Aspartate Aminotransferase Concentrations Research Articles

NO Addition during Gas Oxygenation Reduces Liver and Kidney Injury during Prolonged Cardiopulmonary Bypass.

Objective. To evaluate the effect of NO added to the sweep gas of the oxygenator during cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) on the liver and kidneys in pigs. Methods. An experiment was carried out on 10 pigs undergoing cardiac surgery using CPB. NO was added to the sweep gas of the oxygenator at a concentration of 100 ppm for the animals in the experimental group (CPB-NO, n = 5). Animals in the control group (CPB-contr, n = 5) did not receive NO in the sweep gas of the oxygenator. The CPB lasted 4 h, followed by postoperative monitoring for 12 h. To assess the injury to the liver and kidneys, the levels of alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), bilirubin, creatinine, and neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) were determined initially, at weaning from the CPB, and 6 and 12 h after weaning from the CPB. The glomerular filtration rate (GFR) was evaluated initially, at weaning from the CPB, and 6 and 12 h after weaning from the CPB. A pathomorphological study of the liver and kidneys was performed using semiquantitative morphometry. Results. The long four-hour period of CPB deliberately used in our experiment caused liver and kidney injury. In the CPB-contr group, an increase in the ALT concentration was found: 43 (34; 44) U/L at baseline to 82 (53; 99) U/L 12 h after CPB, p < 0.05. The AST concentration in the CPB-contr group increased from 25 (17; 26) U/L at baseline to 269 (164; 376) U/L 12 h after CPB, p < 0.05. We found no significant increase in the ALT and AST concentrations in the CPB-NO group. There were no significant differences in ALT and AST concentrations between the CPB-NO and CPB-contr groups at all the study time-points. In the CPB-contr group, an increase in the creatinine level was found from 131 (129; 133) µmol/L at baseline to 273 (241; 306) µmol/L 12 h after CPB, p < 0.05. We found no significant increase in creatinine level in the CPB-NO group. Creatinine levels in the CPB-NO group were significantly lower than in the CPB-contr group 12 h after weaning from CPB: 183 (168; 196) vs. 273 (241; 306) µmol/L; p = 0.008. The GFR in the CPB-NO group was significantly higher than in the CPB-contr group 6 h after weaning from CPB: 78.9 (77.8; 82.3) vs. 67.9 (62.3; 69.2) mL/min; p = 0.016. GFR was significantly higher in the CPB-NO group than in the CPB-contr group 12 h after weaning from CPB: 67.7 (65.5; 68.0) vs. 50.3 (48.7; 54.9) mL/min; p = 0.032. We found no significant differences between the study groups in the level of NGAL. We found several differences between the groups in the pathomorphological study. Conclusions. NO added to the sweep gas of the oxygenator reduces creatinine levels and increases GFR during prolonged CPB injury. Further research is required.

The anti-liver fibrosis effect of Tibetan medicine (Qiwei Tiexie capsule) is related to the inhibition of NLRP3 inflammasome activation in vivo and in vitro

Ethnopharmacological relevanceQiwei Tiexie capsule (QWTX) is an improved form of a classical prescription of Tibetan medicine—Qiwei Tiexie pill. It has been employed in the treatment of a variety of chronic liver disorders, including liver fibrosis. Uncertainty still exists regarding the mechanism of QWTX action in liver fibrosis. Aim of the studyConfirm the anti-liver fibrosis effect of QWTX and reveal its mechanism from the perspective of NOD-like receptor protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome activation. Materials and methodsIn vivo experiment: A rat model of carbon tetrachloride -induced liver fibrosis was constructed. All rats were randomly divided into six groups: a control group, a model group, a group receiving the positive drug (Biejia Ruangan tablet), and three groups receiving QWTX at high, medium, and low doses. The contents of aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and total bilirubin (TBil) were detected in serum. Hematoxylin and eosin staining and Masson's staining were used to assess the histomorphological alteration of the liver. The levels of glutathione peroxidase, hydroxyproline, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), and interleukin 1 beta (IL-1β) in the liver were determined using the corresponding detection kits. Real-time polymerase chain reaction, immunofluorescence, and western blotting were used to determine the expression levels of NLRP3, adaptor protein (ASC), caspase-1, and alpha-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA). In vitro experiment: Four groups of rat hepatic stellate cell line (HSC-T6) cells were created: the control group, the low-dose QWTX group (0.05 mg/mL), the medium-dose QWTX group (0.1 mg/mL), and the high-dose QWTX group (0.2 mg/mL). Cell viability was assessed using a cell counting kit, and the amounts of collagen type I (Col I) and IL-1β in the cell lysate were measured using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kit. The mRNA and protein expression of NLRP3, ASC, caspase-1, and α-SMA were also estimated. ResultsQWTX had an inhibitory effect on liver fibrosis and a negative effect on HSC activation, while it improved liver histopathological injury and abnormal liver function and increased hydroxyproline content and glutathione peroxidase activity in vivo. QWTX decreased the expression of α-SMA, NLRP3, caspase-1, ASC, and IL-1β both in vitro and in vivo. ConclusionsTibetan medicine QWTX had a significant anti-liver fibrosis effect that was related to the inhibition of NLRP3 inflammasome activation in vivo and in vitro.

