Asian Societies Research Articles

Comparison between Iranian Red Crescent Society (IRCS) and Other Red Cross & Red Crescent National Societies in Terms of Income and the Number of Volunteers

INTRODUCTION: The present study was conducted in order to compare the organizational indicators of the Iranian Red Crescent Society (IRCS) with other National Societies. To this end, the number of volunteers, income and costs of the IRCS were compared with other National Societies in Africa, America, Asia, Europe, Central Asia, and Middle East & North Africa (MENA). METHODS: In this descriptive-comparative study, data were collected from the data bank and online reporting system of the International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies (IFRC). Finally, data were analyzed in Excel- 2016 and SPSS -24 software. FINDINGS: Based on the findings, from 2016 to 2020, compared to other National Societies, the average of IRCS volunteers has always been higher. The income of the IRCS is higher compared to that of National Societies in Africa, Asia, the Pacific, and MENA and lower compared to the National Societies in America, Europe, and Central Asia. In terms of cost, IRCS incurred higher costs than African and MENA National Societies and lower costs compared to National Societies of American, Asia and the Pacific, Europe, and Central Asia. CONCLUSION: According to the results, it can be concluded that although the income and costs of the IRCS are lower compared to most of the National Societies, the number of volunteers is more, which shows the human capital of IRCS and is necessary to use this potential appropriately.

Impacts of grandparenting on older Chinese adults’ mental health: a cross-sectional study

BackgroundThe practice of grandparenting has been growing in popularity worldwide, particularly in Asian societies. Nevertheless, there is a lack of thorough studies investigating the mental health effects of grandchild care on grandparents, particularly within the family context. The present study aimed to explore the impact of grandparenting on depressive symptoms in older Chinese adults, taking into account the functional role of intergenerational support.MethodsUsing the China Longitudinal Aging Social Survey (CLASS, 2014 and 2018, N = 9,486), we employed the Pooled Ordinary Least Square method (POLS) to explore the association between depressive symptoms and grandparenting intensity as well as include the interaction terms to investigate the role of intergenerational support among grandparents aged from 60 to 80.ResultsAfter adjusting for control variables, both non-intensive (-0.17; 95% CI: -0.30, -0.03) and intensive (-0.69; 95% CI: -0.95, -0.43) childcare, as well as giving financial support to adult children (-0.06; 95% CI: -0.08, -0.04) and emotional closeness with them (-0.94; 95% CI: -1.15, -0.72), were found to have a positive impact on the mental health of grandparents. Giving financial support (non-intensive: -0.04, 95% CI: -0.07, -0.01; intensive: -0.06, 95% CI: -0.13, -0.01) and providing instrumental support to adult children (non-intensive: -0.12, 95% CI: -0.24, -0.01; intensive: -0.19, 95% CI: -0.37, -0.02) moderated the association between grandparenting and the mental health of older adults, regardless of care intensity. However, the moderating role of receiving financial support (-0.07; 95% CI: -0.12, -0.02) only existed when non-intensive childcare was provided.ConclusionGrandchild care predicted better mental health in grandparents, mainly when they engaged in intensive grandparenting. Emotional closeness and providing financial support to adult children brought mental health benefits to grandparents involved in childcare. Giving financial support and providing instrumental support to adult children moderated the association between grandparenting and the mental health of older adults. However, the moderating role of receiving financial support from adult children only existed when non-intensive childcare was provided.

Household physical activity and subjective well-being: An international comparison among East Asian older adult populations

PurposeEngaging in lifelong physical activity has multiple health benefits for older populations. Household physical activity occupies older adults’ awake time, and they can be an important energy expenditure during the day. The purpose of this study was to investigate the association between older adults’ household physical activity and subjective well-being in four East Asian societies. MethodsThe study design was a secondary data analysis. Data were retrieved from the module of Families 2016 in the database of the East Asian Social Survey. Participants were community-dwelling older adults with a mean age of 70.30±7.50 years and who lived in China, Japan, Korea, and Taiwan. Data were collected by interviews via structured questionnaires between 2016 and 2018. Descriptive analyses, independent t-tests, and an analysis of covariance were performed for the statistical analyses. ResultsIn total, there were 3,432 valid responses. Participants who lived in Taiwan had significantly lower levels of total household physical activity than those living in other societies. Older adults’ household physical activity was found to significantly differ by age, educational degree, gender, religion, marital status, occupation, and whether living alone. Older adults with high levels of household physical activity had significantly higher self-rated health and marital satisfaction than those with low levels. ConclusionsHousehold physical activity has potential benefits for subjective well-being across international older adult populations. Increasing household physical activity is recommended for older married couples to maintain marital satisfaction.

