ASME Trans Research Articles

Predicting the impact of formation protocols on battery lifetime immediately after manufacturing

Predicting the impact of formation protocols on battery lifetime immediately after manufacturing

Erratum: “Development and Validation of a Reduced Critical Radius Model for Cryogenic Cavitation” [ASME Trans. J. Fluid Eng., 2012, 134, p. 051301

Erratum: “Development and Validation of a Reduced Critical Radius Model for Cryogenic Cavitation” [ASME Trans. J. Fluid Eng., 2012, 134, p. 051301

Design Fixation and Its Mitigation: A Study on the Role of Expertise

Engineering idea generation plays a vital role in the development of novel products. Prior studies have shown that designers fixate to the features of example solutions and replicate these features in their ideas. This type of fixation acts as a major hindrance in idea generation, as it restricts the solution space where designers search for their ideas. Building upon the study by Linsey et al. [2010, “A Study of Design Fixation, Its Mitigation and Perception in Engineering Design Faculty,” ASME Trans. J. Mech. Des., 132, 041003], this study hypothesizes that designers fixate to example features and this fixation can be mitigated using certain defixation materials including alternate representations of the design problem. To investigate this, the experiment conducted by Linsey et al. [2010] with engineering design faculty is replicated with novice designers. Participants generate ideas for a design problem in three groups: one group working with a fixating example, a second group working with the same example along with alternate representations of the design problem and a control group. The obtained results show that both the novice designers and design faculty fixate to the same extent, whereas the defixation materials have differential effect on the two groups. This result indicates that design researchers need to be very careful in developing methods and guidelines that are formulated and tested with studies on novice designers. The effectiveness of such measures may vary with the level of expertise of the designer.

Discussion: “Effect of Corrugated Roughness on Developed Laminar Flow in Microtubes,” (Duan, Z. and Muzychka, Y. M., 2008, ASME Trans. J. Fluids Eng., 130, p. 031102)

Fully developed continuum flow through corrugated tubes with slip at the boundary is solved by perturbations and the results are compared with the work of Duan and Muzychka (Duan and Muzychka, 2008, “Effects of Corrugated Roughness on Developed Laminar Flow in Microtubes,” ASME Trans. J. Fluids Eng., 130, p. 031102). This note brings out and corrects the errata and extends the results obtained.

Rapid diagnosis of electromigration induced failure time of Pb-free flip chip solder joints by high resolution synchrotron radiation laminography

We performed a rapid diagnosis of electromigration induced void nucleation and growth in Pb-free flip chip solder joints. Quantitative measurements of the growth rate of voids during the stressing by 1.0 × 104 A/cm2 and 7.5 × 103 A/cm2 at 125 °C were conducted by synchrotron radiation high resolution x-ray laminography. The results were analyzed by the statistical model of Weibull distribution function [W. Weibull, ASME Trans. J. Appl. Mech. 18(3), 293 (1951)] of lifetime data. The Johnson-Mehl-Avrami phase transformation theory is proposed to provide a physical link to the statistical model and to estimate the lifetime of the joints at early stages.

A Closed-Form Solution for the Eshelby Tensor and the Elastic Field Outside an Elliptic Cylindrical Inclusion

From the analytical formulation developed by Ju and Sun [1999, “A Novel Formulation for the Exterior-Point Eshelby’s Tensor of an Ellipsoidal Inclusion,” ASME Trans. J. Appl. Mech., 66, pp. 570–574], it is seen that the exterior point Eshelby tensor for an ellipsoid inclusion possesses a minor symmetry. The solution to an elliptic cylindrical inclusion may be obtained as a special case of Ju and Sun’s solution. It is noted that the closed-form expression for the exterior-point Eshelby tensor by Kim and Lee [2010, “Closed Form Solution of the Exterior-Point Eshelby Tensor for an Elliptic Cylindrical Inclusion,” ASME Trans. J. Appl. Mech., 77, p. 024503] violates the minor symmetry. Due to the importance of the solution in micromechanics-based analysis and plane-elasticity-related problems, in this work, the explicit analytical solution is rederived. Furthermore, the exterior-point Eshelby tensor is used to derive the explicit closed-form solution for the elastic field outside the inclusion, as well as to quantify the elastic field discontinuity across the interface. A benchmark problem is used to demonstrate a valuable application of the present solution in implementing the equivalent inclusion method.