Multi-Effects of Acute Salinity Stress on Osmoregulation, Physiological Metabolism, Antioxidant Capacity, Immunity, and Apoptosis in Macrobrachium rosenbergii.

Salinity stress can trigger a series of physiological changes. However, the mechanism underlying the response to acute salinity stress in Macrobrachium rosenbergii remains poorly understood. In this study, osmoregulation, physiological metabolism, antioxidant capacity, and apoptosis were examined over 96 h of acute salinity stress. Hemolymph osmolality increased with increasing salinity. After 48 h of salinity exposure, the glucose, triglycerides, total protein, and total cholesterol contents in two salinity stress groups (13 and 26‱ salinity) were significantly lower than those in the 0‱ salinity group. The highest levels of these parameters were detected at 6 h; however, superoxide dismutase (SOD), total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC), and malondialdehyde (MDA) were the lowest at 96 h in the 13‱ salinity group. The activity of immunity-related enzyme alkaline phosphatase (AKP) showed a decreasing trend with increasing salinity and remained at a low level in the 26‱ salinity group throughout the experiment. No significant differences were observed in aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), or lysozyme (LZM) among the three treatments at 96 h. After 96 h of salinity treatments, the gill filament diameter significantly decreased, and a more pronounced terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL)-positive signal was detected in the 13‱ and 26‱ groups compared to that in the 0‱ group. Expression levels of apoptosis-related genes, including Cysteine-aspartic acid protease 3 (Caspase 3), Cysteine-aspartic acid protease 8 (Caspase 8), Cytochrome c (Cyt-c), tumor suppressor gene (P53), Nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB), and B cell lymphoma 2 ovarian killer (Bok) were significantly higher in the 26‱ salinity group than in the other groups at 24 h, but lower than those in the 0‱ salinity group at 96 h. Cyt-c and P53 levels exhibited a significantly positive relationship with MDA, AST, and LZM activity during salinity stress. In the 13‱ salinity group, Bok expression was significantly correlated with SOD, T-AOC, AKP, acid phosphatase, and LZM activity, whereas in the 26‱ group, the AST content was positively correlated with Caspase 8, Cyt-c, and P53 expression. A significant negative relationship was observed between Caspase 3 expression and catalase (CAT) activity. These findings provide insight into the mechanisms underlying the response to acute salinity stress and will contribute to improving M. rosenbergii aquaculture and management practices.

Clinicopathological Evaluation of Naturally Occurring Septic Arthritis in the Bovine Calves

Background: Septic arthritis affects ruminant welfare because, if left untreated, it can cause chronic pain and limit the mobility of affected joints. Objectives: This study aimed to investigate the clinical and pathological changes in arthritic bovine calves. Methods: The study was conducted on 12 calves with swollen knees or carpal joints. All calves were evaluated through clinical, radiographic, and ultrasonographic examination. Peripheral blood was aspirated from each to assess hematobiochemical changes. Synovial fluid and infected swab samples were subjected to bacteriological analysis, and a synovial biopsy was taken for histological examination. Results: Ultrasound revealed inflammatory effusions with various echogenicity in the afflicted joint capsule, while radiography showed remarkable swelling of joints and surrounding structures and the development of new bone. Regarding hematological variables, the value of total erythrocyte count, total leukocyte count, and erythrocyte sedimentation rate significantly (P&lt;0.05) increased in septic arthritic calves compared to healthy calves. In the arthritis group, the serum concentration of alanine transaminase, alkaline phosphatase, and aspartate aminotransferase was considerably (P&lt;0.05) higher than in healthy calves. The total protein and urea values were significantly (P&lt;0.05) decreased in calves with infected arthritis. From the synovial fluid and purulent discharge of the joints, Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli were isolated. Histopathology of synovial tissue revealed chronic suppurative inflammation with intense hyperplasia of joint synovium. Conclusion: The results of this study may aid veterinarians in effectively diagnosing and treating septic arthritis in calves.

