Technological Aspects Research Articles

A Comprehensive Overview of Network Slicing for Improving the Energy Efficiency of Fifth-Generation Networks.

The introduction of fifth-generation (5G) mobile networks leads to an increase in energy consumption and higher operational costs for mobile network operators (MNOs). Consequently, the optimization of 5G networks' energy efficiency is crucial, both in terms of reducing MNO costs and in terms of the negative environmental impact. However, many aspects of the 5G mobile network technology itself have been standardized, including the 5G network slicing concept. This enables the creation of multiple independent logical 5G networks within the same physical infrastructure. Since the only necessary resources in 5G networks need to be used for the realization of a specific 5G network slice, the question of whether the implementation of 5G network slicing can contribute to the improvement of 5G and future sixth-generation networks' energy efficiency arises. To tackle this question, this review paper analyzes 5G network slicing and the energy demand of different network slicing use cases and mobile virtual network operator realizations based on network slicing. The paper also overviews standardized key performance indicators for the assessment of 5G network slices' energy efficiency and discusses energy efficiency in 5G network slicing lifecycle management. In particular, to show how efficient network slicing can optimize the energy consumption of 5G networks, versatile 5G network slicing use case scenarios, approaches, and resource allocation concepts in the space, time, and frequency domains have been discussed, including artificial intelligence-based implementations of network slicing. The results of the comprehensive discussion indicate that the different implementations and approaches to network slicing pave the way for possible further reductions in 5G MNO energy costs and carbon dioxide emissions in the future.

Potential of Progressive and Disruptive Innovation-Driven Cost Reductions of Green Hydrogen Production.

Green hydrogen from water electrolysis is a key driver for energy and industrial decarbonization. The prediction of the future green hydrogen cost reduction is required for investment and policy-making purposes but is complicated due to a lack of data, incomplete accounting for costs, and difficulty justifying trend predictions. A new AI-assisted data-driven prediction model is developed for an in-depth analysis of the current and future levelized costs of green hydrogen, driven by both progressive and disruptive innovations. The model uses natural language processing to gather data and generate trends for the technological development of key aspects of electrolyzer technology. Through an uncertainty analysis, green hydrogen costs have been shown to likely reach the key target of <$2.5 kg-1 by 2030 via progressive innovations, and beyond this point, disruptive technological developments are required to affect significantly further decease cost. Additionally, the global distribution of green hydrogen costs has been calculated. This work creates a comprehensive analysis of the levelized cost of green hydrogen, including the important balance of plant components, both now and as electrolyzer technology develops, and offers a likely prediction for how the costs will develop over time.

Tutorial on Describing, Classifying, and Visualizing Common Crystal Structures in Nanoscale Materials Systems.

Crystal structures underpin many aspects of nanoscience and technology, from the arrangements of atoms in nanoscale materials to the ways in which nanoscale materials form and grow to the structures formed when nanoscale materials interact with each other and assemble. The impacts of crystal structures and their relationships to one another in nanoscale materials systems are vast. This Tutorial provides nanoscience researchers with highlights of many crystal structures that are commonly observed in nanoscale materials systems, as well as an overview of the tools and concepts that help to derive, describe, visualize, and rationalize key structural features. The scope of materials focuses on the elements and their compounds that are most frequently encountered as nanoscale materials, including both close-packed and nonclose-packed structures. Examples include three-dimensionally and two-dimensionally bonded compounds related to the rocksalt, nickel arsenide, fluorite, zincblende, wurtzite, cesium chloride, and perovskite structures, as well as layered perovskites, intergrowth compounds, MXenes, transition metal dichalcogenides, and other layered materials. Ordered versus disordered structures, high entropy materials, and instructive examples of more complex structures, including copper sulfides, are also discussed to demonstrate how structural visualization tools can be applied. The overall emphasis of this Tutorial is on the ways in which complex structures are derived from simpler building blocks, as well as the similarities and interrelationships among certain classes of structures that, at first glance, may be interpreted as being very different. Identifying and appreciating these structural relationships is useful to nanoscience researchers, as it allows them to deconstruct complex structures into simpler components, which is important for designing, understanding, and using nanoscale materials.

