Aspects Of Validity Research Articles

Psychosocial risk factors identification in Mexican workers and RGIII validation.

Since 2018, NOM-035-STPS-2018 has been applied in Mexico, focused on measuring psychosocial risk factors (PRFs) in workers and the Reference Guide III (RGIII) has been presented, however, research focused on its validation has been scarce, in very specific sectors and with small samples. Determine the levels of PRFs of five work centers and reliability and validity aspects of RGIII. The RGIII was applied to 1458 workers (806 women and 652 men) from five workplace in the industrial sector of Ensenada (Mexico), and the level of risk of the PRFs was analyzed, as well as their reliability and validity through Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) and Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA). The PRFs with medium, high and very high-risk levels are Workload, Lack of control over work and Workday. The RGIII presents adequate reliability with Cronbach's α, Alpha ordinal RHO and Omega of 0.93, 0.95 and 0.95, respectively. The EFA shows all five subscales maintain factor loadings greater than 0.43, although Leadership and relationships at work has better saturation values, and Work environment ended with only three items. The CFA indicates Leadership and work relationships with a Root Mean Square Error of Approximation (RMSEA) goodness of fit index of 0.072. The RGIII allows the identification and evaluation of the level of risk of PRFs. It complies with sufficient internal consistency. It does not have a clear factorial structure, because it does not meet the minimum values of goodness-of-fit indexes that would allow confirming the structure proposed in RGIII.

Pengembangan Experiment Sheet Instalasi Penerangan Listrik Berbasis Problem Based Learning Kelas XI Jurusan TITL Di SMK Negeri 7 Surabaya

This research aims to produce a problem-based learning device for electrical lighting installation experiment sheet that is expected to provide solutions to teachers to improve student learning outcomes that are feasible to use. The feasibility refers to the aspects of validity, practicality, and effectiveness. This research method uses the Research and Development (R&D) method and for the development model used as a reference in this research, namely the 4-D model. Thiagarajan (1974: 5) states that there are four stages in the 4-D model, namely: (1) define which includes front-end-analysis (initial analysis), leaner analysis (learner analysis), task analysis (task analysis), concept analysis (concept analysis), and specifying instructional objectives (formulating learning objectives). (2) design, which includes the stages of contructing criterion-referenced tests, media selection, format selection, and initial design. (3) develope, which includes expert appraisal, and developmental testing. (4) disseminate which includes validating testing, packaging, and diffusion and adaptation which is the stage of product dissemination. The disseminate stage is carried out on a limited basis, namely by providing teaching materials developed to students in class XI TITL at SMK Negeri 7 Surabaya. The subjects of this study were students of class XI TITL 1 as a product trial, at SMK Negeri 7 Surabaya. This study uses a One-Group Pretest- Posttest Design research design to determine differences before and after in a group, by providing a treatment in the form of a problem-based learning-based electrical lighting installation experiment sheet, the achievement of student competence is obtained from whether there is an increase in grades before and after learning.

The Revised American Occupational Therapy Association Fieldwork Performance Evaluations: Evaluation of Internal Structure, Response Processes, and Precision-Part 2.

There is an evidence-based need to assess the validity and reliability/precision of the revised American Occupational Therapy Association's Fieldwork Performance Evaluation (FWPE) items for the occupational therapy student (OTS) and the occupational therapy assistant student (OTAS). To evaluate evidence of validity in relation to response processes, internal structure, and precision of the FWPEs. Cross-sectional study design. OTS and OTAS fieldwork practice settings, United States. Two hundred sixty-seven fieldwork educators participated in total, providing 228 OTS evaluations and 39 OTAS evaluations. A Rasch model was used to evaluate aspects of validity and precision. The rating scales provided evidence of the tools' overall validity. Thirty-two of 37 items on the FWPE for the OTS, and 27 of 31 items on the FWPE for the OTAS demonstrated acceptable fit, but the evidence of unidimensionality in the subscales and in the total scales was not fully supported. The total/reduced FWPE scales were able to separate students into at least four distinct groups of fieldwork performance. The relationships between the current and revised FWPEs indicate that the new scales measure different but related constructs of student fieldwork performance, compared with the current version. The findings support that the revised FWPEs for the OTS and OTAS demonstrate preliminary evidence of internal structure, response processes, and precision, supporting evidence-based practice in fieldwork evaluations. What This Article Adds: This article highlights evidence demonstrating the validity and precision of the revised American Occupational Therapy Association's Fieldwork Performance Evaluation items and supports academic and fieldwork settings for occupational therapy students and occupational therapy assistant students.

