as a positive contribution to the local community and environment.

Post COVID-19 Analysis of Conservatism Effect Bias on Individual Investors of the KMI-30 Index at Pakistan Stock Exchange

This study examines how conservative bias affected Pakistan Stock Exchange KMI-30 index investors after COVID-19. The main goal is to assess conservative bias in Pakistani stock market decision-making. Data from 162 respondents was carefully collected and analyzed using logistic regression, association testing, descriptive statistics, and correlation analysis. The study illuminates the impact of conservative bias on Pakistan's stock market investment selections. Both male and female investors react similarly to conservative bias, indicating that gender does not greatly change its effects. Conservative bias is more common in highly educated people, especially those with graduate and doctoral degrees. Younger investors (18-25) are less susceptible than 26-30-year-olds. Investors with one to three years of experience are more conservative, while those with less than a year or over three years are less vulnerable. Marital status barely affects financial prejudice. These findings emphasize the importance of demographic and experience characteristics in investment strategies and financial advice. The study underlines that good investment requires understanding psychological aspects affecting investor behavior, not just numbers. Understanding the human aspect in investment decision-making can help financial advisers, and regulators tailor advice and regulations to the varying needs and vulnerabilities of different investor groups, creating a more informed and resilient investing community.

Radiological Differential Diagnoses Based on Cardiovascular and Thoracic Imaging Patterns: Perspectives of Four Large Language Models.

Background Differential diagnosis in radiology is a critical aspect of clinical decision-making. Radiologists in the early stages may find difficulties in listing the differential diagnosis from image patterns. In this context, the emergence of large language models (LLMs) has introduced new opportunities as these models have the capacity to access and contextualize extensive information from text-based input. Objective The objective of this study was to explore the utility of four LLMs-ChatGPT3.5, Google Bard, Microsoft Bing, and Perplexity-in providing most important differential diagnoses of cardiovascular and thoracic imaging patterns. Methods We selected 15 unique cardiovascular ( n = 5) and thoracic ( n = 10) imaging patterns. We asked each model to generate top 5 most important differential diagnoses for every pattern. Concurrently, a panel of two cardiothoracic radiologists independently identified top 5 differentials for each case and came to consensus when discrepancies occurred. We checked the concordance and acceptance of LLM-generated differentials with the consensus differential diagnosis. Categorical variables were compared by binomial, chi-squared, or Fisher's exact test. Results A total of 15 cases with five differentials generated a total of 75 items to analyze. The highest level of concordance was observed for diagnoses provided by Perplexity (66.67%), followed by ChatGPT (65.33%) and Bing (62.67%). The lowest score was for Bard with 45.33% of concordance with expert consensus. The acceptance rate was highest for Perplexity (90.67%), followed by Bing (89.33%) and ChatGPT (85.33%). The lowest acceptance rate was for Bard (69.33%). Conclusion Four LLMs-ChatGPT3.5, Google Bard, Microsoft Bing, and Perplexity-generated differential diagnoses had high level of acceptance but relatively lower concordance. There were significant differences in acceptance and concordance among the LLMs. Hence, it is important to carefully select the suitable model for usage in patient care or in medical education.

CEO narcissism and asymmetric cost behavior

This research investigates the relationship between chief executive officer (CEO) narcissism and asymmetric cost behavior. Based on the expectation that CEOs’ narcissism leads to myopic management, I replicate the existence of cost stickiness in a large sample of U.S. public firms and find that narcissistic CEOs exhibit a lower degree of cost stickiness. Additionally, I find that the negative effect of CEO narcissism on cost stickiness is boosted under poor past performance and when firm uncertainty is high. Several robustness tests, including alternative measurements of costs and narcissism, confirm the validity of the results. The findings of this study contribute to the current discussion about the role of narcissistic personalities of CEOs and the behavioral aspects of corporate decisions.

"Will the welfare state survive the future? - How people legitimize the welfare state."