Abstract IA006: Towards ctDNA-guided treatment of muscle-invasive bladder cancer

Abstract Cancer cells release cell-free DNA with tumor-specific molecular alterations into circulation, known as circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA). Numerous studies have underscored the biomarker potential of ctDNA in detecting minimal residual disease across various cancer types, including bladder cancer. The rapid clearance of ctDNA from circulation, typically under two hours, makes it an ideal candidate for real-time monitoring of tumor burden following surgical interventions and throughout oncological treatments. For ctDNA measurements to be effectively incorporated into clinical decision-making, it is crucial to conduct ctDNA-guided intervention trials that demonstrate tangible clinical benefits. Current trials focusing on muscle-invasive bladder cancer (MIBC) are supported by recent exploratory sub-analyses of completed clinical trials, which have shown that ctDNA can effectively guide treatment decisions in this context. Beyond guiding adjuvant treatments, ctDNA holds potential for directing bladder preservation strategies, potentially in combination with urinary tumor-derived DNA (utDNA) measurements. The need for treatment de-escalation, such as in neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC), is underscored by the observation that a significant proportion of patients undergo treatments that result in considerable adverse effects without achieving pathologic response. Traditional decision-making in cancer treatment, largely reliant on imaging-based criteria like the Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors (RECIST), often does not adequately reflect the ultimate clinical endpoint of overall survival. A ctDNA-based measure that considers ctDNA dynamics during treatment could serve as a superior tool or complement to current strategies. In conclusion, ctDNA has demonstrated significant promise as a biomarker in both retrospective and prospective studies for risk assessment in MIBC. The clinical value of ctDNA-guided treatment will soon be determined by ongoing clinical trials (TOMBOLA, IMvigor011, MODERN). In my presentation I will address the potential clinical impact of ctDNA analyses, the technological aspects involved, how urine analyses may supplement these findings, and future directions in the field. Citation Format: Lars Dyrskjøt. Towards ctDNA-guided treatment of muscle-invasive bladder cancer [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference on Bladder Cancer: Transforming the Field; 2024 May 17-20; Charlotte, NC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Clin Cancer Res 2024;30(10_Suppl):Abstract nr IA006.

Emissions reduction in LNG production facilities through emerging post-combustion carbon capture and storage technologies

The liquefied natural gas (LNG) sector relies extensively on gas turbines for on-site power generation and to drive refrigeration compressors. They provide an efficient and reliable energy source for LNG operations in remote locations. With upcoming changes to the Safeguard Mechanism in Australia, there is an increased focus on Scope 1 emissions, so management and targeted reduction are a priority to reduce liabilities. Despite technology advancements, gas turbines remain one of the largest sources of carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions in LNG production facilities. Also, in Australia, many facilities are not grid-connected, meaning that displacement of Scope 1 emissions through renewable electricity sourcing is a challenge. To develop deeper cuts in Scope 1 emissions, one solution is to deploy post-combustion carbon capture and storage (CCS) on existing gas turbines, with the potential to reduce associated emissions by over 90%. Globally, a number of LNG facilities are already deploying CCS to permanently store reservoir CO2 from the LNG processing trains. Several Australian LNG facilities are located in close proximity to potential CO2 storage reservoirs, meaning that a coordinated approach to both reservoir and post-combustion CO2 should be considered when sizing pipelines, shipping systems and storage wells to optimise and leverage the required investment. This paper outlines the technological, economic and policy aspects of integrating both reservoir post-combustion CCS on LNG facilities, including barriers and opportunities for deployment. It will discuss new developments and enablers for CCS to be more widely deployed at LNG production sites.

Policy Instrument Preferences and Optimization Strategies: Based Text Analysis of Provincial-Level Education Digitalization Policy from China

