Aspects Of Architecture Research Articles

Application Strategies of the Bracket Set in Modern Architectural Design

The Bracket Set (dougong) is an important aspect of traditional Chinese architecture known for its exquisite structure, complexity, and rich variations. This design element has been used since the Qin and Han Dynasties and is still prevalent today. It highlights hierarchy and spiritual connotations in the design of a building. This article explores the application of Bracket Set elements in modern architectural design. It analyzes the specific application strategies of this design element, highlighting its value in modern architecture. The goal is to provide modern architectural designers with multiple perspectives and strategies to fully utilize the advantages of Bracket Set elements in architectural design and enhance the artistic value of their work.

Exhibition Space Circulation in Museums from the Perspective of Pedestrian Simulation

Contemporary studies largely concentrate on the physical aspects of architecture, yet within the sphere of design, the gap between user experience and the designer’s intention is an undeniable fact. This gap, illustrating the contrast between the spatial perception and the actual physical space, to some degree, mirrors preferences in human spatial behavior. It accentuates the complex relationship between human cognitive functions and spatial layout, underlining the critical role of spatial perception in architectural design and planning. This prompts the question of whether perceptions of internal traffic flow within buildings also suffer from spatial distortions. Focusing on museums, and by examining circulation paths and spatial features, a virtual museum model is devised. The research employs a holistic and reductionist approach (complex systems theory) to forge a link between circulation components and the spatial experience of architecture. Utilizing agent-based modeling tools for simulating pedestrian movements, it investigates how different circulation patterns and spatial relationships influence pedestrian behavior. The study proposes a museum circulation optimization strategy, grounded in quantifying spatial experience through Anylogic software analysis. This strategy is aimed at enhancing the design of internal traffic flows in future museum projects, offering fresh insights into museum design research, and probing into new possibilities for using pedestrian simulation software.

Climate, climate change and the global diversity of human houses.

Globally, human house types are diverse, varying in shape, size, roof type, building materials, arrangement, decoration and many other features. Here we offer the first rigorous, global evaluation of the factors that influence the construction of traditional (vernacular) houses. We apply macroecological approaches to analyse data describing house features from 1900 to 1950 across 1000 societies. Geographic, social and linguistic descriptors for each society were used to test the extent to which key architectural features may be explained by the biophysical environment, social traits, house features of neighbouring societies or cultural history. We find strong evidence that some aspects of the climate shape house architecture, including floor height, wall material and roof shape. Other features, particularly ground plan, appear to also be influenced by social attributes of societies, such as whether a society is nomadic, polygynous or politically complex. Additional variation in all house features was predicted both by the practices of neighouring societies and by a society's language family. Collectively, the findings from our analyses suggest those conditions under which traditional houses offer solutions to architects seeking to reimagine houses in light of warmer, wetter or more variable climates.

Identification and Transcriptome Analysis of a Novel Allelic Mutant of NAL1 in Rice.

Leaf morphology is a crucial aspect of plant architecture, yet the molecular mechanisms underlying leaf development remain incompletely understood. In this study, a narrow leaf mutant, m625, was identified in rice (Oryza sativa L.), exhibiting pleiotropic developmental defects. Pigment measurement revealed reduced levels of photochromic pigments in m625. Cytological analysis demonstrated that the m625 gene affected vascular patterns and cell division. Specifically, the narrowing of the leaf was attributed to a decrease in small vein number, shorter vein spacing, and an abnormal V-shaped arrangement of bulliform cells, while the thickening was caused by longer leaf veins, thicker mesophyll cells, and an increased number of parenchyma cell layers. The dwarf stature and thickened internode were primarily due to shortened internodes and an increase in cell layers, respectively. Positional cloning and complementation assays indicated that the m625 gene is a novel allele of NAL1. In the m625 mutant, a nucleotide deletion at position 1103 in the coding sequence of NAL1 led to premature termination of protein translation. Further RNA-Seq and qRT-PCR analyses revealed that the m625 gene significantly impacted regulatory pathways related to IAA and ABA signal transduction, photosynthesis, and lignin biosynthesis. Moreover, the m625 mutant displayed thinner sclerenchyma and cell walls in both the leaf and stem, particularly showing reduced lignified cell walls in the midrib of the leaf. In conclusion, our study suggests that NAL1, in addition to its known roles in IAA transport and leaf photosynthesis, may also participate in ABA signal transduction, as well as regulate secondary cell wall formation and sclerenchyma thickness through lignification.

