Blood Serum Aspartate Aminotransferase Research Articles

Reduction of hepatotoxicity of nimesulide in mechanochemically obtained composition with disodium salt of glycyrrhizic acid

Nimesulide (NIM) is a nonsteroid anti-inflammatory drug which acts as a selective cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor and is widely used for acute pain treatment. In medical practice, a large amount of data has been collected describing the effect of NIM on the body, while a hepatotoxic side effect of the drug has been found. The exact mechanisms of such NIM-induced hepatotoxicity largely remain unknown but likely involve the intermediate reaction of its metabolism. Reduction of the hepatotoxic side effect of NIM is an actual problem for pharmacology. The aim of the present research was to evaluate the hepatotoxicity of the mechanochemically obtained composition of NIM with glycyrrhizic acid disodium salt (Na2GA) compared to pure NIM and a physical mixture of NIM with Na2GA. Material and methods. CD-1 mice were orally administered for 14 days: 1 group – mechanochemical composition NIM/Na2GA (1:10, m/m) at a dose of 1650 mg/kg; 2 group – physical mixture of NIM with Na2GA (1:10, m/m) at a dose of 1650 mg/kg; 3 group – pure NIM at a dose of 600 mg/kg (which pharmacokinetically corresponds to 1650 mg/kg of NIM/Na2GA); 4 group – vehicle (distilled water). The liver damage was assessed using histological studies and enzymatic activity of the alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase in blood serum. Results. Histological analysis did not detect any changes in the liver of NIM/Na2GA-treated animals in comparison with a water-treated group. On the opposite, NIM given alone or as a physical mixture with Na2GA induced severe hepatotoxicity in experimental mice. Biochemical analysis of the blood serum revealed that mechanochemical NIM/Na2GA composition significantly reduced activity of the alanine aminotransferase (about 1.5 times) and aspartate aminotransferase (1.3 times) as compared with the pure NIM. Conclusions. The results obtained indicate a high potential for the practical application of the NIM/Na2GA mechanochemical composition.

Efficacy of hepatoprotectors in prophylaxis of hepatosis of laying hens

Hepatoses of laying hens are quite common in poultry farms as a result of improper practices of poultry maintenance consisting in excessive number of protein feeds for provision of high productivity. The objective of the study was preventive efficacy of Gep-A-Stress hepatoprotectors (carnitine hydrochloride, D L methionine, sorbitol, choline chloride, magnesium sulfate heptahydrate) and Hepasan VS (L-carnitine hydrochloride, sorbitol, choline chloride, magnesium sulfate hepahydrate, betaine hydrochloride, L-arginin) against hepatosis of laying hens. To determine the efficacy of Hep-A-Stres and Hepasan-VS hepatoprotectors during production tests (n = 4,500), we monitored the parameters of survival rate (the final number of individuals as percentage of the initial number) and egg productivity of laying hens. We determined that after 30 days of using the hepatoprotectors, the content of overall protein in blood serum of laying hens of the first and the second experimental groups decreased by 21.4% and 18.9% compared with the parameters prior to providing the hepatoprotectors and by 26.3% and 23.3% compared with the control group after receiving the drug. The urea contents in blood serum increased by 19.0% and 10.5%. Compared with the control, the activity of alanine aminotransferase decreased by 43.7% and 24.1% in the first experimental group and by 23.4% and 14.9% in the second. The activity of aspartate aminotransferase in blood serum of the experimental groups decreased by 10.7%. The cholesterol concentration decreased by 50% and 58.3%. The content of triaglycerols decreased by 24.1% and 8.9% respectively. The concentrations of high-density lipoproteins after 30 days of the experiment decreased by 33.3% and 77.8% respectively, the content of low-density lipoproteins decreased by 61.3% and 40.4% and 42.3%. Population maintenance equaled respectively 97.1%, 98.3% and 98.1%. At the end of the experiment, the egg productivity of laying hens of the first and second groups increased by 4% and 3.6% compared with the control. Therefore, intake of the hepaprotectors by laying hens stimulated their metabolism, positively influenced the blood parameters, survival and egg productivity. The conducted studies confirm the benefits of using hepatoprotectors for the prohylaxis of hepatosis of hens.