In the context of world education digitalization, the Chinese government has formulated China’s education digitalization strategy. The education digitalization policy tools of provincial governments are an important factor affecting the effectiveness of education digitalization policies. In this study, a text quantification and content analysis is conducted on educational digital policy documents released by eight provinces of China during the 14th Five-Year Plan period in China. This is based on a two-dimensional analysis framework of “instruments-value” using instrument types and policy principles, and NVivo software. The research outcomes reveal the following: (1) The distribution of educational digital policy instrument types is uneven, with an excess of supply-side instruments and a noticeable shortage of demand-side instruments. (2) Different policy instruments exhibit varying degrees of preference in implementing policy principles. There is a stronger emphasis on technology application and balanced development, while the emphasis on service principles promoting diverse participation is relatively weaker. (3) The policy instruments that facilitate interaction between policymakers and educational entities require further strengthening. In light of these findings, local governments in China should strengthen the use of demand-side policy instruments to achieve comprehensiveness and sustainability in educational digitalization. Policymakers should pay more attention to the demands of educational entities to shift educational digitalization from being technology driven to being demand driven. Furthermore, policy instrument selection should adhere to the value of serving and supporting individuals and reinforce the concept of multi-participation in their development, ultimately improving the precision and coordination of policies, and achieving a harmonious integration of technological and value aspects of policy instruments.

Integrating blockchain technology success factors in the supply chain of circular economy-driven construction materials: An environmentally sustainable paradigm

Integrating blockchain technology (BT) with the circular economy (CE) concepts into the building materials supply chain is a crucial yet understudied field of research. Incorporating blockchain into the supply chain of circular economy-driven construction materials poses challenges in ensuring transparency, traceability, and efficiency while meeting sustainability goals. To fill this gap, this study aims to investigate the critical success factors (CSFs) of blockchain technology in the supply chain of circular economy-driven construction materials. A thorough literature analysis was used to identify CSFs based on the PESTEL (Political, Economic, Social, Technological, Environmental, and Legal) aspects. Following that, expert interviews were used to confirm these CSFs. A questionnaire survey was developed and distributed online to gather information from industry and academic specialists. The fuzzy DEMATEL algorithm was used to analyze the gathered data. The study's findings emphasize CSFs, which include data security and privacy protections, stakeholder participation, and the accessibility and affordability of blockchain solutions. This study provides valuable advice to organizations incorporating blockchain technology while upholding circular economy standards. Additionally, by matching these CSFs to theoretical ideas, the study's theoretical implications highlight the positive synergy between technology, sustainability, and stakeholder participation.

Jerusalem Artichoke as a Raw Material for Manufacturing Alternative Fuels for Gasoline Internal Combustion Engines

The Jerusalem artichoke (Helianthus tuberosus) is a high-yield crop, and a great source of fermentable sugars, which gives the plant the potential to be used as raw material for economical fuel alcohol production. In this article, the authors focus on the technological aspect of the biofuel manufacturing process and its properties. First, the fuel alcohol manufacturing process is described, afterwards assessing its characteristics such as kinematic viscosity, density and octane number. The amount of fuel alcohol obtained from 10 kg of biomass equals to 0.85 L. Afterwards, the mixtures of gasoline and obtained fuel alcohol are prepared and studied. Optimal alcohol and gasoline mixtures are determined to obtain biofuels with octane ratings of 92, 95 and 98. The kinematic viscosity of obtained mixtures does not differ significantly from its values for pure gasoline. The obtained biofuel mixture with 25% alcohol content yielded a decrease of sulfur content by 38%, an increase of vaporized fuel amount by 17.5% at 70 °C and by 10.5% at a temperature of 100 °C, which improves engine startup time and ensures its stable operation in comparison to pure gasoline. The alcohol obtained can be successfully used as a high-octane additive for gasolines.

Learning from Mistakes: A Thematic Analysis of Flight 401's Situational Awareness Lapses

Situational awareness is a fundamental pillar in aviation, essential for safety, operational efficiency, and crew training. This study focuses on the tragedy of Eastern Airlines Flight 401 as a case study to illustrate the importance of effective communication and Crew Resource Management (CRM) in preventing accidents. Through thematic analysis, the research reveals how pilot distractions, cockpit instrument malfunctions, and communication failures in critical conditions contributed to the accident. The findings indicate that comprehensive training that integrally incorporates technological aspects and human factors, as well as an emphasis on effective CRM, is crucial. Practical implications of this research include the development of training modules aimed at enhancing interactive and collaborative communication among crew members. The study also recommends future research focus on aviation technology, air traffic control dynamics, and human-machine interactions, with the goal of deepening understanding of situational awareness dynamics and advancing aviation safety practices. These findings are expected to make a significant contribution to the literature on situational awareness and aviation safety practices.