Background: Legitimacy of the welfare state is a requirement for efficient functioning. In the current political climate of Norway creating new co-governance models under the umbrella of New Public Governance (NPG). NPG draws resources from the public, the private as well as the volunteer sector. In the European welfare states pressure is building due to demographic ageing, globalization and disturbances in the social order which affect the social contract between citizen and state. This article aims to explore how citizens legitimize the Norwegian welfare state drawing on perspective of institutional theory. Why do or don’t the participants support the current form of the welfare state?&#x0D; The interviews were analysed focusing on the assumptions and reasons on which the participants based their view of the welfare state. Although the method has been used on exploring the epistemic dimension of discretion, it allows for identification of the cognitive aspects of decision making, hence the ability to identify core assumptions and beliefs. The findings from the interview are analysed using Schuman’s analytical categories of pragmatic, moral and cognitive legitimacy create the framework for analysing the argumentation which the participants use to legitimize their current view of the Norwegian welfare state, and where it is heading. Contrary to most institutional research this paper does not attempt to see the big picture, but rather explore legitimacy through the informant’s perception of the welfare state.&#x0D; Methods: This is a qualitative study. We conducted individual interviews with one woman and one man in each 10-year, thus representing ages from 20 to 80. We also interviewed two senior experts at research centres and two politicians. These interviews were thematically analysed and coded in NVivo.&#x0D; In order to analyse the informant’s arguments further this paper utilizes Anders Molander’s interpretation and use of Toulmin which sees discretion as a process in which a person legitimizes their own argument statements through expressing core concepts, values and understandings.&#x0D; Results and Lessons learned: This is an ongoing study and the results will be presented and discussed at the conference. The preliminary analysis shows that moral legitimacy tends to outweigh pragmatic legitimacy. This implies that legitimacy is a key concept in achieving integrated services. This may indicate that cooperative models such as NPG in combination with people’s perspective of “what is the right thing to do” is key to reaching ideals promised in tailoring of services from people’s perspective.&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; Limitations and suggestions for future research: Legitimacy as a concept on the micro level may be a key element in understanding how to integrate services and increase quality of services from people’s perspective. Moral legitimacy tends to create support despite to achieving peoples wishes. To a certain extent, the upcoming results will be of relevance for a better understanding of the complexity of organising and supporting welfare services. &#x0D; Keywords: Welfare state, legitimacy, NPG, Co-governance, integration, &#x0D;

Bumblebees display stimulus-specific persistence behaviour after being trained on delayed reinforcement

In uncertain environments, animals often face the challenge of deciding whether to stay with their current foraging option or leave to pursue the next opportunity. The voluntary decision to persist at a location or with one option is a critical cognitive ability in animal temporal decision-making. Little is known about whether foraging insects form temporal expectations of reward and how these expectations affect their learning and rapid, short-term foraging decisions. Here, we trained bumblebees on a simple colour discrimination task whereby they entered different opaque tunnels surrounded by coloured discs (artificial flowers) and received reinforcement (appetitive sugar water or aversive quinine solution depending on flower colour). One group received reinforcement immediately and the other after a variable delay (0–3 s). We then recorded how long bees were willing to wait/persist when reinforcement was delayed indefinitely. Bumblebees trained with delays voluntarily stayed in tunnels longer than bees trained without delays. Delay-trained bees also waited/persisted longer after choosing the reward-associated flower compared to the punishment-associated flower, suggesting stimulus-specific temporal associations. Strikingly, while training with delayed reinforcement did not affect colour discrimination, it appeared to facilitate the generalisation of temporal associations to ambiguous stimuli in bumblebees. Our findings suggest that bumblebees can be trained to form temporal expectations, and that these expectations can be incorporated into their decision-making processes, highlighting bumblebees’ cognitive flexibility in temporal information usage.Significance statementThe willingness to voluntarily wait or persist for potential reward is a critical aspect of decision-making during foraging. Investigating the willingness to persist across various species can shed light on the evolutionary development of temporal decision-making and related processes. This study revealed that bumblebees trained with delays to reinforcement from individual flowers were able to form temporal expectations, which, in turn, generalised to ambiguous stimuli. These findings contribute to our understanding of temporal cognition in an insect and the potential effects of delayed rewards on foraging behaviour.