Rotordynamic Stability Predictions for Centrifugal Compressors Using a Bulk-Flow Model to Predict Impeller Shroud Force and Moment Coefficients

An analysis is developed for a compressible bulk-flow model of the leakage path between a centrifugal-compressor impeller’s shroud and its housing along the impeller’s front and back sides. This development is an extension of analyses performed first by Childs (1989, ASME J. Vib. Acoust., Stress, Reliab. Des., 111, pp. 216–225) for pump impellers. The bulk-flow model is used to predict reaction force and moment coefficients for the impeller shroud. A labyrinth seal code developed by Childs and Scharrer ( 1986, ASME Trans. J. Eng. Gas Turbines Power, 108, pp. 325–331) is used to calculate the rotordynamic coefficients developed by the labyrinth seals in the compressor stage and also provides a boundary condition for the shroud calculations. Comparisons between the measured shroud moment coefficients by Yoshida et al. (1996, Proceedings of the 6th International Symposium on Transport Phenomena and Dynamics of Rotating Machinery, 2, pp. 151–160) and model predictions show reasonable agreements for the clearance flow and reaction moments. For the conditions considered, low Mach number flow existed in the shroud clearance areas and compressible-flow and incompressible-flow models produced similar predictions. Childs’ model predictions for the direct damping and cross-coupled stiffness coefficients of a pump impeller produced reasonable agreement; hence the present model was validated to the extent possible. A rotor model consisting of an overhung impeller stage supported by a nominally cantilevered rotor was analyzed for stability using the present bulk-flow model and an API standard Wachel–von Nimitz formula model (1981, J. Petrol. Technol., pp. 2252–2260). The bulk-flow model predicted significantly higher onset speeds of instability. Given that some compressors have been predicted to be comfortably stable using API standard Wachel–von Nimitz formula but have been unstable on the test stand, these results suggest that unidentified destabilizing forces and or moments are present in compressors. Seal rub conditions that arise from surge events and increase the seal clearances are simulated, showing that enlarged clearances increase the preswirl at the seals, thus increasing these seal’s destabilizing forces and reducing stability margins. These results are consistent with field experience. Predictions concerning the back shroud indicate that shunt-hole injection mainly acts to enhance stability by changing the flow field of the division wall or balance piston seals, not by influencing the back-shroud’s forces or moments. Effective swirl brakes at these seals also serve this purpose.

Closed Form Solution of the Exterior-Point Eshelby Tensor for an Elliptic Cylindrical Inclusion

With the help of the I-integrals expressed by Mura (1987, Micromechanics of Defects in Solids, 2nd ed., Martinus Nijhoff, Dordrecht) and the outward unit normal vector introduced by Ju and Sun (1999, “A Novel Formulation for the Exterior-Point Eshelby’s Tensor of an Ellipsoidal Inclusion,” ASME Trans. J. Appl. Mech., 66, pp. 570–574), the closed form solution of the exterior-point Eshelby tensor for an elliptic cylindrical inclusion is derived in this work. The proposed closed form of the Eshelby tensor for an elliptic cylindrical inclusion is more explicit than that given by Mura, which is rough and unfinished. The Eshelby tensor for an elliptic cylindrical inclusion can be reduced to the Eshelby tensor for a circular cylindrical inclusion by letting the aspect ratio of the inclusion α=1. The closed form Eshelby tensor presented in this study can contribute to micromechanics-based analysis of composites with elliptic cylindrical inclusions.

Effects of hole spacing on spatially-resolved jet array impingement heat transfer

Data which illustrate the effects of hole spacing on spatially-resolved heat transfer from an array of jets impinging on a flat plate are presented. Considered are Reynolds numbers ranging from 8200 to 30,500, and Mach numbers from 0.1 to 0.6. The spacing of the holes used to produce the impinging jets is either 8 D or 12 D in both the streamwise and spanwise directions. Local and spatially-averaged Nusselt numbers show strong dependence on the impingement jet Reynolds number for both situations, with negligible variations between Ma = 0.1 and 0.2 at constant Reynolds number. Experimental data, taken at Mach numbers greater than 0.2, while maintaining constant Reynolds number, show that Mach number has a significant impact on overall heat transfer. For 8 D spacing, heat transfer is augmented significantly as the Mach number increases, and for hole spacing of 12 D, heat transfer also increases significantly as the Mach number increases. Also included is a new correlation, based on that of Florschuetz et al. [L.W. Florschuetz, C.R. Truman, D.E. Metzger, Streamwise flow and heat transfer distributions for jet array impingement with crossflow, ASME Trans.–J. Heat Transfer 103 (1981) 337–342], as an impingement design tool.