Функціональний стан печінки курчат-бройлерів за застосування мультиферментного препарату «Natuzyme»

The results of investigation using multienzyme preparation «Natyzyme» for broiler chickens to provide ultimate digestion of feed by preventive treatment of digestive system organs, increase of poultry growth intensity and correction of physiological spectrum of homeostasis have been shown in this article. Fifty chickens of cross Ross 308 of first (experimental) group since the sixth day of growth were inserted preparation «Natyzyme» added to feed in a dose of 35 gr on 100 kg of feed during 30 days, while the poultry of second (control) group was not used that preparation. The influence of enzyme preparation «Natyzyme» was estimated on 14th and 36th day of poultry birth according to analysis of productive indices, the results of biochemical and histological researches. It was defined the chick livability and liveweight gain of poultry during the period of growth, feed conversion ratio and EEI (European efficiency index) of poultry operation. Blood sampling was carried out in above mentioned period to define indices, characterized functional liver state: protein contain, albumin, alanine transaminase, aspartate aminotransferase, cholinesterase, that were investigated spectrophotometrically. The liver samples were taken for histological research on the 36th day of poultry birth. Obtained digital data were processed mathematically of variation statics. The use of preparation «Natyzyme» contributed to broiler body weight gain on 5.1 % (р ≤ 0,05), viability – on 4.0 %. The results of biochemical researches of blood serum showed higher protein content in chickens of experimental group to 14 and 36th day of experience on 3.2 and 8.9 % (р ≤ 0,05) accordingly. In connection with increasing protein content the index of synthetic activity of liver has grown – cholinesterase contain: on 14th day of birth on 7.1 %, 36th day of birth – on 14.6 % (р ≤ 0,05). The indices of enzymes transamination activity - alanine transaminase, aspartate aminotransferase in blood serum of experimental chicken group on 14th and 36th day of birth accurately have not differed from control data. According to the histological analysis of liver the positive influence of multienzyme preparation on the chicken broilers body has been diagnosed. Unlike the chicken liver of control group, where the presence of liver beam decomplexation in the composition of particles and fatty degeneration of hepatocytes was detected, the chickens of experimental group did not have the such features of the microscopic structure. As a result, the use of preparation «Natyzyme» contributed to greater growth and safety of broiler chickens, reducing of feed costs per 1kg of poultry gain, increasing the European efficiency index of poultry, had a positive effect on the functional state of the liver, that blood biochemical results and data of histological researches have been proved, that shows the advantages of its use in the feeding of broiler chickens.

Effect of Thyme, Ginger and Boldenone as Growth Promoters on some biochemical blood parameters in white Male New-Zealand Rabbits

Objective: The present study was design to determine the biochemical changes effect of thyme, ginger and BOL as growth on male New-Zealand rabbits. Methods: Twenty four white New-Zealand male rabbits were selected at the age from 6-8 weeks old with an average body weight of 0.600 - 0.750 kg were used in the experimental investigation of this study. The rabbits were fed on a basal feed diet throughout the course of the experiment in the form of concentrated feed diet composed. All rabbits were randomly assigned into four equal groups (6 animals per each group). The biochemical analysis estimated total protein, lipid profile include: cholesterol and triglyceride, albumin, creatinine, blood serum aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), oxidative stress marker such as glutathione (GSH) concentration, cytokine (IL-6), testosterone level and growth hormone were determine by using biolabo commercial kits with spectrophotometer, ELISA and radioimmunoassay machine at the biochemistry laboratory. Results: After one month treatments, no significance difference was found between the rabbits groups in initial body weight in the 1st administration compared 2nd administration. There was increasing of ALP and AST with ginger and increase of ALP with thyme even their positive effect on the other concerned parameters in our study. Ginger increase level of serum IL-6 levels and GSH concentrations, while thyme decrease its level in serum. Although Thyme supplementation group improved the growth performance and feed efficiency of rabbits in comparison to ginger supplementation group and control group.

Dietary hydroxycinnamates prevent oxidative damages to liver, spleen, and bone marrow cells in irradiation-exposed mice.

Dietary hydroxycinnamates are considered as attractive materials for radioprotection. This study explores whether hydroxycinnamates protect against γ-radiation-induced cellular damages and hematopoietic stem cell senescence. C57BL/6 mice were orally administered with each of caffeic acid, p-coumaric acid, and ferulic acid (20mg/kg body weight) once per three days for five times before exposure to total body radiation (5 Gy). Irradiation increased the activities of alanine amino transaminase and aspartate aminotransferase in blood serum but decreased the anti-oxidant defense enzyme activities in the liver and spleen tissues. Oral administration of the compounds almost completely prevented irradiation-mediated changes in these enzyme activities. The hydroxycinnamates also inhibited the irradiation-mediated increases in the mitochondrial superoxide anions of Lin-Sca-1+c-Kit+ (LSK) cells and CD150+CD48- LSK cells in the bone marrow. These results suggest that dietary hydroxycinnamates protect against irradiation-mediated oxidative damages of tissues and bone marrow progenitor cells.