An overview of the oil and gas pipeline safety in China

Emerging trends in digitization, intelligence, and low-carbon transition have significantly affected China's oil and gas pipeline development strategies. Emerging technology has resulted in significant cost savings but has also raised concerns about the safety of oil and gas pipelines. From the perspectives of infrastructure construction, safety assurance technology, and legal and regulatory frameworks, this study offers a survey and assessment of the current practices to identify the safety issues and challenges of oil and gas pipelines. Critical recommendations have been synthesized and discussed, focusing on the aspects of policy and technology, that is, the long-lifetime oil and gas pipeline safety assurance system with legal guidance and policy supplements, and the research and application of key technologies on the inherent safety design, resilience enhancement, intelligent safe operation and maintenance, and green and low-carbon transition. This study aims to identify the key issues addressed and challenges faced by research and development activities and to identify the gaps and opportunities for future research and development to ensure the safety of China's oil and gas pipelines.

User-Centered Evaluation Framework to Support the Interaction Design for Augmented Reality Applications

The advancement of Augmented Reality (AR) technology has been remarkable, enabling the augmentation of user perception with timely information. This progress holds great promise in the field of interaction design. However, the mere advancement of technology is not enough to ensure widespread adoption. The user dimension has been somewhat overlooked in AR research due to a lack of attention to user motivations, needs, usability, and perceived value. The critical aspects of AR technology tend to be overshadowed by the technology itself. To ensure appropriate future assessments, it is necessary to thoroughly examine and categorize all the methods used for AR technology validation. By identifying and classifying these evaluation methods, researchers and practitioners will be better equipped to develop and validate new AR techniques and applications. Therefore, comprehensive and systematic evaluations are critical to the advancement and sustainability of AR technology. This paper presents a theoretical framework derived from a cluster analysis of the most efficient evaluation methods for AR extracted from 399 papers. Evaluation methods were clustered according to the application domains and the human–computer interaction aspects to be investigated. This framework should facilitate rapid development cycles prioritizing user requirements, ultimately leading to groundbreaking interaction methods accessible to a broader audience beyond research and development centers.

Analysis of the Technological Innovation and Application Prospect of Dental Chair Under the Background of Digital Transformation

With the further development of digital transformation, dental chair technology, as a key equipment in the field of oral medicine, is experiencing unprecedented technological innovation. This paper first reviews the traditional development of dental chair technology and analyzes the bottlenecks and shortcomings of existing dental chair technology. Subsequently, the article focuses on the impact of digital transformation on dental chair technology, including intelligent, networked, personalized and other aspects of technological innovation. These innovations not only improve the performance and comfort of dental chairs, but also improve the accuracy and efficiency of oral treatment. Driven by the digital transformation, the dental chair technology has a broad future development prospect and is expected to play a greater role in the field of oral medicine. This paper also discusses the potential applications of dental chair technology in future oral medicine, including telemedicine, personalized treatment, and intelligent assisted diagnosis. Finally, the paper summarizes the significance of technological innovation in the context of digital transformation, and prospects the future development trend.

Implementation of Internet of Things for Condition-Based Maintenance in Elevator Systems: An Analytical Case Study

The aim of this paper is to show how IOT technology can allow highly distributed elevator equipment servicing by using remote-monitoring technology to ease a move from tradi- tional corrective maintenance (CM) and time-based maintenance (TBM) to more prophetic, condition-based maintenance (CBM) in evidence to accomplish different advantages.The Literature review can indicate that CBM has merit over conventional CM and TBM from a theoretical outlook, but it turns on constant monitoring enhancement via advanced IOT technology. A detailed case history was implement to bring practical proof that IOT allows elevator adamant to attain CBM.Through, a theoretical context, the CBM of elevators put together exper- tise.The venture lies in data collection, data analysis and decision making in real-world context of business. The key outcome of this research recommends that in the case of elevators the IOT can be commercialized and would improve the welfare and accuracy of equipment. It might, so, be understandable from technological, process and economic aspect. Our long term physical world case study reveal an actual way of building the CBM of elevators worldwide. Incorporating Internet of things and other modern technology will improve the safety and authenticity of elevator equipment,longer service life, minimize disruption or difficulty and business interference as a result of equipment downtime and to eliminate major repairs, thus result in low maintenance cost. A key contribution in this study stand in the empiric confirmation of the advantages and difficulties of CBM through Internet of things comparative to conventional CM and TBM in the instance of elevators. The writer had faith that this study is well timed and will be worth to company working on the same research or business strategies.These are form on condition based maintenance, IOT, Time-based maintenance and Corrective maintenance.