The Italian version of Edinburgh Handedness Inventory: Translation, transcultural adaptation, and validation in healthy subjects

ABSTRACT Lateralization is a key aspect of brain architecture and handedness is its primary manifestation. The Edinburgh Handedness Inventory (EHI) and the laterality quotient (LQ) assess the direction and consistency of handedness and require translation and cross-cultural adaptation to guarantee construct validity. We developed a standardized Italian EHI version. The developed Italian version was tested on 202 Italian subjects, classified into three hand types based on their LQs: right, mixed, and left. The frequency of left-handedness in Italians and other populations was compared to previous data. LQs from the twenty- and the ten-item original inventories were also compared. We conducted a factorial analysis. Mcdonald's Omega tested internal consistency. The prevalence of left-handedness was 6.4%, consistent with prior findings in Italian samples and other EHI translations. Age was the only socio-demographic variable that significantly affected the LQ. The internal consistency of the Italian EHI was excellent. Handedness is a feature of several cognitive functions and some neuropsychological diseases; it is influenced by socio-demographic and cultural factors and the instrument used to assess it. To provide a consistent and comparable evaluation of the construct, we recommend using this validated Italian translation of the EHI.

Vision System for a Forestry Navigation Machine.

This article presents the development of a vision system designed to enhance the autonomous navigation capabilities of robots in complex forest environments. Leveraging RGBD and thermic cameras, specifically the Intel RealSense 435i and FLIR ADK, the system integrates diverse visual sensors with advanced image processing algorithms. This integration enables robots to make real-time decisions, recognize obstacles, and dynamically adjust their trajectories during operation. The article focuses on the architectural aspects of the system, emphasizing the role of sensors and the formulation of algorithms crucial for ensuring safety during robot navigation in challenging forest terrains. Additionally, the article discusses the training of two datasets specifically tailored to forest environments, aiming to evaluate their impact on autonomous navigation. Tests conducted in real forest conditions affirm the effectiveness of the developed vision system. The results underscore the system's pivotal contribution to the autonomous navigation of robots in forest environments.

Mush Architecture and Processes in the Reservoirs of a Supereruption-Scale Magma System, Permian Ora Ignimbrite (Northern Italy)

Abstract The Ora Ignimbrite (~275 Ma) is a crystal-rich (~40%), heterogeneous, supereruption-sized (~1300 km3) rhyolite in northern Italy and the final eruptive product of the Athesian Volcanic Group (289–274 Ma), the largest Permian volcanic district in Europe. Two key outcrops, an intracaldera vitrophyre and an outflow vitrophyre, contain well-preserved, glass-bearing juvenile material. We investigate at what scale heterogeneities existed in the Ora magmatic system by studying the geochemical and petrological characteristics of crystal-rich (20–50%) and crystal-poor (<20%) fiamme from the Ora vitrophyres, allowing us to reconstruct critical aspects of Ora's magmatic architecture and pre-eruptive history and granting us further insight into the storage and dynamic processes that occur in large, crystal-rich, silicic systems. Textural analysis of fiamme reveals four types: the intracaldera vitrophyre has very coarse-grained crystal-rich (VCCR) and fine-grained crystal-poor (I-FCP) fiamme, while the outflow vitrophyre has coarse-grained crystal-rich (CCR) and fine-grained crystal-poor (O-FCP) fiamme. The diversity of crystal-poor (I-FCP & O-FCP) fiamme glass trace-element compositions suggests that multiple small crystal-poor magma bodies were dispersed throughout the Ora magmatic system. Compositionally and texturally distinct glass types in single O-FCP fiamme preserve evidence of variable degrees of magma mixing and record different mingling to eruption timescales, revealing that the Ora magmatic system experienced multiple silicic recharge events. In the crystal-rich (VCCR & CCR) fiamme, high crystal contents (VCCR: 40–50%; CCR: 20–40%), large crystals (max grain size: VCCR: 4–10 mm; CCR: 3–4 mm), and interlocking growth textures suggest that these fiamme contain parcels of disaggregated magma mush. High-silica rhyolite glass compositions (77.2–78.3 wt.% SiO2) and extremely depleted Sr (VCCR: <20; CCR: <5 ppm) and Ba (VCCR: <70; CCR: <20 ppm) glass trace-element concentrations indicate that the crystal-rich fiamme glasses represent highly fractionated melts. Crystal-rich fiamme glass trace-element compositions also form discrete, tightly clustered populations, suggesting that multiple crystal-rich, melt-dominated magma bodies existed prior to eruption. We propose that the coexistence of large-scale heterogeneity (e.g. deposit-scale and outcrop-scale) with small-scale homogeneity observed in crystal-rich fiamme is resolved by a model in which at least two separate magma reservoirs, each containing multiple melt-dominant magma bodies, erupted to form the Ora Ignimbrite.

