Translational Aspects Research Articles

Inquiry into the challenges of translating idioms extracted from musical lyrics

Translation has always been described as an age-long activity that impacts the communication between speakers of different languages. An aspect of translation that has remained evasive is the translation of idioms, mainly idioms that are tied to contextual peculiarities. Generally, idioms have enabled language users to transmit ideas that mirror how they think and their perspectives on specific scenarios. Translation also represents a time-honored practice of presenting content initially written in one language in another. Idiom translation is a specialized field since it calls for in-depth familiarity with various cultural notions in the target language and the source language. This research considered several factors crucial in translating idiomatic expressions extracted from musical lyrics. The focus was to explicate the challenges faced by translators in reproducing the meanings of idioms in musical contexts in one language into another without distorting or entirely omitting the intended meanings of the idioms when translated into the target language. The study critically examined the challenge of adopting appropriate technique or strategy, the challenge of encapsulating the internal semantic compositions of the idioms, the challenge of transmitting the social, cultural, stylistic, and contextual projections of the idioms, and the challenge of generating connecting expressions in the target language to match the disintegrated nature of musical lyrics. The result of the study further expounds on the importance of the in-depth knowledge of the translator, both in the two languages and like language use in music. Translators also need to explore diverging methodological approaches and employ diverging techniques when translating idioms in musical lyrics. The study further recommended using self-generated techniques and conceptual alignment to produce suitable equivalents of idioms extracted from musical lyrics in the target language.

Growth-dependent Gene Expression Variation Influences the Strength of Codon Usage Biases.

The most highly expressed genes in microbial genomes tend to use a limited set of synonymous codons, often referred to as "preferred codons." The existence of preferred codons is commonly attributed to selection pressures on various aspects of protein translation including accuracy and/or speed. However, gene expression is condition-dependent and even within single-celled organisms transcript and protein abundances can vary depending on a variety of environmental and other factors. Here, we show that growth rate-dependent expression variation is an important constraint that significantly influences the evolution of gene sequences. Using large-scale transcriptomic and proteomic data sets in Escherichia coli and Saccharomyces cerevisiae, we confirm that codon usage biases are strongly associated with gene expression but highlight that this relationship is most pronounced when gene expression measurements are taken during rapid growth conditions. Specifically, genes whose relative expression increases during periods of rapid growth have stronger codon usage biases than comparably expressed genes whose expression decreases during rapid growth conditions. These findings highlight that gene expression measured in any particular condition tells only part of the story regarding the forces shaping the evolution of microbial gene sequences. More generally, our results imply that microbial physiology during rapid growth is critical for explaining long-term translational constraints.

Constructing the literary translator as a brand

Abstract Recent attention to the human aspects of translation and translators (e.g., Pym 2009; Kaindl et al. 2021) has resulted in a possible “human turn” (Bergantino 2022, 7) in translation studies, which brings new questions and avenues for researchers working in the subdomain of translator studies. Against this backdrop, this article first constructs the concept of ‘the translator’s brand’ for investigating the evolution of literary translators into prominent status. It then outlines a three-level framework of brand-building to analyse the personal development of individual literary translators. Combining the transferrable points from the brand-related literature with the Bourdieusian sociology of cultural production, it argues that the formation of a literary translator’s brand can be analysed from intra-field (brand input), inter-field (brand investment) and inter-cultural (brand reception) levels. Lastly, the application of this methodological framework is demonstrated in a case study of a prominent Chinese-English literary translator in science fiction, Ken Liu, in the twenty-first century.

Training Health Policy Researchers on Policy Engagement and Research Translation for Greater Impact: Evaluation of the Amplify@LDI Program.

Few researchers receive formal training in research translation and dissemination or policy engagement. We created Amplify@LDI, a training program for health services and health policy researchers, to equip them with skills to increase the visibility of their research through translation and dissemination activities. To describe the program's participants and curriculum, and evaluate the first 2years of the program. The Leonard Davis Institute (LDI) at the University of Pennsylvania (Penn). An annual cohort of 12 LDI Senior Fellows (Penn faculty) from multiple schools, disciplines, and ranks at Penn. The Amplify@LDI curriculum includes 6 sessions on different aspects of research translation and dissemination, including media and social engagement, writing Op-Eds, and policy engagement. Participants reported measurable increases in time spent on translation and dissemination activities, as well as new enthusiasm for and confidence in policy engagement. Participants' reach (as measured by Altmetric) increased during the program, compared to smaller increases or reductions in reach for two comparator groups. In our preliminary evaluation of Amplify@LDI, we find strong evidence of positive impact from participant evaluations, and suggestive evidence that participation in the program is associated with significant increases in the reach of their research.