Intelligent Video Surveillance System for Bank

With the increasing sophistication of financial crimes and the growing demand for secure banking services, the implementation of advanced security measures has become imperative for banks worldwide. Facial recognition technology emerges as a promising solution to enhance security and streamline authorization verification processes. This paper explores the application of facial recognition technology in banks to determine the authorization status of individuals accessing accounts or conducting transactions. The primary objective of this research is to investigate the efficacy of facial recognition systems in accurately identifying and verifying the identity of individuals in banking environments. By leveraging biometric data, such as facial features, these systems aim to authenticate users with a high level of accuracy and reliability. Moreover, the integration of facial recognition technology enables banks to combat various forms of fraud, including identity theft, account takeover, and unauthorized access. This study will examine the technological aspects of facial recognition systems, including their underlying algorithms, data processing techniques, and integration capabilities with existing banking infrastructure. Additionally, it will analyze the security implications and privacy concerns associated with the deployment of facial recognition technology in banking operations. Furthermore, the research will explore the practical implementation of facial recognition systems in real-world banking scenarios, evaluating their effectiveness in enhancing security, reducing fraud, and improving customer experience. It will assess the potential challenges and limitations faced during deployment, such as system accuracy, scalability, and regulatory compliance

Technological advances and challenges of reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP) application in road engineering-a bibliometric analysis from 2000 to 2022.

Reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP) is a valuable material that can be recycled and reused in road engineering to reduce environmental impact, resource utilization, and economic costs. However, the application of RAP in road engineering presents both opportunities and challenges. This study visually analyzes the knowledge background, research status, and latest knowledge structure of literature related to RAP using scientific metric methods such as VOSviewer and Citespace. The Web of Science (WoS) core collection database identified 2963 research publications from 2000 to 2022. Collaborative networks between highly cited references, journals, authors, academic institutions, countries, and funding organizations are analyzed in this study, along with a co-occurrence analysis of keywords for the RAP research publications. Results showed that the USA has long been a leader in RAP research, China surpassed the USA in annual publication output in 2019, increasing from 2 publications in 2002 to 177 publications in 2022, and has made significant investments in technological aspects. Chang'an University ranked first in total publication output (131 publications, 4.4%). Current major research themes include road performance, recycling technology, regeneration mechanisms, and the life cycle assessment of RAP. In addition, based on cluster analysis of keywords, text content analysis, and SWOT analysis, this study also discusses RAP's challenges and future development directions in road engineering. These findings provide scholars with valuable information to gain insight into technological advances and challenges in the field of RAP.

Wireless Power Transfer for Unmanned Underwater Vehicles: Technologies, Challenges and Applications

Unmanned underwater vehicles (UUVs) are key technologies to conduct preventive inspection and maintenance tasks in offshore renewable energy plants. Making such vehicles autonomous would lead to benefits such as improved availability, cost reduction and carbon emission minimization. However, some technological aspects, including the powering of these devices, remain with a long way to go. In this context, underwater wireless power transfer (UWPT) solutions have potential to overcome UUV powering drawbacks. Considering the relevance of this topic for offshore renewable plants, this work aims to provide a comprehensive summary of the state of the art regarding UPWT technologies. A technology intelligence study is conducted by means of a bibliographical survey. Regarding underwater wireless power transfer, the main methods are reviewed, and it is concluded that inductive wireless power transfer (IWPT) technologies have the most potential. These inductive systems are described, and their challenges in underwater environments are presented. A review of the underwater IWPT experiments and applications is conducted, and innovative solutions are listed. Achieving efficient and reliable UWPT technologies is not trivial, but significant progress is identified. Generally, the latest solutions exhibit efficiencies between 88% and 93% in laboratory settings, with power ratings reaching up to 1–3 kW. Based on the assessment, a power transfer within the range of 1 kW appears to be feasible and may be sufficient to operate small UUVs. However, work-class UUVs require at least a tenfold power increase. Thus, although UPWT has advanced significantly, further research is required to industrially establish these technologies.