Two-equation modeling of turbulent rotating flows

The possibility to take into account the effects of the Coriolis acceleration on turbulence is examined in the framework of two-equation eddy-viscosity models. General results on the physical consistency of such turbulence models are derived from a dynamical-system approach to situations of time-evolving homogeneous turbulence in a rotating frame. Application of this analysis to a (k,ϵ) model fitted with an existing Coriolis correction [J. H. G. Howard, S. V. Patankar, and R. M. Bordynuik, “Flow prediction in rotating ducts using Coriolis-modified turbulence models,” ASME Trans. J. Fluids Eng. 102, 456 (1980)] is performed. Full analytical solutions are given for the flow predicted with this model in the situation of homogeneously sheared turbulence subject to rotation. The existence of an unphysical phenomenon of blowup at finite time is demonstrated in some range of the rotation-to-shear ratio. A direct connection is made between the slope of the mean-velocity profile in the plane-channel flow with spanwise rotation, and a particular fixed point of the dynamical system in homogeneously sheared turbulence subject to rotation. The general analysis, and the understanding of typical inaccuracies and misbehavior observed with the existing model, are then used to design a new model which is free from the phenomenon of blowup at finite time and able to account for both of the main influences of rotation on turbulence: the inhibition of the spectral transfer to high wave numbers and the shear/Coriolis instability.

Artificial indentations for the study of contact fatigue of austempered ductile iron (ADI) discs

Following previous works in which artificial indentations were used to speed up surface damage in steel components [W. Cheng, H.S. Cheng, L.M. Keer, Experimental investigation on rolling/sliding contact fatigue crack initiation with artificial defects, Tribol. Trans. 37 (1994); H. Fan, L.M. Keer, W. Cheng, H.S. Cheng, Competition between fatigue crack propagation and wear, J. Tribol. 115 (1993); W. Cheng, H.S. Cheng, L.M. Keer, Longitudinal crack initiation under rolling contact fatigue, Tribol. Trans. 37 (1994); W. Cheng, H.S. Cheng, L.M. Keer, X. Ai, Surface crack initiation under contact fatigue: experimental observation and contact analysis, ASME Trans. 115 (1993)], twin-disc tests were performed using artificially indented austempered ductile iron (ADI) discs. These tests were closely monitored and included detailed video microscopy observation of contacting surfaces and indentations neighbourhood. Post-test analysis included optical and scanning electronic microscopy of surfaces, sub-surfaces and indentations. The evolution of surface damage near indentations was correlated with the number of cycles, applied contact pressure, material properties and also with surface failures that were observed on the contact track away from the indentations. A new method is proposed to study surface damage around the artificial indentations and parameters were developed to characterize and quantify surface damage in ADI discs.

The transition between fully flooded and starved regimes in EHL

Lubricant starvation of the contact can occur in high-speed oil or grease lubricated bearings resulting in reduced elastohydrodynamic (EHL) film thickness (Lubricat. Sci. 11 (1999) 227). To achieve optimum bearing performance and component life, it is obviously desirable to be able to predict when starvation will occur and the resulting level of surface protection. For both oils and greases, the transition between fully flooded and starved behaviour is determined by lubricant loss and replenishment of the track (ASME Trans. J. Tribol. 120 (1998) 126; Cann PME, Chevalier F, Lubrecht AA. Track depletion and replenishment in a grease lubricated point contact: a quantitative analysis. Proceedings of the 23rd Leeds–Lyon Symposium on Tribology. 1996. p. 405–14). The current paper develops a criterion for the fully flooded and starved transition of an oil-lubricated contact based on four primary factors controlling lubrication level; these are volume of oil, contact dimensions, oil viscosity and speed. Experiments have been carried out using an optical EHL device to investigate the effect of each of these parameters on starvation. The results show how the boundary between the fully flooded and the starved regime and the film thickness in the starved regime depend on these parameters. A single dimensionless parameter (SD), based on replenishment local to the contact, has been established between the operating parameters and the transition from the fully flooded to starved regime. In this paper, the starvation criterion has been developed for an oil-lubricated contact with a fixed volume of oil present. The next stage is to extend the analysis to grease and the prediction of lubrication failure in bearings.