Comparing Hematological and Biochemical Profiles of Pregnant and Non-pregnant Barb Mares Raised in Tiaret, Algeria

Background: The pure-bred Barb horse is a beloved breed from the Great Maghreb. Despite the breed’s prominence in Algeria, no gestational hematological or biochemical research has been done on this breed. Objectives: This study aimed to compare the hematological and biochemical parameters of pregnant and non-pregnant Barb mares in the first, second, and third trimesters of pregnancy. Methods: From 12 pregnant and 6 non-pregnant mares, 102 venous blood samples were taken, and their glucose (Glu), cholesterol (Cho), triglycerides (TG), total protein (TP), urea (Urea), Aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT), iron (Fer), calcium (Ca), phosphorus (P), and ferric reducing ability of plasma (FRAP) were assessed as biochemical variables. Also, red blood cells, hemoglobin, hematocrit, mean corpuscular volume, mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration, white blood cells, and platelets were all measured as hematological variables. Results: The levels of ALP, ALT, GGT, and P decreased significantly throughout gestation, while Ca, TG, Fe, and Glu levels increased. AST concentrations decreased in the second and third trimesters, whereas Cho levels increased in the first and second trimesters. Urea levels increased significantly in the third trimester, and FRAP showed significant differences at different stages of pregnancy. Mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration was significantly lower in the first and second trimesters, and hemoglobin values were significantly lower in the second trimester. The mean value of white blood cell count was slightly higher in late pregnancy, while platelet values significantly increased throughout all trimesters. Conclusion: The study provides valuable information on the changes in hematological and biochemical parameters during pregnancy in Barb mares. These findings can be used as a reference for future studies on the reproductive physiology of this breed.

Coagulation Abnormalities in Pediatric Patients with β-Thalassemia, An experience at a Tertiary Care Hospital

Life expectancy in thalassemia has markedly improved due to consistent blood transfer and amenability with iron chelation therapy, therefore this improvement is conditioned with various thromboembolic problems of this prolonged disorder including thromboembolic complaints. Objective: To determine coagulation abnormalities in beta (β) thalassemia major patients who have been multi transfused. Methods: This observational study was conducted at Department of Haematology &amp; Transfusion Medicine, Children hospital &amp; University of Child Health Sciences (CH&amp;UCHS), Lahore, from October 2022 to January 2023. The study included 60 β-thalassemic patient, age less than 16 years whose samples were compared with upper and lower normal value as regards to Prothrombin Time (PT), Active Partial Thromboplastin Time (APTT), Protein S, Protein C, liver enzymes (Alanine Transaminase (ALT), Aspartate Transaminase (AST), Gamma-Glutamyl Transferase (GGT). The data were analyzed using IBM SPSS version 23.0. Results: When values were compared, natural clotting inhibitors (Protein S, Protein C) were remarkably reduced in β-thalassemic paeds patients (p&lt;0.001).PT and APTT were prolonged in thalassemic children (p&gt;0.05 and p&lt;0.05 correspondingly). There was substantial increase in concentrations of ALT and AST in β-thalassemic patients (p &lt; 0.001 and p &lt; 0.001 respectively) due to iron over load by multiple transfusions. Conclusions: Marked changes in coagulation inhibition supporting thrombotic tendency was observed in thalassemic children. There were reduced levels of protein C and protein S, independent of slightly prolonged PT and APTT and elevated levels of ALT, AST with normal GGT in thalassemic children.

Pinecone oil supplemented to multiparous sows from 107 days prenatal to 21 days postpartum improves reproductive performance and milk composition and affects serum parameters.

Pinecone oil (PO) of Pinus koraiensis mainly contains α-pinene, β-pinene, and limonene that may ameliorate animal well-being and growth performance. This study evaluated its effects on feed intake, milk composition and yield, serum parameters, and litter growth of sows. Twenty-seven pregnant sows (parity 2-4) were distributed to three dietary treatments. The trial started on Day 107 of gestation and ended on Day 21 of lactation. Sows were given either a basal diet or the basal diet + 200 or 400 mg/kg PO. Each treatment contained nine sows and each sow was considered an experimental unit. Results showed that the average daily gain and weaned body weight of piglets from the sows fed 400 mg/kg PO supplements were higher (p < 0.05) than the piglets from the control sows. Lactose content in colostrum samples and fat content in milk samples were higher (p < 0.05) in 400 mg/kg PO-treated sows, respectively, than those from the sows fed basal diet. Additionally, cortisol concentration and aspartate aminotransferase concentration in sow serum was lowered (p < 0.05) by 400 mg/kg PO on Day 21 of lactation. In conclusion, supplementation of 400 mg/kg PO during late gestation and lactation contributed to greater offspring growth performance, possibly by enhanced milk quality and alleviated maternal stress.