Biological removal of nitrogenous waste compounds in the biofloc aquaculture system: a review

Abstract Aquaculture has experienced significant global expansion and is considered one of the fastest-growing sectors in food production. However, there exist additional challenges that restrict the capacity to achieve maximum efficiency in aquaculture systems, such as issues over water quality and shortages of appropriate live feeds. Intensive aquaculture systems involve the use of protein-rich prepared feed for feeding the cultured animals. This may give rise to the discharge of nitrogenous compounds into the water, which can pose a risk to the environment when present in excessive quantities beyond the acceptable levels. In recent years, an innovative method called biofloc technology (BFT) has become a practical solution to this issue. Undoubtedly, BFT offers a groundbreaking method for nutrient disposal that eradicates the requirement for excessive water use or equipment maintenance. Three primary types of microorganisms are crucial in alleviating the adverse impacts of nitrogen compounds in this technique. Photoautotrophs participate in the processes of removal and absorption, whereas chemoautotrophs promote nitrification and conversion. Heterotrophs contribute to the absorption process. Biofloc predominantly consists of heterotrophic bacteria, alongside algae, protozoa, rotifers, and nematodes. While there have been reviews carried out on multiple aspects of biofloc technology, there exists a lack of literature that tackles this particular field of research progress. This article discusses every aspect and techniques of biological management used for removing nitrogenous waste compounds in biofloc aquaculture systems.

Combined DFT and ionic model computational study of the effect of alkali metal cations on the structure, bonding and properties of molten cryolites, M3AlF6 (M = li, Na, K, Rb, and Cs)

ABSTRACT Ionic melts, in the form of ionic liquids and molten salts, are important in many technological aspects such as metal production and energy applications. Cryolite melts constitute an important family especially for the industrial production of Al. The present computational study aims to analyse the effect of different cations on the structure and properties of Al (III) fluorocomplexes in cryolite melts. Cation effects are discussed as the ion pair interactions due to alkali metal cations of cryolite compounds M3AlF6 with M= Li, Na, K, Rb, or Cs for various microclusters using ionic interaction model (IM) and DFT calculations. DFT results for different ion complexes are compared with the energy calculations using a pseudoclassical model for isolated clusters. QTAIM and ELF analyses were performed to understand the nature of interactions in detail. A link between open-shell interactions and decreased ionic conductivity is proposed within the series of K, Rb, and Cs. Environmental effects, such as temperature and presence of other ions, are investigated in detail by DFT analysis.

HUGPONG: Teaching as a Team in the Social Sciences (A Collaborative Strategy for Virtual Classroom Innovation)

The global pandemic inevitably changed the landscape of learning from the physical to the virtual classroom setup. The challenges for both academics and learners alike went beyond the technological aspect in navigating remote learning. It implied a need for pedagogical innovation to promote meaningful understanding among the learners and effective teaching delivery among practitioners. Using Braun and Clarke’s (2006) Thematic Analysis, this study zeroed in on Team Teaching as a Social Science Collaborative Strategy in the new normal. Best practices of academics across Cebu City's higher education institutions that utilize varied forms of team teaching were described and categorized. Results manifested varied forms of team teaching as virtual learning strategies came with a few challenges. As such, a teaching model, HUGPONG, aimed at facilitating collaborative teaching in the Social Sciences, was crafted.

Luteinizing hormone supplementation in controlled ovarian stimulation: the Iran Delphi consensus.

Numerous consensus documents worldwide address luteinizing hormone (LH) supplementation in controlled ovarian stimulation, yet to the best of our knowledge, only one consensus paper has been published in the Arab region. This study presents a Delphi consensus by seven Iranian infertility experts, offering real-world clinical perspectives. The aim was to develop evidence-based opinions on LH's role alongside FSH in various aspects of assisted reproductive technology (ART), including LH levels, monitoring, r-hLH use, and suggested activity. Employing the Delphi consensus approach, the Iran consensus unfolded in three steps. In Step 1, eight out of 10 statements gained approval, while two unclear statements were removed. In Step 2, the 20-member extended panel voted on the remaining eight statements. Only one (statement 3) lacked consensus (55% agreement), prompting a modification. The revised statement (noted as statement 3') obtained an 83% agreement. The clinical perspectives included in this consensus complement clinical guidelines and policies that help further improve treatment outcomes, especially for patients with FSH and LH deficiencies.