Applying Rasch analysis in refinement and validation of interpersonal skills measure for gifted children.

Interpersonal characteristics of gifted adolescents is important because of the potential influence on individuals' psychological health and future professional success. Understanding the interpersonal characteristics requires valid and reliable measures. This study attempted to explicitly describe the application of Rasch analysis in the validation and development process of an existing measure of interpersonal skills among gifted adolescent in Ohio. We extensively evaluated the psychometric properties of the 40-item scale measuring the interpersonal competence of adolescents among the gifted population in Ohio (N = 127) using Rasch analysis. Multiple aspects of reliability and validity were tested including dimensionality, rating scale functioning, and fit statistics. The internal consistency reliability of the scale was confirmed with an adequate fit to the Rasch model. However, the scale demonstrates relatively poor performance in terms of unidimensionality with our sample. Also, the rating scale categories were confusing given that our sample could not effectively distinguish some adjacent categories. Corresponding refinements have been made and the revised scale formed a meaningful linear progression with improved performance on unidimensionality, rating scale functioning, and fit statistics. The study provided evidence that the construct of interpersonal skills is measurable. Based upon the original Interpersonal Competence Questionnaires consists of 40 items, the author extracted and piloted a refined measure consisting of 31 items that performed a meaningful, theoretically consistent linear progression measure that could be used to measure the level of interpersonal skills of gifted children.

Evaluating evidence for the reliability and validity of lexical diversity indices in L2 oral task responses

AbstractAlthough lexical diversity is often used as a measure of productive proficiency (e.g., as an aspect of lexical complexity) in SLA studies involving oral tasks, relatively little research has been conducted to support the reliability and/or validity of these indices in spoken contexts. Furthermore, SLA researchers commonly use indices of lexical diversity such as Root TTR (Guiraud’s index) and D (vocd-D and HD-D) that have been preliminarily shown to lack reliability in spoken L2 contexts and/or have been consistently shown to lack reliability in written L2 contexts. In this study, we empirically evaluate lexical diversity indices with respect to two aspects of reliability (text-length independence and across-task stability) and one aspect of validity (relationship with proficiency scores). The results indicated that neither Root TTR nor D is reliable across different text lengths. However, support for the reliability and validity of optimized versions of MATTR and MTLD was found.

Interpretation and Use of a Workplace English Language Proficiency Test Score Report: Perspectives of TOEIC® Test Takers and Score Users in Taiwan

AbstractResearch in validity suggests that stakeholders' interpretation and use of test results should be an aspect of validity. Claims about the meaningfulness of test score interpretations and consequences of test use should be backed by evidence that stakeholders understand the definition of the construct assessed and the score report information. The current study explored stakeholders' uses and interpretations of the score report of a workplace English language proficiency test, the TOEIC® Listening and Reading (TOEIC L&R) test. Online surveys were administered to TOEIC L&R test takers and institutional and corporate score users in Taiwan to collect data about their uses and interpretations of the test score report. Eleven survey respondents participated in follow‐up interviews to further elaborate on their uses of the different score reporting information within the stakeholders' respective contexts. Results indicated that the participants used the TOEIC L&R test scores largely as intended by the test developer although some elements of the score report appeared to be less useful and could be confusing for stakeholders. Findings from this study highlight the importance of providing score reporting information with clarity and ease to enhance appropriate use and interpretation.

Validation of the work-ability support scale in individuals seeking to return to work after severe acquired brain injury

Purpose To assess the reliability and validity of the work-ability support scale (WSS) in a severe traumatic/acquired brain injury (TBI/ABI) population seeking to return to work (RTW). Materials and methods One hundred forty-four clients were enrolled in a vocational rehabilitation (VR) intervention trial through the Brain Injury Rehabilitation Program in New South Wales, Australia. Each client’s primary brain injury clinician and VR provider completed the WSS pre- and post-intervention. Validating measures assessing dysexecutive behavior, disability, participation, and work instability were completed. Several aspects of reliability and validity were evaluated. Results Internal consistency was excellent for Part A (Cronbach’s αs > 0.9) but unacceptably low to questionable for Part B (αs < 0.6). Inter-rater reliability between clinicians and VR providers was generally fair to moderate for Part A (κw < 0.6) and worse for Part B (κw < 0.5), with both slightly improving at post-intervention. Strong support was found for predictive and convergent validity, but not divergent validity. Confirmatory factor analysis indicated a poor fit for Part A, whereas most Part B fit indices met criteria. Conclusions The WSS can play a useful role in assessing return to work (RTW) potential, planning and evaluation after severe TBI/ABI. Training could improve consistency of administration among staff working across health and VR service sectors.