Maximizing Training and Mentorship in Sex as a Biological Variable Research Across Different Brain-Body Disorders.

The Specialized Center of Research Excellence (SCORE) on sex differences at University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) has a long track record studying bidirectional interactions between different organs and the brain in health and disease with a strong focus on sex as a biological variable (SABV). While the initial focus was on brain-gut interactions in irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), one of the most common disorders of gut-brain interaction, the scope of our Center's research has expanded to a range of different diseases, including inflammatory bowel disease, alcohol use disorder, obesity, urological chronic pelvic pain syndrome, and vulvodynia. This expansion of research focused on the role of brain-body and brain-gut microbiome interactions in these various disorders, aligning well with the increasing importance of multidisciplinary and interdisciplinary team science. The SCORE's Career Enhancement Core (CEC) has modeled team science as applied to SABV research, with educational and training opportunities, a mentoring program, seed grant funding, and other career development experiences that enable mentees to work across the disciplines involved in brain body research. The CEC goals are: (1) To provide seed grant funds for innovative research relevant to the overall SCORE mission and research program; (2) to recruit and foster the career development of students, trainees, and junior investigators who conduct research focused on sex differences or women's health in IBS and chronic constipation and other brain-gut disorders; (3) to facilitate and promote collaboration between the UCLA SCORE and other academic programs involved in women's health education and research; and (4) to promote the importance of SABV through community outreach using collaborative and innovative approaches. These goals focus on establishing the leading research center in sex differences in basic, translational, and clinical aspects of brain-body interactions and on providing women and underrepresented individuals with research opportunities needed to become independent investigators.

Clinical Significance of Clonal Hematopoiesis

Clonal hematopoiesis (CH) is associated with somatic mutations of the hematopoietic stem cells responsible for red blood cell formation. The incidence of CH increases with age and negative environmental factors. It is particularly common in patients on chemotherapy, and is associated with a greater than 10-fold increased risk for hematological malignancy. It also increases the risk for cardiovascular disease. Despite recent advances in molecular and genetic research, the clinical and translational aspects of disease require more attention. However, as data accumulate, prevention of disease onset and progression will improve.

Clinical trials of neoadjuvant immune checkpoint inhibitors for early-stage operable colon and rectal cancer.

Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) have become first-line treatment for metastatic colorectal cancer (CRC) with deficient mismatch repair (dMMR). Despite the remarkable response reported in preliminary trials, the role of ICI in patients with early-stage, operable CRC remains unclear. The aim of this study was to investigate trials on neoadjuvant ICI in operable CRC. Scoping review of clinical trial registries (Clinicaltrials.gov and EU clinical trial registers) and PubMed/Medline database of trials on neoadjuvant ICI for operable CRC was done up to December 2022. Some 40 trials investigating neoadjuvant ICI for early-stage, operable CRC were identified, including five published trials and three conference abstracts. Preclinical phase I/II trial predominated with only three clinical phase III trials. Few trials investigated neoadjuvant ICI as the only intervention (monotherapy). Trials in rectal cancer were designed for combined ICI with chemo(radio)therapy, only 8 trials stating an MSI/dMMR status for inclusion, one designed for MSS/pMMR only and, the rest agnostic for MMR status. Thirty-eight (95%) trials investigated programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) or programmed cell death ligand 1 (PD-L1) inhibitors. PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors were combined with vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) inhibitor or with cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein-4 (CTLA-4) inhibitor, in two trials each, respectively. Pathological complete response as primary outcome after surgery was the most frequently used study endpoint. In rectal cancer, six trials included a "watch and wait" strategy for patients with complete clinical response. No "watch and wait" study design for colon cancer after neoadjuvant ICI were identified. High response rates from neoadjuvant ICI in early-stage colon and rectal cancer are reported in phase I/II studies. Contemporary trial designs are heterogeneous, with few comparable inclusion criteria, use of several drug combinations and durations and, wide variation of endpoints reported. Harmonizing clinical and translational aspects including survival data is needed for improved future trial designs with clinical impact.