Serum enzyme activities in blood and milk in the different stage of lactation in holstein dairy cows

The objective of this study was to determine correlation between serum blood and milk enzyme activities of aspartate-aminotransferase (AST), alanine- aminotransferase (ALT), alkaline-phosphatase (ALP in the 36 dairy Holstein cows divided into three groups according to production period. Group 1 consisted cows in the start of lactation (n = 12); Group 2 -consisted of early lactation cows (n=12) and Group 3 included mid lactation cows (n=15). Statistically significant higher (P<0.01) activity of AST in blood serum was established in early lactation groups of cows as compared to mid lactation group of cows. ALT activity showed a lower (P<0.01) serum activities in early lactation groups of cows than in the mid lactation cows. Higher values ALP in blood and milk are determined in early lactation groups of cows as compared to mid laltation cows, but without statistical significance (P>0.05). Research results showed possibility of mild degree of hepatic lesions, probably due to fat infiltration in early lactation cows. No significant difference (P>0.05) was observed in milk serum value for AST, ALT and ALP between the three groups of cows. No significant correlations among AST, ALT and ALP activities in blood and milk serum were determined (P>0.05) and shows that activity of these enzyme in the milk are not used as markers for early diagnosis of subclinical metabolic disease.

Effects of Clematidis Radix Pharmacopuncture Injected at Sinsu(BL23) on Neuropathic Pain in Rats※

Objectives : The purpose of this study is to examine if Clematidis Radix(CR) pharmacopuncture may be effective to the neuropathic pain(mechanical allodynia) in a rat model of neuropathic pain. Methods : To produce the model of neuropathic, L5 spinal nerve was ligated by 6-0 silk thread. After neuropathic surgery, the author examined if the animals exhibited the plantar withdrawal response of allodynia. The plantar withdrawal response was assessed by dynamic plantar aesthesiometer three days after the neuropathic surgery, CR pharmacopuncture was injected at BL23 1time/week for 6 weeks. After that, the author examined the plantar withdrawal response of rats’ leg by dynamic plantar aesthesiometer. And also the author examined mGluR5, Bax, Bcl-2, Bax/Bcl-2 ratio in spinal cord, and c-Fos. Also the author observed the change of aspartate aminotransferase(AST), alanine aminotransferase(ALT) count in the blood serum of neuropathic rats. Results : 1. The withdrawal response of allodynia decreased in the PT3, PT4 group as compared with control group. 2. The mGluR5 increased in the PT1, PT2, PT3, and PT4 group. 3. The Bax and Bax/Bcl-2 ratio decreased in the PT4 group. 4. The c-Fos increased in the PT1 group, and decreased in the PT4 group. 5. The changes of AST in blood serum decreased in the every group excluded control group and the changes of ALT in blood serum isn’t shown the signigicant change. Conclusions : These results are suggested that CR pharmacopuncture at BL23 decreased mechanical allodynia, can act on anti-apoptotic, neuroprotective effects and liver fuction in the model of neuropathic pain.

PERFORMANCE OF SILVER MONTAZAH HENS FED MASH OR PELLETED DIETS CONTAINING CORN-WITH-COBS MEAL WITH OR WITHOUT ENZYME SUPPLEMENTATION

A factorial experiment (4×2×2) was conducted to evaluate the response of laying hens to feeding experimental diets containing graded levels of corn-with-cobs meal (0, 10, 20 and 30%) with or without Kemzyme® supplementation (0 and 1 g/kg diet) in the form of mash or pellets. Thus, 16 isocaloric and isonitrogenous diets were formulated and used from 28 to 52 weeks of age. A total of 384 Silver Montazah laying hens were randomly chosen, individually caged in an open sided house and exposed to a daily photoperiod of 16 hr, and managed similarly. All hens were fed their respective experimental diets and had free access to water throughout the experimental period. The most important results obtained could be summarized as follows: Dietary level of corn-with-cobs meal (CCM) had no significant effects on body weight change, feed consumption, egg weight, egg shape index and yolk index or serum total protein, albumin, calcium, inorganic phosphorus, or activity of alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) in blood serum of hens. Increasing dietary level of CCM positively affected feed conversion, egg production rate and egg mass. In addition, Haugh units and serum and egg cholesterol were significantly increased when the level of CCM reached 30%. However, neither dietary enzyme supplementation nor diet form (mash vs. pellets) had significant effects on body weight change, feed consumption, feed conversion, egg production rate, egg weight, egg mass, shell thickness, egg shape index, yolk index, Haugh units or egg cholesterol, or serum levels of total protein, albumin, cholesterol, calcium, inorganic phosphorus, and activity of ALT and AST in blood serum. According to the obtained results, corn-with-cobs meal can be included up to 30% in diets of Silver Montazah laying hens, without compromising their productive performance or egg quality, with no need for pelleting the diets or adding exogenous enzymes.