Predictive validity of the Oxford digital multiple errands test (OxMET) for functional outcomes after stroke

ABSTRACT The Oxford Digital Multiple Errands Test (OxMET) is a brief computer-tablet based cognitive screen, intended as an ecologically valid assessment of executive dysfunction. We examined aspects of predictive validity in relation to functional outcomes. Participants (≤ 2 months post-stroke) were recruited from an English-speaking stroke rehabilitation in-patient setting. Participants completed OxMET. The Barthel Index, Therapy Outcome Measure (TOMS), and modified Rankin Scale (mRS) were collected from medical notes. Participants were followed up after 6-months and completed the Nottingham Extended Activities of Daily Living (NEADL) scale. 117 participants were recruited (M = 26.18 days post-stroke (SD = 25.16), mean 74.44yrs (SD = 12.88), median NIHSS 8.32 (IQR = 5-11)). Sixty-six completed a follow-up (M = 73.94yrs (SD = 12.68), median NIHSS 8 (IQR = 4-11)). Significant associations were found between TOMS and mRS. At 6-month follow up, we found a moderate predictive relationship between the OxMET accuracy and NEADL (R2 = .29, p < .001), and we did not find this prediction with MoCA taken at 6-months. The subacute OxMET associated with measures of functionality and disability in a rehabilitation context, and in activities of daily living. The OxMET is an assessment of executive function with good predictive validity on clinically relevant functional outcome measures that may be more predictive than other cognitive tests.

Validity of Structured Assignment Sheet to Train Argumentation Skills on Buffer Solution

The purpose of this study was to produce structured task sheets to practice argumentation skills on buffer solution material. This research is a development research to produce products with the ADDIE development model which is limited to the design and development analysis stage. The developed structured assignment sheet contains enriched questions to practice argumentation skills on buffer solution material. The data obtained in this study is the feasibility of the validity aspect. The instruments used to obtain content and construct validity data were validation sheets assessed by three validators. Learning devices are declared to meet the validity criteria (based on content and construct) if they get a minimum rating mode (Mo) of 4 (valid) from the range 1 to 5 on a Likert scale. The results showed that according to the assessment component, both content and construct validity got an assessment mode (Mo) of 5 (very valid). The developed structured task sheets are declared valid to train argumentation skills.

The Swedish version of the STarT MSK Tool: cross-cultural adaption, test–retest reliability, and aspects of validity

BackgroundMusculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) are a common reason for seeking primary health care. The STarT Musculoskeletal (MSK) tool is designed to stratify patients suffering from MSDs to risk groups, based on prognostic factors.AimThe aim was to translate and cross-culturally adapt the STarT MSK tool in a Swedish primary health care context through testing of reliability and construct validity.MethodsWe included consecutive patients with MSDs seeking primary care (n = 99). The STarT MSK was translated using international recommendations. Construct validity was investigated by correlation analysis (Spearmans Rho) with the following reference instruments: the Örebro Musculoskeletal Pain Questionnaire (ÖMPQ), the EuroQol 5-dimension (EQ-5D) and the Musculoskeletal Health Questionnaire (MSKHQ). Reliability was tested using test–retest (Intra Class Correlation, ICC2.1) (n = 31). Known-groups validity was calculated with a difference of 10% between risk groups based on how the participants had answered.ResultsThe STarT MSK was successfully translated into Swedish. The participants were grouped into low risk (n = 28), medium risk (n = 60) and high risk (n = 11). The construct validity showed a moderate to high correlation with the ÖMPQ (r = .61), EQ-5D (r = .59) and MSK-HQ (r = .56). All separate items except item 2 and 9 correlated according to predefined hypotheses. Test–retest demonstrated an excellent reliability for the total score (ICC2.1 0.85) (n = 31). The STarT MSK tool was able to differentiate by 10% between the risk groups, based on how the participants had answered.ConclusionThe STarT MSK has been successfully translated and adapted into Swedish and shows acceptable measurement properties regarding test–retest reliability and aspects of validity and seems to be able to discriminate between the proposed risk groups. The tool can therefore be useful in a Swedish primary health care context. A future study needs to determine the tools predictive validity and to investigate if stratification to risk groups leads to a faster recovery and to lower health care costs.