Effect of dietary glycine supplementation on productive performance, egg quality, stress response, and fatty liver incidence in laying hens raised under heat stress conditions

The current experiment aimed to investigate the effect of dietary glycine (Gly) supplementation on productive performance, egg quality, stress response, and fatty liver incidence in laying hens raised under heat stress (HS) conditions. A total of two hundred eighty 24-wk-old Lohmann Brown-Lite laying hens were randomly allotted to 1 of 4 dietary treatments with 7 replicates. The negative control (NC) diet was prepared to meet or exceed the nutrient and energy requirement for Lohmann Brown laying hens, whereas the positive control (PC) diet was formulated to increase AMEn by 100 kcal/kg compared with the NC diet. Two additional diets were prepared by supplementing 0.341% and 0.683% Gly to the NC diet. All hens were exposed to cyclic HS at 31.4 ± 1.17°C for 8 h/d and 26.7 ± 1.10°C for the remaining time for a 12-wk trial. Results indicated that increasing supplementation of Gly in diets tended (linear, P=0.088) to decrease the FCR of laying hens. Increasing supplementation of Gly in diets increased (linear, P < 0.05) eggshell lightness and decreased (linear, P < 0.05) egg yolk color. Moreover, a tendency for a quadratic association (P < 0.10) of serum aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase concentrations with increasing supplementation of Gly was observed. Increasing supplementation of Gly in diets decreased (linear, P < 0.05) blood heterophil:lymphocyte ratio of laying hens. Hens fed the NC diet showed higher fatty liver incidence (P < 0.05) than those fed the PC diet, but increasing supplementation of Gly decreased (linear, P < 0.05) fatty liver incidence of laying hens. In conclusion, increasing supplementation of Gly up to 0.683% in diets decreases FCR, stress response, and fatty liver incidence in laying hens raised under HS conditions.

Aminotransferase Activity Measurement on The Atellica® CH 930 and The Architect® ci4100

The Atellica® CH 930 is a new biochemistry analyzer recently introduced to the world market. This study aims to compare the Atellica® CH 930 analyzer to the Architect® ci4100 analyzer for measurement of serum aspartate (AST) and alanine (ALT) aminotransferase concentrations. A total of 112 sera were tested on the Architect® ci4100 and the Atellica® CH 930 analyzers for ALT and AST activities, and the results were compared using the paired Student's t-test, Pearson’s correlation analysis, Passing-Bablok regression analysis, and Bland–Altman plots. There was no significant difference between the means of the ALT and AST concentrations measured using the two instruments (p = 0.659 and p = 0.506, respectively). For ALT, the Passing-Bablok equation was Atellica=1.11 ×Architect -0.96, with a correlation coefficient (r) of 0.999. For AST, it was Atellica=1.08 ×Architect -0.50, with r = 0.998. According to Bland-Altman plots, the mean difference between both methods was 2.3 IU/L (4.3%) for ALT and 2.1 IU/L (5.8%) for AST, with 95.53% and 96.43% of points within the interval [0 ± 1.96 × SD], respectively. These findings demonstrated that the Atellica® CH 930 and Architect® ci4100 methods had an overall good agreement in aminotransferase measurement.

The importance of predictors for in-hospital COVID-19 mortality changes over one month

BackgroundRisk stratification enables care providers to make the proper clinical decision for the management of patients with COVID-19 infection. We aimed to explore changes in the importance of predictors for inpatient mortality of COVID-19 over one month. MethodsThis research was a secondary analysis of data from in-hospital patients with COVID-19 infection. Individuals were admitted to four hospitals, New York, USA. Based on the length of hospital stay, 4370 patients were categorized into three mutually exclusive interval groups, day 1, day 2-7, and day 8-28. We measured changes in the importance of twelve confirmed predictors for mortality over one month, using principal component analysis. ResultsOn the first day of admission, there was a higher risk for organ dysfunction, particularly in elderly patients. On day 1, serum aspartate aminotransferase and sodium were also associated with an increased risk of mortality, while normal troponin opposes in-hospital death. With time, the importance of high aspartate aminotransferase and sodium concentrations decreases, while the variable quality of high troponin levels increases. Our study suggested the importance of maintaining normal blood pressure early in the management of patients. High serum concentrations of creatinine and C-reactive protein remain poor prognostic factors throughout the 28 days. The association of age with mortality increases with the length of hospital stay. ConclusionThe importance of some patients’ characteristics changes with the length of hospital stay. This should be considered in developing and deploying predictive models and the management of patients with COVID-19 infection.