Civil society, social capital and development in Central Asia

ABSTRACT There is a paradox of social capital in Central Asia. Despite the efforts of the international community to promote civil society in the region, Central Asia has one of the most restrictive environments for associational life. Accordingly, the main goal of this paper is to change discourses about civil society in Central Asia and call for more research on the impact of social capital on development outcomes. Development efforts should recognize that besides non-governmental organisations, other networks and associated norms of reciprocity can foster positive social capital for the transformation of the region.

Within-Person Versus Between-Person: Social Connectedness, Target Roles, and Cultural Backgrounds Contribute to Perceived Social Obligations

Helping others in need is universally encouraged and appreciated. However, the conceptualization of social obligation underlying helping may differ considerably in different cultures. In three studies, we explored variations in perceived social obligations both between and within different Western and Confucian (East Asian) societies using hypothetical scenarios. Study 1 (N = 525) compared the United States, Japan, and China and found stronger effects of individual differences in social connections on perceived obligation toward strangers for U.S. participants than for Chinese and Japanese participants. Studies 2 (N = 260) and 3 (N = 398) examined preregistered hypotheses about perceived obligations toward wider-ranging targets in the United States and China, respectively, and found different patterns of favoritism in these two societies. Study 3 also found that Confucian role-requirement reasoning and expected reciprocity predicted Chinese participants’ perceived obligations toward familiar and unfamiliar targets, respectively.

Disparities in paediatric radiology research publications from low- and lower middle-income countries: a time for change.

The positive impact of diversity on health research and outcomes is well-recognised and widely published. Despite this, published evidence shows that at every step of the research pathway, issues of equity, diversity and inclusion (EDI) arise. There is evidence of a lack of diversity within research teams, in the research questions asked/research participants recruited, on grant review/funding panels, amongst funded researchers and on the editorial boards and reviewer pools of the journals to which results are submitted for peer-reviewed publication. Considering the journal Pediatric Radiology, while its editorial board of 92 members has at least one member affiliated to a country in every region of the world, the majority are in North America (n=52, 57%) and Europe (n=30, 33%) and only two (2%) are affiliated to institutions in a lower middle-income country (LMIC) (India, Nigeria), with one (1%) affiliated to an institution in an upper middle-income country (UMIC) (Peru) and none in a low-income country (LIC). Pediatric Radiology is "…the official journal of the European Society of Paediatric Radiology, the Society for Pediatric Radiology, the Asian and Oceanic Society for Pediatric Radiology and the Latin American Society of Pediatric Radiology". However, of the total number of manuscripts submitted for potential publication in the four years 2019 through 2022, only 0.03% were from a LIC and only 7.9% were from a LMIC. Further, the frequency of acceptance of manuscripts from UMIC was seven times higher than that from LMIC (no manuscripts were published from LIC). Increased collaboration is required between researchers across the globe to better understand the barriers to equity in the funding, conduct and publication of research from LIC and LMIC and to identify ways in which we can overcome them together.

Түркі халықтарының діни-философиялық дүниетанымының дамуына маламатилік, бекташилік және ясауилік тариқаттардың ықпалын зерделеу

Мақалада түркі халықтарының діни және философиялық дүниеге көз-қарастарының дамуында маламатилік, бекташилік және ясауилік тариқаттарының ықпалы көрсетіледі. Орталық Азия халықтарының түркілік болмысын сақтауларына және толық исламдануларына ықпал еткен факторлардың бірі – сопылық. Қожа Ахмет Ясауи, Маулана, Қажы Бекташ Уәли, т.с.с. сопы-ойшылдардың рөлі ясауилік, маулауилік, бекташилік сопылық тариқаттарды қалыптастыруда ғана емес, әлеуметтік және экономикалық өмір мен ислами өнердің дамуында, діни білім мен ағартуды жүзеге асыруда көрінді. Түркі халықтарының руханияты мен дүниетанымдық мәселелері мен сұрақтарының сопылық ілімі аясында шешіліп келуінің астарында Алла Тағаламен тығыз байланыс сезіледі, Оның даналығына құштар болу мен еліктеу, өмірлік ұстанымдарында діни және ұлттық тамырларды сабақтастыра ұстай білу сынды тұтастылықты сезіну байқалады. Осы орайда бекташилік, маламатилік пен ясауилік мәдениет іздері зерделеніп, олардың ортақ негіздері мен белгілері түсіндіріледі.