A Comprehensive Study of Vaastu Shastra and Environmental Harmony

Vaastu Shastra, an ancient Indian science, does not deals with the architecture aspects alone, it also guides us to lead life in healthy atmosphere. Vastu Shastra, takes into account the environmental factors that influence the quality of our lives. It involves assessing all environmental influences that affect us, such as the five elements (earth, water, fire, air and space), the sun, moon and the planets in our solar system. It highlights the importance of trees, flowers, birds, sound and artwork around us. Vaastu Shastra facilitate a harmonious relationship between human beings and the environment, which leads to sustainable development. Vaastu, also refers to the art and science of arranging objects with the goal of improving the flow of positive energy and preventing negative energy.

The Shift of Philippine Architectural Media toward Digitalization (2018-2023)

This research examines how Philippine architectural communication experienced a renewal after the pandemic crisis. First, through a shift from the country’s flagship architectural magazine, BluPrint, toward a personally initiated digital platform, Kanto. Since BluPrint started to become digital in 2018, the publishers aimed at more aggressive targets for new articles. When Covid hit the Philippines in the beginning of 2020, it made BluPrint suffer and confused. The publisher company focused on the business side to diminish the encountered deficit. They started reaching out to a common lifestyle market but the journalists wished to continue addressing architects and the public interested in architecture. As the company wanted to broaden the target, the journalists felt that most of their content did not fit for that expansion. As result of the tension, in December 2020, most of BluPrint’s former staff decided to leave and “migrate” for Kanto. Kanto, a digital platform was created out of the former personal blog of one the migrant journalists to be an intellectual venue for art and architecture advocacy. Upon this departure, BluPrint’s publisher noticed that not only the magazine could not be published for a whole year in 2020 but also, it lost its journalists for a new competitor. Thus after a significant interruption, the publisher decided to renew BluPrint with a fully new staff. This marks the second shift, the complete digital transition of the originally printed, then blended BluPrint. These dynamic communication aspects of architecture, construction and built environment have not yet been sufficiently investigated, unlike their physical aspects. In order to elaborate findings, after a review of literature on worldwide shifts towards digital media, this paper matches observations on the institutional history and performance of BluPrint and Kanto with a second line of premises, qualitative statements. It reviews how former BluPrint, now migrant journalists are successful on the digital platform Kanto, in a fully different organizational and financial system. It also presents how BluPrint also experienced a renewal with its fully new staff. Behind both shifts, an underlying dilemma between financial success and content success became sharper in times of the increasing and now almost obligatory digitalization. Events and festivals are strongly needed by both online publications to create a tangible and interactive basis for gathering experiences of architecture lovers among themselves and with their “star architects”. In summary, the digitalization established a wider variety of journalistic forms which appear in more spontaneous, less focused presentations. While BluPrint strives after a wider viewership with an entertaining character, Kanto tries to deliver more depth in the profession embedded in a variety of artistic and cultural forms. As conclusion, in both shifts, content curation strategies prevailed over technological skills. The described genre shifts propelled deeper changes in both the content and nature of architectural discourse in the Philippines. The shifts also drew up a new relationship pattern between practicing architects, contractors and architectural media.

Encountering distributed denial of service attack utilizing federated software defined network

This research defines the distributed denial of service (DDoS) problem in software-defined-networks (SDN) environments. The proposes solution uses Software defined networks capabilities to reduce risk, introduces a collaborative, distributed defense mechanism rather than server-side filtration. Our proposed network detection and prevention agent (NDPA) algorithm negotiates the maximum amount of traffic allowed to be passed to server by reconfiguring network switches and routers to reduce the ports' throughput of the network devices by the specified limit ratio. When the passed traffic is back to normal, NDPA starts network recovery to normal throughput levels, increasing ports' throughput by adding back the limit ratio gradually each time cycle. The simulation results showed that the proposed algorithms successfully detected and prevented a DDoS attack from overwhelming the targeted server. The server was able to coordinate its operations with the SDN controllers through a communication mechanism created specifically for this purpose. The system was also able to determine when the attack was over and utilize traffic engineering to improve the quality of service (QoS). The solution was designed with a sophisticated way and high level of separation of duties between components so it would not be affected by the design aspect of the network architecture.