Impact of Cannabidiol oil and prednisolone on liver enzymes, oxidative stress markers and liver histology in cadmium induced toxicity in male Wistar rats

Background: This study aimed to ascertain the effect of cannabidiol (CBD) oil and prednisolone on serum liver enzyme markers and hepatic oxidative stress markers on cadmium-induced toxicity in male Wistar rats. Forty (40) male Wistar rats weighing between 150g to 200g were assigned into 8 groups (A-H) of five animals each. Group 1 served as control, Groups 2-8 received 1mg/kg body weight of prednisolone; 1.5mg/kg bw of cadmium; 1mg/kg bw of prednisolone + 0.2mg/kg bw of CBD-oil; 0.2mg/kg bw of CBD-oil + 2mg/kg bw of cadmium; 3mg/kg bw of prednisolone + 2mg/kg of cadmium; 0.1mg/kg bw of CBD-oil and 0.2mg/kg bw of CBD-oil respectively. The administration was done using an orogastric tube (gavage) for 14 days. Results revealed a significant decrease in the concentration of aspartate aminotransferase (AST) in all treated groups compared to control. Furthermore, serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) showed a significant (p&lt;0.05) decrease in all treated groups compared to control. There was a significant decrease in the concentration of alkaline phosphatase (ALP) in treated groups compared to the control. Liver catalase significantly increased in rats fed with pred +cadmium compared to control and other treated groups. Liver superoxide dismutase (SOD) significantly decreased in (p&lt;0.05) the group treated with cadmium compared to the control and prednisolone groups. Liver malondialdehyde concentration did not reveal any significant change (p&gt;0.05). Liver glutathione peroxidase significantly decreased in treated groups than in control. Liver-reduced glutathione significantly decreased across treated groups than the control. Histology of the liver revealed degeneration of hepatocytes and vascular congestion in groups treated with prednisolone, prednisolone+ cadmium, and CBD oil (0.2mg/kg). We conclude that CBD oil, prednisolone, and Cadmium administration at different doses decreased the concentration of serum liver enzyme and oxidative stress markers but caused local inflammation of the liver. If this study is applicable to humans, CBD-oil and prednisolone should be cautiously taken as they may likely present adverse effects, especially in people with liver disease.

Comparative effect of ginger (an anti-inflammatory medicinal herb) and aspirin (a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug) on liver enzymes in male albino Wistar rats

Background:Herbal therapies mediate similar functions with those of some well-known drugs. Ginger and aspirin are herbal and drug therapies respectively which are used for the treatment of anti-inflammatory conditions. Non-steroidal medicinal drugs especially aspirin and acetaminophen are usually linked to drug-induced liver injury. Therefore, this research seeks to compare the effect of these two therapies on liver function using aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine transaminase (ALT) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) as the biomarkers. The aim of the study was to establish if ginger will offer a better hepatocellular protection considering that the use of aspirin in treating inflammatory disorders is already linked to liver injury.&#x0D; Methods: AST, ALT, ALP, Total, conjugated and unconjugated bilirubin were assessed in this study using 18 Wistar rats. The animals were divided into three groups (control, ginger and aspirin), six (6) rats per group. The three groups of animals were allowed access to food and water daily throughout the experimental period. Ginger group animals were administered 150 mg/kg dose of aqueous ginger extract while aspirin group of animals also received 150 mg/kg dose of aspirin for four weeks. Control group received normal saline of equal volume with the test groups.&#x0D; Results: AST, ALT, total and conjugated bilirubin was significantly lower in ginger group compared to aspirin and the control group (P&lt;0.05). However, ALP was significantly higher in ginger group compared to aspirin and the control group (P&lt;0.05). Unconjugated bilirubin showed no significant difference among experimental groups.&#x0D; Conclusion: Result showed that ginger offered a better hepatocellular protection compared to aspirin group following decrease AST and ALT concentration in the ginger group.

Short-Term Exposure to PM2.5 and O3 Impairs Liver Function in HIV/AIDS Patients: Evidence from a Repeated Measurements Study.