Aging and the Law in Singapore and Japan: Adult Guardianship and Other Alternatives

ABSTRACT Comparative adult guardianship law and other alternatives, especially in an Asian context, is an under-investigated area. This paper attempts to fill the gap in the literature by comparing the adult guardianship law and other alternatives from the perspectives of Singapore and Japan. The central argument of this paper is that in order for the law of adult guardianship to be widely adopted in Asian societies like Singapore and Japan - where much of adult guardianship related issues are governed by informal familial arrangements; this would require governments to do more than the mere enacting of adult guardianship legislation. To encourage widespread adoption, governments must embark on a robust public awareness campaign to promote the adult guardianship scheme, provide institutional support, and simplify the process for people wishing to sign up to the scheme and enact the appropriate safeguards against abuse. Such conditions are present in Singapore, whereas in Japan, these are lacking which explains the lower take-up rate with Japanese people preferring informal arrangements. Another key difference between Singapore and Japan is that the former relies primarily on family and relatives to act as adult guardians, while the court in the latter jurisdiction insists on the appointment of professionals like lawyers to act as adult guardians. It is surmised that this factor explains the lower take-up rate of formal adult guardianship in Japan as compared to Singapore due to the costs involved in engaging professional guardians. This paper also explores the alternatives to adult guardianship in both systems. Alternatives to formal adult guardianship is important because there will be a substantial portion of the population of older adults who would prefer these alternatives for various reasons.

Perspectives on self-management of individuals living with chronic illnesses: A qualitative study in the Asian context.

Living with a chronic illness requires individuals to perform a critical role in self-managing their illness to improve their quality of life and prevent disease-related complications. To our knowledge, no studies have explored how individuals perceive managing their illness in daily living within the Asian context. This exploratory-descriptive qualitative study aimed to explore the individuals' perspectives regarding self-managing their life with a chronic illness within the Asian context. Individual interviews were conducted with 15 adults living with chronic illness, from three teaching hospitals in Pakistan. An iterative process was followed for data collection and analysis. The analysis identified self-management as complex and situation-driven with variable roles for individuals, namely follower, selective follower, self-permitting role, and active role. Three interrelated elements were found to be influencing these roles: the components of self-management; individuals' relationship with agencies (significant people and power); and their inner drives. Individuals keep moving between these four self-management roles to avoid disharmony and reciprocate the efforts of their significant others. The interdependent community structure, which is a reality in Asian society, was reflected in our data. With this in view, a great deal of authority was given to family relationships and healthcare professionals (HCPs). This study found a lack of collaborative partnership role between individuals and HCPs. The findings and a suggested conceptual figure can facilitate redefining the individuals' and professionals' roles in the healthcare system to promote collaborative partnership and improve individuals' experience of living with a chronic illness within the Asian context. Members of the research team have extensive experience in research around chronic illness management, and self-management (support) from the Western context. The researcher did not need the patient or public contribution in this preliminary exploratory study from the Asian context.

Endoscopic ultrasound avoids diagnostic ERCP among the ASGE high-risk group – Experience in an Asian population

A prediction system for common bile duct (CBD) stones was originally published by the American Society for Gastrointestinal Endoscopy (ASGE) in 2010 and was last revised in 2019. We wanted to investigate its application in an Asian population, who have different etiologies of bile duct stone formation and accessibility to medical service compared to the West. This is a single center retrospective study. Patients who received endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) for suspected CBD stones were collected from our endoscopic record system over a 10-year period. The accuracy of the revised ASGE criteria was estimated according to the results of EUS. A minimum follow-up of 6 months was required to detect false negative results. 142 patients were enrolled, 87 (61%) patients had CBD stones. The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value and accuracy of the revised ASGE criteria for high-risk patients were 69%, 38%, 64%, 44%, and 57%. 36% of the ASGE-defined high-risk patients negative for CBD stones on EUS. The two significant predictors for CBD stone were CBD dilatation (adjusted OR 3.06, 95% C.I. 1.31-7.17, p=0.010) and ascending cholangitis (adjusted OR 2.28, 95% C.I. 1.01-5.15, p=0.047). ASGE recommends that patients defined as high-risk for choledocholithiasis be considered for direct ERCP without prior need for confirmation imaging. However, our findings indicate a high rate (36%) of patients in that group negative for CBD stones on EUS. Hence, EUS is still be suggested first in selective high-risk patients so that diagnostic ERCP can be avoided in our Asian society.