Roman Aspects of Romanesque Architecture in England and Wales

This article investigates late eleventh- and twelfth-century architecture in England and Wales from five interrelated points. First, it considers the appropriation of Roman sites for buildings of the post-1066 Norman administration. Second, it examines the creation of an architectural iconography in which there are associations with Imperial Rome. Third, there is the matter of scale, the desire to build big after many centuries of little or no tradition of constructing large edifices. Fourth, it explores the acquisition of a practical understanding of the building technology required for erecting large buildings. Fifth, it looks into the vocabulary of architectural articulation, the use of marble, and aspects of stone sculpture inherited from antiquity and appropriate to the monumentality of the new architecture. It references specific buildings, such as the Constantinian Basilica of Old St Peter’s in Rome, through the adaptation of triumphal arches down to details such as chip carving, marble, and the reuse and recreation of Roman bricks. Of the many large-scale buildings built by the Normans, a more detailed examination is devoted to the White Tower in London, castles at Colchester and Castle Rising, Winchester and Durham cathedrals, and the former abbey churches of Tewkesbury and Gloucester. It investigates the application of principles of the first-century BCE Roman architect and engineer, Vitruvius, the author of De architectura.

Interiority Across the Scales

The understanding of interior gradually has shifted from the enclosed spatiality defined by physical boundaries to the extended notion of interiority as a dynamic condition. Understanding interior becomes more complex as dynamic conditions make it possible for interior to extend across boundaries, time, scales and typologies. This issue of Interiority presents various inquiries on the emergence of interiority and interior conditions across different scales. The articles demonstrate a wide range of perspectives on interior beyond the conventional notion of interior scale and typology, mainly addressing the domestic environment and its dynamic variants and elements. These cases acknowledge the dynamic aspects of interior architecture, which opens possibilities for various interpretations of interior, locating it within a broader understanding of social, political and cultural contexts. The emergence of interior conditions across scales calls for multidimensional thinking and multidisciplinary approaches in interior research and practice.

Automatic Column Grouping of 3D Steel Frames via Multi-Objective Structural Optimization

Formulations of structural optimization problems are proposed in this paper to automatically find the best grouping of columns in 3D steel buildings. In these formulations, the conflicting objective functions, minimized simultaneously, are the weight of the structure and the number of different groups of columns. In other words, the smaller the number of different groups of columns, the greater the weight of the structure, and the greater the number of groups, the smaller the structure’s weight. The design variables are the bracing system configuration, column cross-section orientation, and assigned W-shaped profile indices for columns, beams, and braces. The design constraints are the allowable displacements, strength, and geometric considerations. After solving the multi-objective optimization problem, the result is a Pareto front, presenting non-dominated solutions. Three evolutionary algorithms based on differential evolution are adopted in this paper to solve three computational experiments. Even if preliminary groupings of columns are adopted, considering architectural aspects such as the symmetry of the structure, it is possible to discover other interesting structural configurations that will be available to the decision maker, who will be able to make their choices based on the impacts on manufacturing, cutting, transporting, checking and welding.

The Reliability Level of Women's Dormitory Building Ibn Khaldun University Bogor

The Ibn Khaldun University Women's Dormitory Building, Bogor (ASPIKA) is a building that functions as a temporary residence for female students. The ASPIKA Building was established 13 years ago, this has resulted in several building components and structures experiencing some damage which resulted in the function of the ASPIKA Building decreasing, so an assessment of the reliability level of the building is needed. Aspects used in the assessment of the reliability of the ASPIKA Building based on the proper function of the building include aspects of architecture, structure, utility and fire protection, accessibility, and building layout taking into account the applicable SNI standards. The method used is descriptive quantitative as well as survey data of the existing building by the Minister of Public Works No. 2/PRT/M/2006 concerning Guidelines for Building Technical Requirements. The results showed that the percentage value of the building on the architectural component aspect was 95.50%, indicating the building is in reliable condition. The percentage value on the structural component aspect of the building is 96.56%, indicating that the building is still reliable. The percentage of utility and fire protection components has a value of 65% indicating that the component aspects of the building are not reliable. Unreliable factors in utility and fire protection components are influenced by an inadequate fire prevention system so more attention must be paid to these aspects. Components in the accessibility aspect get a percentage of 65%, meaning that they are less reliable, where this value is influenced by the limited access of people with disabilities to reach areas on each floor of the building. The building layout and the environment get a 100% percentage which identifies the building layout as reliable based on the documents on the ASPIKA Building. The total value of the reliability level of ASPIKA Buildings obtained is 79.41% categorized as "Less Reliable" (reliable category is > 95%), this is influenced by the fire protection component by 65% ​​and the accessibility component by 65%. The solution that can be done by the university is to repair and procure facilities on the fire protection system and provide accessibility facilities that can make it easier for people with disabilities.