The cholesterol lowering properties of the complex compound simvastatin with glycyrrhizic acid (simvaglyzin) in experimental models

A molecular complex of simvastatin (SV) and glycyrrhyzic acid (GA) (at the ratio of 1 : 4), has been synthesized. The complex named "simvaglyzin" (SVG) was stable in aqeous and aqua-alcohol solutions at GA concentrations exceeding 0.2 mM. In vitro SVG acted as uncompetitive inhibitor of 3-hydroxy-3-methyl-glutaryl-CoA reductase (Ki = 94 nM). Appearance of this inhibitory activity is associated with the cytochrome P450-dependent conversion of SVG. The addition of 1 mM methyrapone into incubation medium fully prevented the inhibition of 3-HMG-CoA reductase. SV and SVG (used at 300 nM concentration) inhibited mevalonate synthesis rate by 39.15+/-8.27% and 38.85+/-3.04%, respectively. In vivo SVG showed dose-dependent cholesterol-lowering effect. In rats the cholesterol-lowering effect of SVG used at daily doses corresponding to 66 and 100 mg/kg of SV was equal to the effect of the daily dose 200 mg/kg of SV. The decreases of total cholesterol level in blood serum were 7%, 9% and 8%, respectively. Myotoxicity of those SVG doses estimated by creatine phosphokinase (CPK) activity in blood serum was lower than that of SV. In rats treated with SV the activity of CPK increased by 79% (p<0.01), while in SVG treated rats by 30% and 36% (p<0.05). Any increase of hepatotoxicity markers alanine aminotransferse or aspartate aminotransferase in blood serum was not observed. The data suggest pharmacological synergism attributed to the SV-GA complex formation and elevated safety of the resultant complex compared with the parent compound.

The Influence of Methionine, Selenomethionine, and Vitamin E on Liver Metabolic Pathways and Steatosis in High-Cholesterol Fed Rabbits

Significant disorders of liver metabolic pathways enzymes after high-cholesterol diet could give information on liver steatosis development. This process could probably also be inhibited by some compounds, as examined in rabbits. Forty-two male rabbits were served a high-cholesterol diet (2 g%) (0.67 g/kg b.m./24 h) with addition of d,l-methionine (70 mg/kg b.m./24 h) or seleno-d,l-methionine (12.5 microg/kg b.m./24 h) or alpha-tocopherol (10 mg/kg b.m./24 h) for 3 months to compare the protection effect of used compounds on liver metabolism and steatosis. At the beginning and every month, blood was taken. After the experiment was completed, livers were dissected for histological examinations. The concentration of total cholesterol (t-CH), triacylglycerol (TG), and the activities of aldolase (ALD), sorbitol dehydrogenase (SDH), glutamate dehydrogenase (GLDH), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) were determined. Plasma t-CH and TG concentrations were significantly higher in all experimental groups vs control group. Blood serum AST and ALT activities did not undergo change but there were observed not significant increase in the CH group vs control group. Activities of SDH, GLDH, and LDH increased in blood serum and decreased in the liver in all experimental groups. Activities of LDH and SDH increased in the liver in the CH+Met group vs CH group. ALD activity decreased in the liver only in the CH and CH+Se groups. This data support a lipotoxic model of cholesterol-mediated hepatic steatosis. Prolonged administration of high-cholesterol diet not only disturbs the structure of cell membranes, which is expressed by decreased activity of enzymes in the liver and the migration of those enzymes to plasma but as well leads to steatosis of the liver, which has been confirmed by histological examinations. The applied compounds appear to have a varying influence upon the activity of enzymes determined in serum and liver. Obtained results showed a beneficial influence of methionine and vitamin E supplementation on liver steatosis development.