Neither Eastern nor Western: Patterns of independence and interdependence in Mediterranean societies.

Social science research has highlighted "honor" as a central value driving social behavior in Mediterranean societies, which requires individuals to develop and protect a sense of their personal self-worth and their social reputation, through assertiveness, competitiveness, and retaliation in the face of threats. We predicted that members of Mediterranean societies may exhibit a distinctive combination of independent and interdependent social orientation, self-construal, and cognitive style, compared to more commonly studied East Asian and Anglo-Western cultural groups. We compared participants from eight Mediterranean societies (Spain, Italy, Greece, Turkey, Cyprus [Turkish Cypriot and Greek Cypriot communities], Lebanon, Egypt) to participants from East Asian (Korea, Japan) and Anglo-Western (the United Kingdom, the United States) societies, using six implicit social orientation indicators, an eight-dimensional self-construal scale, and four cognitive style indicators. Compared with both East Asian and Anglo-Western samples, samples from Mediterranean societies distinctively emphasized several forms of independence (relative intensity of disengaging [vs. engaging] emotions, happiness based on disengaging [vs. engaging] emotions, dispositional [vs. situational] attribution style, self-construal as different from others, self-directed, self-reliant, self-expressive, and consistent) and interdependence (closeness to in-group [vs. out-group] members, self-construal as connected and committed to close others). Our findings extend previous insights into patterns of cultural orientation beyond commonly examined East-West comparisons to an understudied world region. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).

Tuberculosis: Important lessons from AOCR 2023, Bangkok, Thailand

The Asian Symposia at the AOCR 2023 discussed the situation and role of radiology in tuberculosis. The scientific committee of the Asian Oceanian Congress of Radiology (AOCR) established the Asian Symposia in order to discuss important and relevant health topics with participating Asian radiological societies. At the AOCR 2023 Asian Symposia I: Situation and Imaging Innovation in Tuberculosis, different views, initiatives, and ideas were presented by representatives from various societies.

Couples’ housework participation, housework satisfaction and fertility intentions among married couples in Hong Kong

ABSTRACT Low total fertility rates have persisted in East Asian societies, with gender inequality at home identified as a significant barrier to women achieving their desired fertility. However, there is a lack of empirical evidence on the link between housework participation and fertility intentions among married couples in Hong Kong, where the total fertility rate has fallen below 1 since 2020. This study proposes and tests two hypotheses regarding the relationship between couples’ housework participation, housework satisfaction, and fertility intentions. The study utilises representative household survey data to show that women’s evaluation of housework arrangements plays a role in the indirect association between housework participation and fertility intentions. This indirect relationship is moderated by gender role attitudes and fertility gap. The findings support gender equity theory, which links an uneven housework burden to low fertility. This research highlights the importance of gender equity at home in promoting fertility in East Asia.

SHADOW EDUCATION IN HONG KONG: THE EFFECTS OF BACKWASH ON HONG KONG SECONDARY STUDENTS

Shadow education is a widely discussed topic in Asian countries since this is a popular way of learning for students. In Asian society, parents have invested a lot of money into shadow education, and they hope that their children can stay competitive or climb up the social ladder by getting good grades in public exams. Shadow education becomes a method that some people believe can help students to perform well in the exam, but is this true? In this paper, the focus is on the backwash effects of shadow education, and whether shadow education can help students to perform well in the exam. 12 secondary school students in this study expressed that shadow education can help them in their public exams and it has some positive effects on their overall exam grades. However, there are only a few studies focused on the effects of shadow education on students’ exam performance, and it seems that this area has not been completely discussed in the field of shadow education. As a result, this study hopes to contribute to backwash in shadow education, and whether it can help students to improve their grades in the public exam.