Evaluating construct validity of computable acute respiratory distress syndrome definitions in adults hospitalized with COVID-19: an electronic health records based approach

BackgroundEvolving ARDS epidemiology and management during COVID-19 have prompted calls to reexamine the construct validity of Berlin criteria, which have been rarely evaluated in real-world data. We developed a Berlin ARDS definition (EHR-Berlin) computable in electronic health records (EHR) to (1) assess its construct validity, and (2) assess how expanding its criteria affected validity.MethodsWe performed a retrospective cohort study at two tertiary care hospitals with one EHR, among adults hospitalized with COVID-19 February 2020-March 2021. We assessed five candidate definitions for ARDS: the EHR-Berlin definition modeled on Berlin criteria, and four alternatives informed by recent proposals to expand criteria and include patients on high-flow oxygen (EHR-Alternative 1), relax imaging criteria (EHR-Alternatives 2–3), and extend timing windows (EHR-Alternative 4). We evaluated two aspects of construct validity for the EHR-Berlin definition: (1) criterion validity: agreement with manual ARDS classification by experts, available in 175 patients; (2) predictive validity: relationships with hospital mortality, assessed by Pearson r and by area under the receiver operating curve (AUROC). We assessed predictive validity and timing of identification of EHR-Berlin definition compared to alternative definitions.ResultsAmong 765 patients, mean (SD) age was 57 (18) years and 471 (62%) were male. The EHR-Berlin definition classified 171 (22%) patients as ARDS, which had high agreement with manual classification (kappa 0.85), and was associated with mortality (Pearson r = 0.39; AUROC 0.72, 95% CI 0.68, 0.77). In comparison, EHR-Alternative 1 classified 219 (29%) patients as ARDS, maintained similar relationships to mortality (r = 0.40; AUROC 0.74, 95% CI 0.70, 0.79, Delong test P = 0.14), and identified patients earlier in their hospitalization (median 13 vs. 15 h from admission, Wilcoxon signed-rank test P < 0.001). EHR-Alternative 3, which removed imaging criteria, had similar correlation (r = 0.41) but better discrimination for mortality (AUROC 0.76, 95% CI 0.72, 0.80; P = 0.036), and identified patients median 2 h (P < 0.001) from admission.ConclusionsThe EHR-Berlin definition can enable ARDS identification with high criterion validity, supporting large-scale study and surveillance. There are opportunities to expand the Berlin criteria that preserve predictive validity and facilitate earlier identification.

CREATION OF A COMPETENCE ASSESSMENT COMPLEX FOR STATE CIVIL AND MUNICIPAL EMPLOYEES: THE EXPERIENCE IN DEVELOPING DIAGNOSTIC SCALES

The review of various modern approaches to the assessment of professional and personal qualities of employees of organisations is carried out, the features of the assessment of these qualities in state civil and municipal employees are shown. The necessity of measuring competencies with the use of test tasks in the format of mini-cases is substantiated. The process of developing tasks for six diagnostic scales using expert opinion is described, various aspects of validity are investigated: validity of constructs, criteria and content. The process of completing tasks is shown, prospects for improving the diagnostic procedure based on adaptive testing algorithms are outlined.

Development of assessment for learning-oriented electronic student worksheets to improve student learning outcomes on acid-base titration material

This study aims to describe the feasibility of an Electronic Student Worksheet-oriented assessment for learning to improve the learning outcomes of class XI students of SMAN 1 Menganti Gresik, Indonesia, on acid-base titration material. The feasibility of the Electronic Student Worksheet developed is reviewed based on three aspects: validity, practicality, and effectiveness. This study used a Research and Development (R&amp;D) method development design that refers to the Borg and Gall research and development model. This research was limited to the limited trial stage. The little trial was conducted on 18 SMAN 1 Menganti Gresik students who had received acid-base titration material. The feasibility of the Electronic Student Worksheet was reviewed from the validity aspect obtained based on the assessment results by the validator, which consisted of two chemistry lecturers from FMIPA Surabaya State University and one chemistry teacher from SMAN 1 Menganti Gresik. Validation by experts related to content validity and construct validity obtained a mode of 5 with a highly valid category. Practicality in students' responses by getting a positive reaction of 97.22% with a very practical category and observation of students' activities as supporting data which obtained more excellent students' relevant activities with an average percentage at the first meeting and the second meeting of 95%. Effectiveness in terms of the results of students' cognitive learning tests which have increased with the percentage of students who get N-gain in high criteria by 11%, while the percentage of students who get N-gain in medium criteria is 83%, and the percentage of students who get N-gain in low criteria is 6%. In the second meeting, the rate of students who got N-gain in high criteria increased by 89%, while the percentage of students who got N-gain in moderate criteria was 11%.