A simple method of tuning PID controllers for stable and unstable FOPTD systems

A simple method is proposed to design PI/PID controllers for stable first-order plus time delay (FOPTD) systems. The method is based on matching the coefficient of corresponding powers of s in the numerator and that in the denominator of the closed loop transfer function for a servo problem. This method gives simple equations for the controller settings in terms of the FOPTD model parameters. Simulation results show that the method gives a similar response as that of Ziegler–Nichols (Z–N) method and better response than that of IMC method. Controllers are also designed by using two tuning parameters and the performance is best when compared to that of Z–N [ASME Trans. 64 (1942) 759] and Abbas [ISA Trans. 36 (1997) 183]. The controller settings give a robust performance for uncertainty in the process model parameters. The method is also extended to design PI/PID controllers for an unstable FOPTD system. Simulation results show that the present method gives improved performances: (i) for PID controllers over that of the controllers designed by Huang and Chen [J. Chem. Eng. Jpn. 32 (1999) 579], IMC method and that proposed by Visioli [IEE Proc. CTA 148 (2001) 180] and (ii) for PI controllers over the method of Jung et al. [J. Process Contr. 9 (1999) 265]. Theoretical analysis of stability and robustness of the proposed controller are also provided.

Thermal cycling induced plastic deformation in solder joints. II. Accumulated deformation in through hole joints

For pt.I see ASME Trans. J. Electron. Pack., vol.113, no.1, p.8-15 (March 1991). A thermal cycled pin-through-hole solder joint is modeled with finite element analysis using nonlinear elastic/plastic plus creep behavior. The large shift of the pins and the deformation of the solder are predicted with the model to be the result of the accumulated plastic deformation in the solder and the results correlated with experimental observations. Thermal cycling fatigue life predictions based on uniform shear, unchanged joint geometry, and the Coffin-Manson equation are found deficient for dealing with the complex deformation mechanism of pin-through-hole solder joint thermal fatigue.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>

The rheological behavior of the lubricant in the contact zone of a rolling contact system : J. C. Bell et.al., ASME Trans, Ser. D., J.Basic Eng., 86 (3) (1964) 423–435

The rheological behavior of the lubricant in the contact zone of a rolling contact system : J. C. Bell et.al., ASME Trans, Ser. D., J.Basic Eng., 86 (3) (1964) 423–435

Some controlled metal-cutting studies with resulfurized steels : E. G. Thomsen, S. Kobayashiand M. C. Shaw. J. Eng. for Industry (ASME Trans. Ser. B). 83 (4) (1961) 513–522

Some controlled metal-cutting studies with resulfurized steels : E. G. Thomsen, S. Kobayashiand M. C. Shaw. J. Eng. for Industry (ASME Trans. Ser. B). 83 (4) (1961) 513–522

Recommended Practices for the Cleaning of Turbine Lubricating Systems After Service

Abstract Section I on Oil Systems of Turbines of Technical Committee C of ASTM Committee D-2 on Petroleum Products and Lubricants sponsored the paper on “Recommended Practices for the Cleaning of Turbine Lubricating Systems Before Service” presented at the 1947 ASME Annual Meeting (ASME Trans. 1948, vol. 70, pp. 363–367). In 1950 it was agreed that Section I of Technical Committee C of ASTM Committee D-2 would function as a Joint ASTM-ASME Committee on Turbine Lubrication. The Joint Committee sponsored the paper on “Recommended Practices for the Cleaning of Turbine Lubricating Systems After Service” presented at the 1950 ASME Annual Meeting. Appendix I to this paper, prepared in March, 1951, by the Joint Committee, covers “Recommended Practice for the Purification of Turbine Oils.”