Battling The Social Stigma Of Mental Illnesses In Pakistan; What Needs To Be Done?

Dear madam, Awareness of mental disorders in adolescents is becoming increasingly important in global health and safety concerns, where anxiety disorders play an important role. Mental illnesses, also known as mental health disorders, refer to various mental health conditions that affect mood, thoughts, and behaviour. Examples of mental illnesses include depression, anxiety disorders, schizophrenia, eating disorders, and addictive behaviours [1]. Early diagnosis is the key to proper management of these conditions. Over 20 million Pakistanis (10% of the country's population) suffer from mental illness [2]. However, the disorders are not investigated due to the reluctance of patients to visit doctors and psychiatrists, which is attached to the social stigma and cultural barriers to mental health in Pakistan, thereby delaying the diagnosis. Like other South Asian societies where mental illnesses are thought to be linked to supernatural and religious phenomena [3], Pakistan’s predominantly conservative and orthodox communities are also dominated by similar beliefs. . A person with emotional symptoms is seen as a sign of weak faith. In traditional societies, mental illnesses are sometimes viewed as a result of social or moral transgression and is thought of as divine punishment, demonic possession, or witchcraft [4] [3]. The mentally ill are also perceived as dangerous, crazy, and incapable of friendship. This belief might also cause more social distancing and contribute to stigmatizing attitudes and stereotyping. When living in a society with these perceptions, the mentally ill often face shame and social exclusion [5]. The social impact of this stigma affects patients and threatens the entire social status of their families [5]. The fact that one's beliefs, religion, and morality are separate from their health must be embedded in society. The best way to spread this idea is through social media, mass media and awareness campaigns. Radio and television should popularize this idea and also educate people about the warning signs and symptoms of mental illnesses, such as lack of concentration to do something and feelings of invalid fear. Awareness campaigns should be targeted at rural areas where both education and medical care lack. Public presentations and discussions should be encouraged and promoted to increase awareness. Healthcare students as well as well as professionals should be enlightened of the importance of this field and encouraged to pursue their education in it. The social stigma associated with mental illnesses must be addressed and considered. ---Continue

Exploring Southeast Asian immigrants' attitudes toward the police in Taiwan

PurposeWhile a substantial amount of research has been conducted in western societies exploring public attitudes toward police (ATP) among immigrants in recent decades, the question of how recently arrived immigrants view the police in Asian societies has been largely overlooked. This study aims to explore Southeast Asian immigrants' ATP in Taiwan and how assimilation, discrimination, affirmation, procedural justice, bifocal lenses and contact experiences – viewed simultaneously – impact their perceptions.Design/methodology/approachUsing a combination of convenience and snowball sampling methods, a total of 579 completed survey responses were collected in Taiwan with a response rate of 89%. Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) was used to examine key factors that impact immigrants' attitudes toward the Taiwanese police.FindingsThe findings suggest that procedural justice and assimilation are two robust and direct predictors of immigrants' attitudes toward Taiwanese police. Immigrants from Southeast Asian countries who perceive that they have been treated fairly by Taiwan police tended to report more positive ATP. Likewise, higher levels of assimilation boosted confidence in the police. In addition, both nationality and marital status had a significant impact on perceptions of the police.Originality/valueThis pioneering study examines immigrants' ATP among four groups of Southeast Asians in Taiwan —namely, immigrants from Indonesia, Vietnam, Thailand and the Philippines. The use of SEM strengthens the robustness of the findings derived from this study.

Impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on life expectancy at birth in Asia