Validity of Coffee Cocoa Local Wisdom-Based Digital Modules In Senior High School

This study aims to analyze the validity aspects of a digital module based on the local wisdom of cocoa coffee that has been developed. The research method used is the R and D (Research and Development) research method with the Four-D development model (Define, Design, Develop, Disseminate). In the 4D development stage, in the Develop section, module development and validation activities are carried out by three media and material experts. The data collection technique used a validation questionnaire. The data analysis technique used descriptive analysis. The validation results for each aspect are 86.06% construct validation, 91.11% content validation, and 87.78% language validation, and these three aspects are in the very good category. The overall validation results show that the digital module based on local wisdom of cocoa coffee reaches a validity score of 88.32% which is in the very good category and is feasible to use. Thus, it can be concluded that the digital module based on the local wisdom of cocoa coffee can then be used in the physics learning process in high school as an alternative solution for innovative learning resources based on local wisdom.

Development of Microlearning-Oriented Explainer Videos on Robotics Learning in Higher Education

The digital era triggers innovation in the learning process where currently, students prefer to find and learn learning resources through the internet/online technology. Microlearning-oriented explainer video media is one solution to accommodate changes in the current way of learning. This research aims to develop and implement microlearning-oriented explainer videos in robotics courses in higher education on a limited scale. The research used the Plomp development model to create explainer videos. The resulting explainer video media is tested for validity, practicality, and effectiveness. The results revealed that the explainer video media that had been developed got excellent results in the aspects of validity and practicality, while the results of testing the effectiveness of the media in the classroom and tested statistically that there were differences in learning achievement between before and after using explainer video media in robotics learning materials. Increased learning achievement of robotics learning materials is evidence of increased student activity and enthusiasm in learning so that learning outcomes can be fulfilled.

The educational and parenting test for home-based childcare: a socially valid self-rating instrument

IntroductionHome-based childcare is increasingly becoming the focus of research, policy and public interest. Self-assessment of quality can increase the social validity of quality improvement efforts among stakeholders. A new online self-assessment tool for parents and non-relative providers of home-based childcare is introduced that has been developed in Germany, the Educational and Parenting Test for Home-Based Childcare (EPT; in German: ‚Bildungs- und Erziehungstest für TagesElternBetreuung BET‘).MethodsIn two studies, the social validity of the EPT was investigated: a stakeholder study with 45 parents and 12 non-relative caregivers, and an expert study with nine experts of child pedagogy. The stakeholders rated the EPT survey (N = 57) and the subsequent report of test results (n = 22). The experts evaluated the survey and the feedback report based on vignettes of three fictitious test results (i.e., below average, average, and above average quality). Criteria included face validity, measurement quality, controllability (i.e., comprehensiveness), freedom of response, freedom of pressure, counseling quality, usefulness, control of bias, and privacy protection.ResultsMost aspects of social validity achieved good to very good ratings. All three samples graded the EPT survey as “good.” If the stakeholders felt that their educational quality was undervalued, they rated the report of test results worse (rs(20) = 0.52, p = 0.02). Five of seven experts would recommend the EPT to others.DiscussionBased on participants’ comments, the instrument was thoroughly revised. The EPT is a socially valid instrument for assessing and developing quality in home-based childcare.

Development and Validation of a Prediction Model of the Risk of Pneumonia in Patients with SARS-CoV-2 Infection.

To establish a prediction model of pneumonia risk in SARS-CoV-2-infected patients to reduce unnecessary chest CT scans. The model was constructed based on a retrospective cohort study. We selected SARS-CoV-2 test-positive patients and collected their clinical data and chest CT images from the outpatient and emergency departments of Hunan Provincial People's Hospital, China. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression and least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) regression were utilized to identify predictors of pneumonia risk for patients infected with SARS-CoV-2. These predictors were then incorporated into a nomogram to establish the model. To ensure its performance, the model was evaluated from the aspects of discrimination, calibration, and clinical validity. In addition, a smoothed curve was fitted using a generalized additive model (GAM) to explore the association between the pneumonia grade and the model's predicted probability of pneumonia. We selected 299 SARS-CoV-2 test-positive patients, of whom 205 cases were in the training cohort and 94 cases were in the validation cohort. Age, CRP natural log-transformed value (InCRP), and monocyte percentage (%Mon) were found to be valid predictors of pneumonia risk. This predictive model achieved good discrimination of AUC in the training and validation cohorts which was 0.7820 (95% CI: 0.7254-0.8439) and 0.8432 (95% CI: 0.7588-0.9151), respectively. At the cut-off value of 0.5, it had a sensitivity and specificity of 70.75% and 66.33% in the training cohort and 76.09% and 73.91% in the validation cohort, respectively. With suitable calibration accuracy shown in calibration curves, decision curve analysis indicated high clinical value in predicting pneumonia probability in SARS-CoV-2-infected patients. The probability of pneumonia predicted by the model was positively correlated with the actual pneumonia classification. This study has developed a pneumonia risk prediction model that can be utilized for diagnostic purposes in predicting the probability of pneumonia in patients infected with SARS-CoV-2.