Analysis and Application of Big Data Feature Extraction Based on Improved k-means Algorithm

This paper addresses the challenges modelled by collecting and storing large volumes of big data, focusing on mitigating data errors. The primary goal is to propose and evaluate an enhanced K-means algorithm for big data applications. This research also aims to design an extensive energy data system to demonstrate the improved algorithm's practical utility in monitoring power equipment. The research begins with an in-depth analysis of the traditional K-means algorithm, culminating in the proposal of an improved version. Subsequently, the study outlines developing a comprehensive, extensive energy data system, encompassing architectural aspects such as data storage, mechanical layers, and data access structures. The research also involves the development of a power big data analysis platform, incorporating the improved algorithm for clustering and analyzing power equipment monitoring data. Experimental results reveal that the proposed improved K-means algorithm outperforms the traditional version, with significantly improved accuracy and reduced classification errors, achieving an error rate of less than one. The improved K-means algorithm showcased remarkable enhancements, achieving a meagre misclassification rate of just 0.08% while substantially boosting accuracy levels, consistently exceeding 95% across all datasets. Moreover, the power big data system developed in this study to meet practical requirements while enhancing storage and processing efficiency effectively.

An End-to-End Benchmarking Tool for Analyzing the Hardware-Software Implications of Multi-modal DNNs

Abstract-Multi-modal deep neural networks (DNNs) have become increasingly pervasive in many machine learning application domains due to their superior accuracy by fusing various modalities together. However, multi-modal DNNs present many unique characteristics such as multi-stage execution, frequent synchronization and high heterogeneity, which are not well understood in the system and architecture community. In this article, we first present and characterize a set of multi-modal DNN workloads of different sizes from five domains and measure metrics like accuracy to ensure the availability of these applications from the algorithm perspective. We then explore their important hardwaresoftware implications from system and architecture aspects by conducting an in-depth analysis on the unique hardware-software characteristics of multimodal DNNs. We hope that our work can help guide future hardware-software design and optimization for efficient inference of multi-modal DNN applications on both cloud and edge computing platforms.

INVESTIGATING THE CHALLENGES BETWEEN DESIGNS TO THE REALITY OF DIGITALLY FABRICATED STRUCTURES

Digital fabrication is not only the relation between design and construction but also the relation between thinking and making, which would be established by the use of modern technologies. The study aims to investigate the challenges formed between the two aspects of parametric architecture ‘Design’ and ‘Fabrication’ in India. There are various factors on which this gap depends. These factors would be the cost of construction, building material required for fabrication, and time required for construction compared with the conventional methods of construction. The objective of this study is to understand how digital fabrication will change the way of construction in India, which won’t be restricted to the classroom or only the computer-based design but will work in onsite construction with many different materials with no waste of time and money. The earlier literature focuses on a single aspect which may be either design or fabrication. There are fewer papers available that address both of the aspects comprehensively. The research would get an overview of different perspectives of people towards parametric architecture. This is done by conducting surveys of different practicing architects, students who have done their masters in digital architecture and now practicing, and contractors who are working on parametric construction. The survey was conducted by sending a questionnaire to different practicing architectural firms all over India, the students who have pursued Master’s degrees in digital architecture and professors teaching Master’s degrees in digital architecture who had an interest in parametricism. The data received was analyzed using descriptive statistics. The qualitative data received through the questionnaire was analyzed by identifying patterns and then categorized according to the different answers.