Neuroscience and Translation

In the past decades, researchers have established various theories and approaches to explore the nature of translation, this “most complex type of event yet produced in the evolution of the cosmos” (Richard, 1953:250). Especially since the inception of Translation Studies as an academic discipline in the 1970s, translation scholars have drawn extensively on tools, concepts, and theories from other disciplines, such as sociology, anthropology, psychology, and biology in their efforts to explore the many facets of translation and interpreting. Now, neuroscience came to the fore. As the study of the nervous system, the task of neuroscience is to understand brain processes— how we perceive, act, learn, and remember – and explain behavior in terms of brain activities (Kandel et al., 2012, pp. 3-5). For decades, neuroscientists have explored human language and have produced remarkable studies on language development and learning. Yet the findings on how the brain handles language processing are still primarily based on monolinguals. The mental process of multilingual people and many other aspects of the transfer between different languages remain largely unsettled. This inspired Maria Tymoczko to explore the neurological mechanisms involved in translating, a field that she dubs as one of the “known unknowns” in translation studies (Tymoczko, 2012) and believes will fundamentally influence the way translation is thought about and ultimately illuminate many aspects of translation, including the “black box” of the individual translator.

English Past Progressive Aspect in Arabic Translation: Theoretical and Textual Considerations

This paper deals with the translation of the English past progressive into Arabic by examining both theoretical and textual considerations. First, it shows how the English aspect formally corresponds to the auxiliary verb كان ‘was’ plus the simple present (SP) form or the active particle (AP) form. Second, it is argued that the choice between the SP and the AP is subject to several grammatical and semantic constraints on Arabic verbs: [+/- transitive], [+/- telic], [+/- completed], and [+/- manner of motion]. Third, the textual data (70 examples) drawn from two existing translations indicates that many translation procedures are employed to render the English past progressive, mainly including the past simple (48.57%), present simple (22.85%), formal correspondence (18.57%), and lexicalizing (7.14%). Finally, the qualitative analysis reveals that the progressiveness, emphasis, and dramatization that the English past progressive aspect may communicate are seriously compromised in Arabic translation. While there may be cases where some mismatches between English and Arabic verbs exist in terms of progressiveness which may call for the use of past simple or lexicalizing, the formal correspondence procedure is claimed to be the most valid and appropriate for capturing the functions of the English past progressive.

Network Translation Criticism Model from the Perspective of Communication Studies

In this era of the Internet, criticism of network translation is rising gradually. The criticism of network translation is not only a communication tool, but also closely related to all aspects of translation. This paper takes Chinese-English Dictionary of Chengdu 2021 FISU World University Games Publicsigns as an example, combined with the characteristics of network communication, studies a series of discussions on the network before and after its publication, and analyzes Chinese-English Dictionary of Chengdu 2021 FISU World University Games Publicsigns. This paper discusses the characteristics and methods of the translation of public signs from Chinese to English, the great role of the network translation criticism mode in translation and the enlightenment it brings to the development of Chinese culture.

Biology and therapeutic targeting of vascular endothelial growth factor A.

The formation of new blood vessels, called angiogenesis, is an essential pathophysiological process in which several families of regulators have been implicated. Among these, vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGFA;also known asVEGF) and its two tyrosine kinase receptors, VEGFR1 and VEGFR2, represent a key signalling pathway mediating physiological angiogenesis and are also major therapeutic targets. VEGFA is a member of the gene family that includes VEGFB, VEGFC, VEGFD and placental growth factor (PLGF). Three decades after its initial isolation and cloning, VEGFA is arguably the most extensively investigated signalling system in angiogenesis. Although many mediators of angiogenesis have been identified, including members of the FGF family, angiopoietins, TGFβ and sphingosine 1-phosphate, all current FDA-approved anti-angiogenic drugs target the VEGF pathway. Anti-VEGF agents are widely used in oncology and, in combination with chemotherapy or immunotherapy, are now the standard of care in multiple malignancies. Anti-VEGF drugs have also revolutionized the treatment of neovascular eye disorders such as age-related macular degeneration and ischaemic retinal disorders. In this Review, we emphasize the molecular, structural and cellular basis of VEGFA action as well as recent findings illustrating unexpected interactions with other pathways and provocative reports on the role of VEGFA in regenerative medicine. We also discuss clinical and translational aspects of VEGFA. Given the crucial role that VEGFA plays in regulating angiogenesis in health and disease, this molecule is largely the focus of this Review.