Studies investigating the relationship between ambient air pollutants and liver function are scarce. Our objective was to examine the associations of acute exposure to PM2.5 and O3 with levels of hepatic enzymes in people living with HIV/AIDS (PWHA). Our study involved 163 PWHA, who were evaluated for serum hepatic enzymes up to four times within a year. We extracted daily average concentrations of PM2.5, PM2.5 components, and O3 for each participant, based on their residential address, using the Tracking of Air Pollution in China database. Linear mixed-effect models were utilized to assess the associations of acute exposure to PM2.5 and O3 with hepatic enzymes. Weighted quantile sum regression models were employed to identify the major constituents of PM2.5 that affect hepatic enzymes. The percent change of aspartate aminotransferase (AST) concentration was positively correlated with a 10 µg/m3 increase in PM2.5, ranging from 1.92 (95% CI: 3.13 to 4.38) to 6.09 (95% CI: 9.25 to 12.38), with the largest effect observed at lag06. Additionally, acute O3 exposure was related to increased levels of alanine aminotransferase (ALT), AST, and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) concentrations. Co-exposure to high levels of PM2.5 and O3 had an antagonistic effect on the elevation of AST. Further analysis revealed that SO42- and BC were major contributors to elevated AST concentration due to PM2.5 constituents. A stronger association was found between O3 exposure and ALT concentration in female PWHA. Our study found that short-term exposure to PM2.5 and O3 was associated with increased levels of hepatic enzymes, indicating that PM2.5 and O3 exposure may contribute to hepatocellular injury in PWHA. Our study also found that PWHA may be more vulnerable to air pollution than the general population. These findings highlight the relationship between air pollutants and liver function in PWHA, providing a scientific basis for the implementation of measures to protect susceptible populations from the adverse effects of air pollution. A reduction in the burning of fossil fuels and reduced exposure to air pollutants may be effective hazard reduction approaches.

Association between Asia–Pacific body mass index classification and serum liver enzymes: alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase and gamma-glutamyl transferase in healthy individuals

BackgroundElevated levels of serum liver transaminases are good indicators of liver cell damage, and elevated serum gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT) level is a good indicator of both bile duct and hepatocellular damage. At early stages, elevated serum levels of these liver enzymes can be mostly prevailed as an asymptomatic condition and therefore in an undiagnosed state. This may be resulted in a number of complications and may lead to chronic hepatic damage that will be more severe and difficult to care. Serum liver enzyme levels are affected by age, gender, body mass index (BMI), ethnicity, drugs and viruses. Obesity has been an epidemic in nearly every country in the world. BMI is the best parameter to assess the magnitude of obesity. Having this background, the present study was designed to investigate the correlation between the levels of serum liver enzymes alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and GGT and Asia–Pacific cut-off points of BMI in healthy individuals.MethodsA descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted using 120 Sinhala, Buddhist subjects which belonged to 18–32 years. BMI was calculated according to the standard protocol. The serum ALT and AST concentrations were measured by UV assay according to the IFCC method without pyridoxal phosphate activation, and the serum GGT concentration was measured by UV assay according to Szasz method, using the Mindray BS-240 Full Automatic Biochemistry Analyser.ResultsSerum levels of liver enzymes were significantly higher in males than females. In females, serum levels of ALT (r = 0.312, p < 0.001), AST (r = 0.138, p = 0.071) and GGT (r = 0.212, p = 0.047) positively correlated with BMI. In males too, serum levels of ALT (r = 0.431, p < 0.001), AST (r = 0.324, p = 0.013) and GGT (r = 0.314, p = 0.031) were positively correlated with BMI. The minimum values of serum ALT, AST and GGT levels were observed in underweight group, while the maximum values were observed in obese group in both genders.ConclusionsALT had the strongest correlation with BMI in both females and males. Therefore, ALT can be suggested as the best liver enzyme that can be used in screening purposes by concerning BMI.

Effects of different sodium acetate levels on growth, antioxidant capacity, and fat deposition in juvenile Onychostoma macrolepis fed a high fat diet

Effects of different sodium acetate levels on growth, antioxidant capacity, and fat deposition in juvenile <i>Onychostoma macrolepis</i> fed a high fat diet

Machine learning to predict pediatric choledocholithiasis: A Western Pediatric Surgery Research Consortium retrospective study