Investigating the scientific knowledge–policy interface in EU climate policy

We provide an historical overview of the evolution of knowledge exchange architecture for climate policy in the EU. We investigate whether evolutions in the knowledge architecture reflect shifts in the politicisation of climate change. First, we outline a conceptualisation of politicisation that accounts for two types of effects: prioritisation leading to enabling conditions for knowledge exchange, and polarisation leading to constraining conditions. Next, we describe the shifting politicisation of climate change in the EU since the 1990s, followed by a discussion of the evolution of two key aspects of the knowledge exchange system: formal and informal aspects, focusing on knowledge exchange with the European Commission. Our analysis reveals connections between the development of the formal and informal aspects of the knowledge exchange architecture and the shifts in politicisation in different time periods. We find that when the politicisation of climate change led to a negative or constraining context, the informal aspects of the knowledge exchange architecture closed, making it more challenging for multidisciplinary scientific knowledge to enter the process. However, the formal aspects of the knowledge exchange architecture remained in place, even under constraining conditions. The article provides a nuanced assessment of the connections between the effects of politicisation and the potential for meaningful scientific–policy knowledge exchange, enhancing our understanding of both the politicisation of climate change and of knowledge exchange architectures.

Arhitektura palate Popović Tonkić u Leskovcu

The economic and social development of Leskovac was accompanied by intensive construction activity. The urban environment was enriched by the construction of private residential buildings, whose owners were distinguished members of the bourgeois class. The palace of industrialist Milan Popović Tonkić occupies a prominent place in the architectural heritage of Leskovac. It was built in 1937 as a monumental corner building for residential and commercial purposes. It was designed by architect Miša Manojlović, who had a private design office in Belgrade with his colleague Isak Azriel. His independent authorship is evidenced by a marble tile placed on the corner part, under the window of the former tavern. Since historical styles were preferred in the circles of clients due to the expression of social position, the author applied an academic style tempered by a personal reinterpretation of experimentation with form. Following the contemporary practice of designing residential architecture, he paid equal attention to the interior of the building, applying high-quality decorative treatment and functional disposition of the Belgrade apartment. After more then a decade since the last historiographic contributions on the history and visual identity of the building, the main goal of this research is to contextualize the Popović Tonkić palace in Leskovac with phenomenological and stylistic aspects of interwar residential architecture.

Histological Evaluation of the Effectiveness of Four Decalcifying Solutions on Teeth and Bone in Rats: An In-vitro Study

Introduction: Intense histological research has been conducted on human bone and teeth for a long period of time. Histological evaluation of these highly mineralised tissues demands a thorough decalcification process using different chemical agents, which might alter some aspects of tissue architecture and staining properties. Aim: To assess the impact of four decalcifying agents on rat teeth and bone, focusing on the rate of decalcification, staining effectiveness, and tissue structure preservation. Materials and Methods: An in-vitro animal study was conducted in the Department of Oral Diagnosis at the College of Dentistry, University of Baghdad, Bab Almoaadim, Baghdad, Iraq from October 2022 to March 2023. Four decalcification agents, namely 10% Neutral Ethylenediaminetetraacetic Acid (EDTA), 10% formic acid, 3% nitric acid, and 5% nitric acid, were used to decalcify 24 molar teeth with their surrounding alveolar bone obtained from healthy male rats, which were randomly divided into four groups, each group consisting of six teeth. The decalcified sections underwent regular processing, and staining was performed using Haematoxylin and Eosin (H&E). Grading was conducted after two separate observers examined the stained sections under a light microscope. Data were presented using Mean±Standard Deviation (SD), number, and percentage. A one-way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) (F-test) was used to compare the decalcification times within groups. Several group comparisons, including categorical data, were examined using the Chi-square test. Results: Nitric acids (3% and 5%) exhibited the fastest decalcification with a mean value of (2±0.89) days, while Formic acid required (3.5±0.54) days, and EDTA was the slowest, with (19±1.09) days. These differences in decalcification time were found to be statistically significant (p<0.00001). Formic acid 10% demonstrated superior tissue preservation and staining quality, with excellent staining results, minimal dentin-pulp separation, and preservation of pulp zones, cementum, and osteoblasts. In contrast, nitric acid 5% resulted in severe dentinpulp separation, absence of pulp zones, absence of osteoblast, and significant osteocyte retraction. Statistical significance was observed across all agents for dentin-pulp separation, pulp organisation, cementum destruction, Periodontal Ligament (PDL) separation, and osteocyte retraction (p-values of 0.004, 0.02, 0.02, 0.04, and 0.03, respectively). Conclusion: Consequently, 10% formic acid emerged as the most efficient decalcifying solution, ensuring rapid decalcification with favourable staining intensity and tissue architecture.