The Equivalence Problems Produced by Machine Translation on A Literary Text: A Study on The Indonesian Translation of Harry Potter: The Order of Phoenix

Google Translate (GT) is a machine translator (MT) this is powered by neural machine technology (NMT) which can produce generally fluent textual translation in more than 100 languages with 60% accuracy. Studies have been done to measure GT ability in translating texts and the quality of its translation products. The results showed that GT’s products are generally satisfying but they have inadequacies at some level of translation aspects. This study aims at finding the problems of equivalence that resulted from the process translating a Harry Potter novel, a literary work that is rich with cultural words and complex sentences, using GT from the English language into the Indonesian language. Using a descriptive qualitative method, the current study examines the problem of equivalence based on Mona Baker’s theory to categorize the translation errors found in the GT output text. This study showed that literary texts are still problematic for GT in terms of words that two languages do not share and sentences that contain several points of view. This paper suggest that GT has to update its database of Indonesian lexicons and any MT output has to go post-editing process in order to ensure its readability and naturalness to its target readers. The implication of this study emphasizes the need to concentrate on translation training programs in the post-editing work.

QUEST FOR THE TRUTH IN TRANSLATION: TO THE ONTOLOGICAL FUNDAMENTALS OF ANALYSIS IN TRANSLATION

The paper presents an attempt to explain the phenomenon of correspondence in translation through the notion of truth. The truth of translation is conceived as a complex category that manifests itself through a system of functional oppositions. The central object of this study, contrastively combining all the aspects of translation, is transformation. The paper stands against a unilateral structural linguistic view on the phenomenon of transformation, considering transformation as an interpretative means of translation combining invariable and variable sides. The paper equates transformation to interpretation in translation. In translation the interpretation is represented by transformation. Constructively any interpretation unfolds from its invariable side to its variable side. In the usual scenario of communication, interpretation represents a transition from the linguistic form to the sense where the sense is variable representing a common field of understanding shared between communicants. In translation, the sense is the invariable side; consequently, the interpretation unfolds from the sense to the linguistic form. The link between the invariable and variable sides in translation is treated in terms of inductive logic. The equivalence is seen through the category of transitivity (a potential substitutability of semantic elements on the basis of the same sense). The truth of translation is a binary category with the sense being its foundation and the referential semantic side being its boundary where semantic variability up to some limits is supposed. The interrelationship between the boundary and the foundation of the truth is the matter of analytical work of interpreter. The truth of translation is subject to the logical verification and falsification procedures. The logical procedures precede the translation forming the base of the subsequent decision the interpreter takes to choose an equivalent. The paper deals also with the function of style, sociocultural and figurative nuances in translation. From this perspective, categories of foreignization and domestication in their functional interconnection are taken into consideration. Their interconnection means that one category may result from the other. The paper presents a number of examples of English-Russian and Portuguese-Russian translation. The paper may be of interest to specialists in translation studies, contrastive linguistics and general linguistics.

Application of a Comprehensive Evaluation Framework to COVID-19 Studies: Systematic Review of Translational Aspects of Artificial Intelligence in Health Care.

Despite immense progress in artificial intelligence (AI) models, there has been limited deployment in health care environments. The gap between potential and actual AI applications is likely due to the lack of translatability between controlled research environments (where these models are developed) and clinical environments for which the AI tools are ultimately intended. We previously developed the Translational Evaluation of Healthcare AI (TEHAI) framework to assess the translational value of AI models and to support successful transition to health care environments. In this study, we applied the TEHAI framework to the COVID-19 literature in order to assess how well translational topics are covered. A systematic literature search for COVID-19 AI studies published between December 2019 and December 2020 resulted in 3830 records. A subset of 102 (2.7%) papers that passed the inclusion criteria was sampled for full review. The papers were assessed for translational value and descriptive data collected by 9 reviewers (each study was assessed by 2 reviewers). Evaluation scores and extracted data were compared by a third reviewer for resolution of discrepancies. The review process was conducted on the Covidence software platform. We observed a significant trend for studies to attain high scores for technical capability but low scores for the areas essential for clinical translatability. Specific questions regarding external model validation, safety, nonmaleficence, and service adoption received failed scores in most studies. Using TEHAI, we identified notable gaps in how well translational topics of AI models are covered in the COVID-19 clinical sphere. These gaps in areas crucial for clinical translatability could, and should, be considered already at the model development stage to increase translatability into real COVID-19 health care environments.