Advances in Clinical Voice Quality Analysis with VOXplot.

The assessment of voice quality can be evaluated perceptually with standard clinical practice, also including acoustic evaluation of digital voice recordings to validate and further interpret perceptual judgments. The goal of the present study was to determine the strongest acoustic voice quality parameters for perceived hoarseness and breathiness when analyzing the sustained vowel [a:] using a new clinical acoustic tool, the VOXplot software. A total of 218 voice samples of individuals with and without voice disorders were applied to perceptual and acoustic analyses. Overall, 13 single acoustic parameters were included to determine validity aspects in relation to perceptions of hoarseness and breathiness. Four single acoustic measures could be clearly associated with perceptions of hoarseness or breathiness. For hoarseness, the harmonics-to-noise ratio (HNR) and pitch perturbation quotient with a smoothing factor of five periods (PPQ5), and, for breathiness, the smoothed cepstral peak prominence (CPPS) and the glottal-to-noise excitation ratio (GNE) were shown to be highly valid, with a significant difference being demonstrated for each of the other perceptual voice quality aspects. Two acoustic measures, the HNR and the PPQ5, were both strongly associated with perceptions of hoarseness and were able to discriminate hoarseness from breathiness with good confidence. Two other acoustic measures, the CPPS and the GNE, were both strongly associated with perceptions of breathiness and were able to discriminate breathiness from hoarseness with good confidence.

Bootstrap Exploratory Graph Analysis of the WISC-V with a Clinical Sample.

One important aspect of construct validity is structural validity. Structural validity refers to the degree to which scores of a psychological test are a reflection of the dimensionality of the construct being measured. A factor analysis, which assumes that unobserved latent variables are responsible for the covariation among observed test scores, has traditionally been employed to provide structural validity evidence. Factor analytic studies have variously suggested either four or five dimensions for the WISC-V and it is unlikely that any new factor analytic study will resolve this dimensional dilemma. Unlike a factor analysis, an exploratory graph analysis (EGA) does not assume a common latent cause of covariances between test scores. Rather, an EGA identifies dimensions by locating strongly connected sets of scores that form coherent sub-networks within the overall network. Accordingly, the present study employed a bootstrap EGA technique to investigate the structure of the 10 WISC-V primary subtests using a large clinical sample (N = 7149) with a mean age of 10.7 years and a standard deviation of 2.8 years. The resulting structure was composed of four sub-networks that paralleled the first-order factor structure reported in many studies where the fluid reasoning and visual-spatial dimensions merged into a single dimension. These results suggest that discrepant construct and scoring structures exist for the WISC-V that potentially raise serious concerns about the test interpretations of psychologists who employ the test structure preferred by the publisher.

Al-Muhtawâ al-Ma’rifi wa ats-Tsaqâfi fî Kitâb Ta’lîm Al-Lughah Al-‘Arabiyyah li Wizârah Asy-Syuûn Ad-Dîniyyah ‘âm 2020

This research aims to reveal the appropriateness of the cognitive and cultural content of the Arabic language teaching book (third intermediate grade) of the Ministry of Religious Affairs in 2020 in light of Al-Khuuli's standards. The method used is the descriptive analytical approach with the qualitative approach through the content analysis method. To analyze the data, the researcher used the Mils-Hubermann model, which consists of four steps: data collection is done through documents, their classification, presentation and conclusion. The knowledge and cultural content of the Arabic language teachingbook (third intermediate grade) of the Ministry of Religious Affairs in 2020 in general is commensurate with the standards of Al-Khouli, in order to adapt the content to the age and level of knowledge of the learners, and to take into account their values with the diversity of the content, and to include the desired culture, and the realism of the content with its health is useful for learners and satisfies their needs, but some shortcomings were found with regard to aspects of values, culture and content validity.