МАКРОЕКОНОМІЧНЕ МОДЕЛЮВАННЯ В УКРАЇНІ НА ОСНОВІ ПОВЕДІНКОВОЇ ЕКОНОМІКИ

The article examines the problems of macroeconomic modeling in Ukraine in the context of the application of functional approaches of behavioral economics. At the same time, behavioral economics is defined as a new direction aimed at researching rational and irrational aspects of economic decision-making in the field of macroeconomic regulation and their impact on economic phenomena. The method of taking into account these aspects in macroeconomic models to ensure a better understanding of economic processes in Ukraine is analyzed. A methodological approach to modeling based on the theory of behavioral economics is considered. An analysis of the key elements that influence the decision-making process in the conditions of a market economy, as well as the peculiarities of their interaction with traditional macroeconomic factors, was carried out. The importance of taking into account individual psychology, social networks and other modern functional factors that can influence the economic decisions of the population and business entities is determined. The possibility of applying behavioral economic concepts to develop more accurate forecasts of economic development, in particular, to improve state economic policy, has been studied. It was determined that taking into account the irrational aspects of making economic management decisions can help to avoid their negative consequences and increase the overall level of stability of the national economy of Ukraine. The current state of macroeconomic modeling in Ukraine is analyzed and its main challenges are highlighted. On the basis of taking into account the specific features of the Ukrainian economy, the need to consider models that would take into account transformational processes adapted to the real conditions and features of economic activity in Ukraine was determined. It has been found that the implementation of behavioral aspects in macroeconomic strategies can contribute to reducing instability, improving forecasts and generally increasing the level of trust of participants in economic relations. The objective necessity of integrating behavioral aspects into modern macroeconomic models has been proven in order to achieve a more accurate and deeper understanding of economic processes in Ukraine, as well as to ensure effective management of the country’s economic development in the context of its post-war reconstruction.

A Double Hit of Social and Economic Stress in Mice Precipitates Changes in Decision-Making Strategies

BackgroundEconomic stress can serve as a second hit for people who have already accumulated a history of adverse life experiences. How one recovers from a setback is a core feature of resilience but is seldom captured in animal studies. MethodsWe challenged mice in a novel 2-hit stress model by first exposing them to chronic social defeat stress and then testing adaptations to increasing reward scarcity on a neuroeconomic task. Mice were tested across months on the Restaurant Row task, during which they foraged daily for their primary source of food while on a limited time budget in a closed-economy system. An abrupt transition into a reward-scarce environment elicits an economic challenge, precipitating a drop in food intake and body weight to which mice must respond to survive. ResultsWe found that mice with a history of social stress mounted a robust behavioral response to this economic challenge that was achieved through a complex redistribution of time allocation among competing opportunities. Interestingly, we found that mice with a history of social defeat displayed changes in the development of decision-making policies during the recovery process that are important not only for ensuring food security necessary for survival but also prioritizing subjective value and that these changes emerged only for certain types of choices. ConclusionsThese findings indicate that an individual’s capacity to recover from economic challenges depends on that person’s prior history of stress and can affect multiple decision-making aspects of subjective well-being, thus highlighting a motivational balance that may be altered in stress-related disorders such as depression.

The Binding Power of the Bapalas Tradition to Solve Dayak Citizens' Disputes in West Kotawaringin District

The background to this research is that if a dispute occurs between Dayak people, especially those living in West Kotawaringin Regency, some choose to resolve the problem peacefully through the Bapalas custom. A traditional Mantir leads the Bapalas tradition, and the decision of this traditional Mantir is firm because it follows the elements of article 1320 BW. In article 1320 BW, there are four conditions for an agreement's validity: agreement, skill, a sure thing, and a lawful cause. So, if it is related to article 1320 BW, problems that occur in society can be resolved with an agreement. This tradition of Bapalas in the people of West Kotawaringin Regency follows Islamic law, known as Islah or peaceful problem-solving in Islam. This research analyzes the legal certainty aspect of traditional Mantir decisions in Bapalas. This research method is a field research method, and the approach is qualitative. What is very interesting is that this traditional Mantir can solve various civil and criminal problems. For criminal cases, several cases, such as fights and abuse, can also be resolved using the Bapalas method. The basis of this Dayak traditional institution is Central Kalimantan Province Regional Regulation Number 16 of 2008 concerning Dayak Traditional Institutions in Central Kalimantan.

Assessing the Longitudinal Associations Between Decision-Making Processes and Attention Problems in Early Adolescence.