School principals as translators – examining Swedish school principals’ translations of the standards-based curriculum

ABSTRACT This study takes the policy idea of the standards-based curriculum as a point of departure. Drawing on discursive institutionalism and pragmatic institutionalism, the study’s purpose is to critically examine school principals empirically as translators, enacting Sweden’s standards-based curriculum into local schools’ practices. The data were collected through interviews with principals from four compulsory schools in different geographical regions of Sweden, selected through purposive sampling. Røvik’s ‘translator competence’ framework and Schmidt’s ‘sentient agents’ framework were used as analytical tools. In the empirical material, examples of school principals as knowledgeable, creative, patient and strong translators were identified, interpreted as their ‘background ideational abilities’. Discourses on ‘foreground ideational abilities’ also were identified in the principals’ experiences as translators through their critical and deliberative reflections on the standards-based curriculum. By integrating discursive institutionalism and pragmatic institutionalism into the study, ideas and discourse, as well as agency and contextual and normative experiences, were interpreted as important aspects of policy translation. This provided opportunities for a broader understanding of school principals’ translations of the standards-based curriculum, which hopefully also can help develop the theoretical and methodological discursive institutional approach within education research.

PBRM1 mutations might render a subtype of biliary tract cancers sensitive to drugs targeting the DNA damage repair system

Polybromo-1 (PBRM1) loss of function mutations are present in a fraction of biliary tract cancers (BTCs). PBRM1, a subunit of the PBAF chromatin-remodeling complex, is involved in DNA damage repair. Herein, we aimed to decipher the molecular landscape of PBRM1 mutated (mut) BTCs and to define potential translational aspects. Totally, 1848 BTC samples were analyzed using next-generation DNA-sequencing and immunohistochemistry (Caris Life Sciences, Phoenix, AZ). siRNA-mediated knockdown of PBRM1 was performed in the BTC cell line EGI1 to assess the therapeutic vulnerabilities of ATR and PARP inhibitors in vitro. PBRM1 mutations were identified in 8.1% (n = 150) of BTCs and were more prevalent in intrahepatic BTCs (9.9%) compared to gallbladder cancers (6.0%) or extrahepatic BTCs (4.5%). Higher rates of co-mutations in chromatin-remodeling genes (e.g., ARID1A 31% vs. 16%) and DNA damage repair genes (e.g., ATRX 4.4% vs. 0.3%) were detected in PBRM1-mutated (mut) vs. PBRM1-wildtype (wt) BTCs. No difference in real-world overall survival was observed between PBRM1-mut and PBRM1-wt patients (HR 1.043, 95% CI 0.821–1.325, p = 0.731). In vitro, experiments suggested that PARP ± ATR inhibitors induce synthetic lethality in the PBRM1 knockdown BTC model. Our findings served as the scientific rationale for PARP inhibition in a heavily pretreated PBRM1-mut BTC patient, which induced disease control. This study represents the largest and most extensive molecular profiling study of PBRM1-mut BTCs, which in vitro sensitizes to DNA damage repair inhibiting compounds. Our findings might serve as a rationale for future testing of PARP/ATR inhibitors in PBRM1-mut BTCs.

The Composer's Interpretation of yhe State Anthem of Ukraine in the Works of Ukrainian Composers

The article explores various aspects of The anthem of Ukraine as an expression of the national pride and unity, unveiling its role in shaping the national consciousness, the dedication to the national heritage, and Ukrainian mentality.
 By analyzing the state anthem as a national symbol, the article examines its significance and role in Ukrainian identity. The anthem is defined as a musical composition that commemorates socially significant events and becomes the country's brand and national symbol.
 The article pays particular attention to the contemporary use of the anthem in Ukrainian society. It notes that the anthem's sound has become emotionally significant for citizens and is an everyday element of their patriotism. This symbol serves as an expression of national unity and contributes to the preservation and strengthening of national self-awareness.
 The author also analyzes various interpretations of the anthem in the works of Ukrainian artists. Specifically, the influence of the vocal piece "Shche ne vmerla Ukraina" on the creation of Ukraine's national anthem and its translational aspects are examined. The primary focus is on the investigation of the Yuri Shevchenko's work "My Ye!" The article delves into Shevchenko's version of the anthem created as a paraphrase, altering its genre and lexical intonational component. The analysis assesses the level of the individual authorial contribution and the composer's interpretation in the musical text. It establishes the main features of the paraphrase genre and sheds light on the content of the original source "My Ye!" in the context of its historical creation and acquisition of significance as a state symbol.
 Considering the importance of musical translation, the article emphasizes its creative nature by analyzing the typological peculiarities of the original and its embodiment in the new versions. It highlights that the translation takes into account intonational, genre, and stylistic changes, enriching the imagery and thematic content.
 In the conclusion, the article underscores the significance of the national anthem as a symbol of national unity and patriotic sentiments, laying the foundation for the national self-identification and the development of Ukrainian society.