BackgroundThe purpose of this study was to accurately predict pediatric choledocholithiasis with clinical data using a computational machine learning algorithm. MethodsA multicenter retrospective cohort study was performed on children <18 years of age who underwent cholecystectomy between 2016 to 2019 at 10 pediatric institutions. Demographic data, clinical findings, laboratory, and ultrasound results were evaluated by bivariate analyses. An Extra-Trees machine learning algorithm using k-fold cross-validation was used to determine predictive factors for choledocholithiasis. Model performance was assessed using the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve on a validation dataset. ResultsA cohort of 1,597 patients was included, with an average age of 13.9 ± 3.2 years. Choledocholithiasis was confirmed in 301 patients (18.8%). Obesity was the most common comorbidity in all patients. Choledocholithiasis was associated with the finding of a common bile duct stone on ultrasound, increased common bile duct diameter, and higher serum concentrations of aspartate aminotransferase, alanine transaminase, lipase, and direct and peak total bilirubin. Nine features (age, body mass index, common bile duct stone on ultrasound, common bile duct diameter, aspartate aminotransferase, alanine transaminase, lipase, direct bilirubin, and peak total bilirubin) were clinically important and included in the machine learning algorithm. Our 9-feature model deployed on new patients was found to be highly predictive for choledocholithiasis, with an area under the receiver operating characteristic score of 0.935. ConclusionThis multicenter study uses machine learning for pediatric choledocholithiasis. Nine clinical factors were highly predictive of choledocholithiasis, and a machine learning model trained using medical and laboratory data was able to identify children at the highest risk for choledocholithiasis.

Effects of bacteriophage on Salmonella Enteritidis infection in broilers

Bacteriophages (BP) are viruses that can infect bacteria. The present study evaluated the effect of BP on Salmonella infected broilers. A number of 150 day-old broilers were used in a completely randomized design with five treatments that included: (1) basal diet from day 0 to 28; (2) basal diet + 0.3 g/kg of colistin from day 0 to 28; (3) basal diet from day 1 to 13, and basal diet + 0.4 g/kg of colistin from day 14 to 28; (4) basal diet + 1 g/kg of BP from day 0 to 28; (5) basal diet + 1.5 g/kg of BP from day 0 to 28. On day 13, 15 chickens from each treatment were challenged by Salmonella Enteritidis (SE), while fifteen from each treatment were not; instead, they were kept in the same cage with the challenged chickens (exposed chickens). At 7 and 14 days post-challenge, the number of SE and coliform bacteria in the cecum and liver of colistin and BP-fed birds was lower than the control treatment. In exposed and challenged chickens, the height and surface area of villus were greater in the BP and colistin-supplemented groups. Serum concentrations of aspartate aminotransferase and alanine transaminase were greater, while serum albumin and triglycerides concentrations were lower in the control treatment. The liver of the challenged chickens had more pathological lesions than exposed birds. BP significantly decreased PPARγ gene expression in exposed chickens. In the challenged and exposed chickens, TLR4 gene expression was lower in BP and colistin-treated birds as compared to the control. In conclusion, adding BP to the diet from the day of age prevents the spread of Salmonella.

Effect of anti‐fouling organotin compound (TBTCl) and the ameliorative role of spirulina on Lamellidens marginalis

AbstractOrganotin compounds (OTs) belong to persistent organic pollutants (POPs) group and are capable of persisting up to 40 years due to their chemical nature. Tributyltin (TBT) is an anti‐fouling agent and can easily leach out into water threatening the aquatic life. Molluscs are sensitive towards the presence of toxins in their surrounding environment and respond accordingly to overcome stress conditions. Lamellidens marginalis, a freshwater bivalve is popular for its food value and pink pearls. The present study focuses on the effect of Tributyltin chloride (TBTCl), a form of TBT, on Lamellidens marginalis under laboratory conditions. The 96 h median lethal concentration (LC50) was calculated to be 1 mg L−1. Bivalves were segregated into three sub‐groups that is, group I; control, group II; experimental (treated with 0.2 mg L−1 TBTCl that is, 1/5th of LC50 value), group III; experimental (treated with 0.2 mg L−1 TBTCl + 0.003% w/v spirulina). A static non‐renewal toxicity assay was performed for 96 h. Estimation of total protein, acid phosphatase (ACP), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and glycogen was carried out. An overall decrease in the total protein, ACP, ALP, glycogen, and ALT was observed in both the experimental groups (Groups II and III) in comparison to the control group whereas, the concentration of AST was found to increase in hepatopancreas. Integrated biomarker response index (IBR) value was calculated to be 12.60 for control and 10.56 and 11.29 for groups II and III, respectively in hepatopancreas. Similarly, in gill tissue the values were 3.69, 1.37, and 3.43, respectively. After treatment with nutritional supplement spirulina, a higher BRI (biomarker response index) value of 3.3 for group III was observed, suggesting the therapeutic role of spirulina in test organisms. BRI value derived for group II was 2.7 indicating more severity of TBTCl compared to group III in the absence of spirulina.