Cognitive functions and psychopathology develop in parallel in childhood and adolescence, but the temporal dynamics of their associations are poorly understood. The present study sought to elucidate the intertwined development of decision-making processes and attention problems using longitudinal data from late childhood (9-10 years) to mid-adolescence (11-13 years) from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) Study (n = 8918). We utilised hierarchical drift-diffusion modelling of behavioural data from the stop-signal task, parent-reported attention problems from the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL), and multigroup univariate and bivariate latent change score models. The results showed faster drift rate was associated with lower levels of inattention at baseline, as well as a greater reduction of inattention over time. Moreover, baseline drift rate negatively predicted change in attention problems in females, and baseline attention problems negatively predicted change in drift rate. Neither response caution (decision threshold) nor encoding- and responding processes (non-decision time) were significantly associated with attention problems. There were no significant sex differences in the associations between decision-making processes and attention problems. The study supports previous findings of reduced evidence accumulation in attention problems and additionally shows that development of this aspect of decision-making plays a role in developmental changes in attention problems in youth.

Are correlations among behavioral decision making tasks moderated by simulated cognitive impairment?

Behavioral decision making tasks are common in research settings, with only the Iowa Gambling Task available for clinical assessments. However, correlations among these tasks are low, indicating each may assess a distinct component of decision making. In addition, it is unclear whether these tasks are sensitive to invalid performance or even simulated impairment. The present study examined relationships among decision making tasks and whether simulated impairment moderates the relationships among them. Across two studies (Study 1: n = 166, Study 2: n = 130), undergraduate student participants were asked to try their best or to simulate a specific diagnosis (Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder; Study 1), decision making impairment (Study 2), or general cognitive impairment (Study 2). They then completed a battery of tests including embedded and standalone performance validity tests (PVTs) and three behavioral decision making tasks. Across studies, participants simulating impairment were not distinguishable from controls on any of the behavioral tasks. Few significant correlations emerged among tasks across studies and the pattern of relationships between tasks did not differ on the basis of simulator or PVT failure status. Collectively, our findings suggest that these tasks may not be vulnerable to simulated cognitive impairment, and that the tasks measure largely non-overlapping aspects of decision making.

Clinical Engineering and health policies in Venezuela: challenges and achievements in a changing political context

This article summarizes the evolution of clinical engineering in Venezuela and its interaction with the political environment and health policies. Method: The study consists of a comprehensive review of publications from the Health Technologies Management Unit of Simón Bolívar University throughout 1992-2023, organized into three thematic areas: Technological and Environmental; Relationship with Public Health Policies; and Influence of the Political System. Conclusions: The early history of clinical engineering in Venezuela stands out for its impact on training and technological management to ensure quality and efficiency in the Venezuelan healthcare system. In the first area, it demonstrated the potential for improvement in medical technologies, generating high expectations. The second area focuses on the relationship between technologies and health policies, emphasizing the need to align public policies and technological management. However, challenges identified include the lack of evaluation and selection of appropriate medical technologies and political influence in acquisitions. The third area addresses political influence on the quality of medical care, emphasizing the importance of considering political and technological aspects in decision-making.

The Impact of Authorization on Strategic Decision Execution: The Mediating Role of Trust Variables Sample Survey of National Security Advisor Staff

This study typically aims to determine the role and impact of decentralization on the strategic decision-making execution process in national security advisors, and to diagnose and determine the relationship between these two variables, as it represents the variables of decentralization and trust (intermediate variables). Independent variables, while the execution of strategic decisions represents a dependent variable and draws a series of conclusions, the most prominent of which is that decentralization has the greatest impact on the execution of strategic decisions, indicating that leadership National security advisors trust their employees and empower them to make and execute strategic decisions, confirming that trust has a moral and positive impact on all aspects of strategic decision-making.

Exploring the Experiences of Black Men Through the Decision-Making Process in Secure Settings: A Qualitative Study

Research has highlighted Black African and African Caribbean individuals within the United Kingdom not being involved in key aspects of decision-making and having more negative experiences of inpatient provisions. The aim of the current study was to explore Black men’s experiences of decision-making processes within mental health inpatient provisions within the United Kingdom and their perceptions of these services. The study used Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis (IPA), and semi-structured interviews were conducted with 5 Black men aged 33–40 who had experiences of mental health inpatient provisions within the last 10 years and had now been discharged. Eight Group Experiential Themes (GETs) and 9 sub-themes were identified: the role of/significance of medication, family involvement in decision-making and compliance with treatment and concordance around treatment. Participants highlighted a lack of involvement in decisions around their care. Inpatient mental health provisions need to support Black men to be involved in shared decision-making and encourage collaborative involvement in decisions.