L’écriture comme métaphore de la traduction dans le champ littéraire algérien

Writing as a Metaphor for Translation in the Algerian Literary Field
 This article seeks to explore the translation paradigm in the production of Algerian novels. It is not about considering translation from the usual and traditional categories that tend to approach it from the perspective of a dichotomous relationship between " source language" and "target language". In the context of Maghrebian and, in particular, Algerian literary creation, the act of translation does not relate to issues of comparison between the original and its translation(s). Instead, this paper will attempt to account for “writing” as a translation that does not have an original work as a reference. We, therefore, intend to present some of Mohammed Dib's most interesting texts in the contemporary Algerian literary field to better understand this phenomenon. We will particularly insist on ‘Neiges de Marbre’ and ‘L'Arbres à Dires’. Based on the premise that the theories of reception mainly focus on the modalities of reading, setting aside the implication of a translation process, and that, on the other hand, the theories of translation give very little interest to the creative aspect of translation, it seems important to us to dig into / go through / contrast and correlate/ throw light on the different approaches and perspectives, to reach a better understanding of the specific role of translation in the creation and reading of the Maghrebian text and, above all, of its importance in the redefinition of the poetics, symbolic and ideological aspects of the text. This being so, one cannot forget - let alone minimize - the anthropo-historical and poetic depth of the Algerian (and more generally Maghrebian) literary adventure. In fact, as previously mentioned, the crossbreeding of languages and imaginaries is a process that goes back very deep into the collective history of North African communities. Given this essential dimension, it can be said that Algerian literatures illustrate, in a particularly original way, a set of phenomena common to all artistic creation, whatever the cultural area or epoch. In a way or another, for the writer, it has always been about creating a new language (one’s “own language”) from and within the one(s) in which he/she has been shaped since childhood.

The Jakobson controversy: toward an understanding of the glottocentric drift in translation studies

ABSTRACT Kobus Marais identified Roman Jakobson as a key figure behind the glottocentric drift in translation studies. A re-reading of Jakobson’s “On Linguistic Aspects of Translation” is useful in understanding this drift. But it also sheds light on Marais’s own reserve about chances to counter glottocentrism. Jakobson placed interlingual translation at the centre, but he also took steps to displace it. Consequently, Jakobson’s argument may be read as open, tangential, and processual, admitting paradoxes despite the prevailing exigencies of non-contradiction. A little known eighteenth-century Polish statement on language and translation may be used to argue that translation scholarship today should explore its bio-semiotic structures. The (bio)semiotic theory of translation may need to present itself as a bio-semiotic commitment to translation studies in order to counter the analytic, metaphor-averse pull of scholarship from reverting bio-semiotic thought toward glottocentrism promoted by academic publishing and disciplinary rivalries.

MODULATION PROCEDURE ON TABOO IN ME AND EARL AND THE DYING GIRL

This study discusses the translation procedure of taboo words and the acceptability aspects of translation in the Indonesian translation novel Me and Earl and the Dying Girl. This study applied a descriptive-qualitative approach using Vinay Darbelnet’s modulation theory and Nababan’s acceptability concept. As a result, 92 translation procedures of unfindable words, 30 fixed modulations, and 62 free modulations were found. Those 92 taboo words were classified into Jay’s classification of taboo terms, which consisted of 22 data on sexual reference, 11 data on profane, 7 data on scatological referents, 7 data on animal names, 10 data on ethnic-racial-gender slurs, 4 data on insulting references, 5 data on ancestral allusions, 2 data on substandard vulgar items, and 24 data on offensive slang. For the acceptability analysis, this study took eighteen samples from Jay's nine types of taboo terms to be rated by the respondents. The respondents were final-year English Literature Department students of UIN Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta. The results showed that the translation results tended to be acceptable.