ObjectiveTo investigate the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on life expectancy at birth (e0) for 51 Asian countries and territories from January 1, 2020 to December 31, 2021.MethodBased on age-sex-specific mortality used for estimating the changes in e0 for years 2019, 2020, and 2021 from the 2022 revision of the World Population Prospects, we employed Arriaga’s discrete method to decompose changes in e0 into both absolute and relative contributions of changes in age-specific death rate, and further obtained the age-sex-specific contribution to changes in e0 by country/territory and period (i.e., 2019–2020 and 2020–2021) for Asia.FindingsThe COVID-19 pandemic reduced 1.66 years in e0 of the Asian population from 2019 to 2021, slightly lower than the world average of 1.74 years. South Asia had a high loss of 3.01 years, whereas Eastern Asia had almost no changes. Oman, Lebanon, India, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Indonesia, and the Philippines experienced a high loss of above 2.5 years in e0. Despite significant national and territorial variations, the decline of e0 in Asia was mostly from the age group of 60–79 years, followed by age groups of 80 + and 45–59 years; and age groups of children contributed little (i.e., 0–4 and 5–14 years old). Males suffered more losses than females in this pandemic. Asian nations saw less loss in e0 in the second year of the pandemic, i.e., 2020–2021, than in the first year, i.e., 2019–2020, but this recovery trend was not observed in Southern Asia and South-Eastern Asia. Countries from Central Asia and Western Asia, such as Kazakhstan, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Lebanon, and Oman, had extraordinarily more losses in e0 in the first year at ages around 70.ConclusionThe COVID-19 pandemic had significantly affected e0 of Asian populations, and most contribution to the reduction of e0 came from the three older age groups, 60–79 years, 80 + years, and 45–59 years, with great variations across countries/territories. Our findings could have important implications for development of more resilient public health systems in Asian societies with better policy interventions for vulnerable demographic groups.

Teological overview Choan-Seng Song about Jesus suffering

Choan-Seng Song is an Asian theologian who is quite determined to think about how to apply biblical values in an Asian context. Song tried to theologize not based on Western theology but instead he formulated Asian theology, which took the area not only in the church but more broadly in Asian society. Shoki Coe, a theologian from Taiwan - together with Song - who is also Director of the Theological Education Fund, wrote in the introduction to Song's book titled Christian Mission in Reconstruction: An Asian Analysis: First, Song's challenge to theologize in an Asian context is very heavy and Song with enthusiasm who overflowed trying to answer it. Second, Song reflects his theology well and consistently. Song corrected the mission of Western Christians who had lost the dynamics of the incarnation. His theological strength was to reject Western values and Song found God's incarnation in the lives of Asians. The author uses the approach of exegesis research methods and apologetics to examine the extent to which the concept of Jesus - which is central to Song's theology - as a figure of "suffering" is applied to the phenomena that occur in society. The essence of the contextual pressures is how Song used to break through the values of the suffering Jesus. The purpose of this writing is divided into three parts, namely: the first part contains the concept of Song about Jesus suffering, which is seen from the biblical aspect, the symbol of the cross, Jesus as the center of the mission of suffering in the world, theology of the people, the suffering messiah, and the politics of the cross. The second part, to look for the biblical basis of Jesus who suffered (for aesthetics), the author executes Mk 8:31; 9:31; and 10: 33-34 and to find the biblical basis Suffering is a characteristic of Christians, the writer executes 1Pet 4: 12-19. The third part is evaluating (apologetics) Song's thoughts with the author's exegesis from positive and negative aspects.

Asian Society of Mastology (ASOMA) Guide to Clinical Breast Assessment (CBA)

Asian Society of Mastology (ASOMA) Guide to Clinical Breast Assessment (CBA)

Personal values and people's attitudes toward older adults.

We examine the relationship between people's personal values and their attitudes toward older adults. In addition to the two conventionally-used measures of personal values (agency subdimension and communion subdimension), we distinguish across 10 different value types and explore how each impacts attitude. We use data from the World Values Survey for three aging Asian societies, namely Japan (N = 2448), Singapore (N = 1972), and Hong Kong PRC (N = 1000). For each sample, we perform regression-based analyses to assess the relative importance of the 10 value types in explaining people's attitudes towards older adults. Results are then compared against regressions based on the two aggregate value measures. In all three economies, the agency subdimension was a more consistent predictor of unfavorable attitudes toward older adults, as compared to the communion subdimension. Our disaggregated analysis reveals two additional insights. First, the positive association between agentic values and attitudes was driven predominantly by the power (wealth) and stimulation (excitement) value types. Second, the lack of association between the communion subdimension and attitudes must be interpreted with caution since certain value types within this subdimension may act in opposite directions causing effects to cancel each other out at the aggregate level. Disaggregating personal value types provides greater prognostic power than the two aggregate measures, as well as insights on ways to improve people's attitudes toward older adults. Interventions aimed at reducing ageist attitudes in aging societies can target individuals with agentic traits by emphasizing notions of power (e.g., older adults' economic success) and stimulation (e.g., positive images of older adults learning new things).