Effect of dietary arginine supplementation on protein synthesis, meat quality and flavor in growing lambs

This study aimed to assess the effect of dietary arginine supplementation on protein synthesis, meat quality and flavor in lambs. Eighteen Dorper (♂) × Small Tailed Han sheep (♀) crossed ewe lambs of similar weight (27.29 ± 2.02 kg; aged 3 months) were assigned to two groups, the control group was fed the basal diet (Con group), and the arginine group (Arg group) was supplemented with 1% l-arginine based on the Con group for 90 d. The results suggested that dietary arginine significantly increased final body weight, loin eye muscle area, muscle fiber diameter, cross-sectional area (P < 0.050), and decreased shear force value and cooking loss (P < 0.050), as well as altered the composition and contents of volatile flavor compounds in lambs. Importantly, the total protein (TP) content, alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (AKP) activities in serum, branched-chain aminotransferase (BCAT), AST, ALT activities and neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) gene expression and content were elevated (P < 0.050), while content of urea nitrogen (BUN) in serum and 3-methylhistidine (3-MH) were decreased in arginine fed lambs (P < 0.050). In addition, arginine triggered muscle protein synthesis through protein kinase B (Akt)/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling pathway, while minimized protein degradation by regulating gene expression of myogenin (MyoG), myostatin (MSTN), muscle atrophy F-box (MAFbx) and forkhead box O3 family (FoxO3) (P < 0.050). Taken together, this study suggested that arginine can be used to improve protein deposition and meat quality in lamb production.

Effect of replacing a portion of inorganic chloride trace minerals with trace mineral amino acid complexes

The objective was to determine whether replacing a portion of inorganic chloride trace minerals and cobalt carbonate in the diet with AA complexes of trace minerals and cobalt glucoheptonate will improve lactating cow performance, feed efficiency, and calf performance. In a clinical trial, 69 Holstein cows entering second lactation and greater were randomly assigned to 1 of 2 treatments, with the total dietary trace mineral concentration the same between treatments, starting 1 wk after dry off (50 to 57 d before expected parturition) until 154 d in milk (DIM): (1) an inorganic chloride trace mineral (ITM) blend consisting of Zn (75 mg/kg), Mn (65 mg/kg), and Cu (10 mg/kg) as hydroxychlorides and Co (1 mg/kg) as carbonate (n = 37) or (2) partial replacement of ITM with AA complexes of Zn (40 mg/kg), Mn (20 mg/kg), and Cu (3.5 mg/kg) and Co glucoheptonate (1 mg/kg; AATM; Availa-Dairy, Zinpro Corp.; n = 32). Dry matter intake (DMI) was recorded daily from enrollment through wk 8, and milk yields were recorded daily from calving through wk 22. Milk composition and body weights (BW) were collected weekly. Serum samples were analyzed for albumin (Alb), cholesterol (Chol), total bilirubin (Bili), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), haptoglobin, β-hydroxybutyrate (BHB), and Ca. A liver health index (LHI) was calculated based on Bili, Chol, and Alb concentrations. A liver functionality index (LFI) was calculated to standardize changes in Alb, Chol, and Bili from 4 to 29 DIM. Greater LHI and LFI indicate better health status. Colostrum was analyzed for IgG and Brix, and calf serum was analyzed for IgG. Calf growth was monitored through 9 wk of age (AATM: n = 12, ITM: n = 10). Data were analyzed using SAS software with mixed effects models and repeated-measures analysis, when applicable. Survival analysis for pregnancy by 154 DIM was analyzed by Cox proportional and Kaplan-Meier hazards models. Disorder incidence was tested with Fisher's exact test. Prepartum DMI as a percent of BW was lower in cows fed AATM and not significant postpartum. Cows fed AATM produced more milk from wk 1 to 8 and from wk 1 to 22. Energy-corrected milk yield and colostrum measures did not significantly differ between treatments. A treatment by time interaction was seen for AST and BHB; cows fed AATM tended to have lower AST concentrations at 28 DIM and lower concentrations in BHB through 29 DIM, though not statistically significant. Cows fed AATM had greater LHI at 4 DIM. Haptoglobin, Ca, LFI, hazard of pregnancy, risk to first service, survival curves, or services per pregnancy did not significantly differ. Calf serum IgG and birth weight did not significantly differ between treatments. Calves from dams fed AATM had greater average daily gain than calves from dams fed ITM. Overall, cows fed AATM during the dry period and early lactation had improved postpartum performance and potential health improvements.