Asian Residents Research Articles

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) mortality and neighborhood characteristics in Chicago

PurposeTo describe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) mortality in Chicago during the spring of 2020 and identify at the census-tract level neighborhood characteristics that were associated with higher COVID-19 mortality rates. MethodsUsing Poisson regression and regularized linear regression (elastic net), we evaluated the association between neighborhood characteristics and COVID-19 mortality rates in Chicago through July 22 (2514 deaths across 795 populated census tracts). ResultsBlack residents (31% of the population) accounted for 42% of COVID-19 deaths. Deaths among Hispanic/Latino residents occurred at a younger age (63 years, compared with 71 for white residents). Regarding residential setting, 52% of deaths among white residents occurred inside nursing homes, compared with 35% of deaths among black residents and 17% among Hispanic/Latino residents. Higher COVID-19 mortality was seen in neighborhoods with heightened barriers to social distancing and low health insurance coverage. Neighborhoods with a higher percentage of white and Asian residents had lower COVID-19 mortality. The associations differed by race, suggesting that neighborhood context may be most tightly linked to COVID-19 mortality among white residents. ConclusionsWe describe communities that may benefit from supportive services and identify traits of communities that may benefit from targeted campaigns for prevention and testing to prevent future deaths from COVID-19.

후쿠자와 유키치 유학비판의 배경과 해석 - 동아시아 유학사 재인식을 위한 출발점 -

Analyzed in this article is, among various Japanese discussions of Confucianism and modernity, Fukuzawa Yukichi’s critical argument that Confucianism is an inappropriate tool to be used in explaining the modern Japanese society. For discussion, not only the case of Japan but also those of Korea and China - in terms of Confucianism’s status in those societies and the level of understanding the people of those countries displayed - are also examined to determine how East Asia was dealing with Confucianism in a time period that witnessed a switching to modernity.<BR> The period which gave birth to Fukuzawa Yukichi’s argument (or arguments with similar perspectives) was witnessing a trend that may be interpreted as a Japanese-styled development of Confucianism. Since the mid-18th century, a substantial number of warrior figures armed with some level of Confucian understanding continued to appear, while Confucianism itself was yet to be fully applied in Japanese governance. But the usage of Confucian terms became a general trend in Japan nonetheless, creating a perceptual atmosphere within the Japanese society which may have led members of the society to not only believe that the concept of a feudal social class system originated within Confucianism itself, but also consider Feudalism as an inherent quality of Confucianism.<BR> For example, based upon such belief, Maruyama Masao argued that Fukuzawa’s stance was a critical analysis of Neo-Confucianism itself, from an opposing standpoint that Fukuzawa tried to elevate to a similar level. Coming into the early 20th century, these kind of arguments transformed the previous discussion of modern Japanese Confucianism into a discussion of East Asian Confucianism in general. This sort of criticism against Confucianism by speakers such as Maruyama reveals a perspective that believes “Dohak,” in this case Neo-Confucianism which was an ideology that prevailed in East Asia during the medieval and early modern periods, was the real reason behind the East Asian people never succeeding in creating a truly independent and self-sustainable state, or becoming able to fully modernize (“Westernize”) themselves.<BR> In China and Joseon, Confucianism was a political philosophy that enabled and encouraged literary figures with no ties to the government to declare themselves as figures that should feel responsibility in general governance and well-being of the country. Yet discussions in Japan -regarding Confucianism in East Asia in general - was trying to paint a new picture, claiming such philosophy was what ‘tamed’ East Asian residents to easily surrender to environments. Fukuzawa Yukichi himself may not have been trying to comment on East Asian history of Confucianism from such a wide angle, yet all the following arguments -using Fukuzawa’s argument as a springboard- defined Confucianism’s role in East Asia as mentioned above.<BR> Today, influenced from such perspective, we tend to consider qualities like ‘obedient attitude’ or ‘premodern under-development’ as signature Confucian traits, but history of Joseon and China does not really match such preconception. The real nature of East Asian Confucianism should be seriously contemplated, and a good place to start may be where such a flawed perception all began, namely Fukuzawa’s criticism of Confucianism and Maruyama’ interpretation of it.

COUNTY‐LEVEL DETERMINANTS OF SOCIAL DISTANCING (OR LACK THEREOF) DURING THE COVID‐19 PANDEMIC

We study the relationship between a number of socioeconomic, demographic, and political variables and county‐level measures of social mobility in the early stages of the COVID‐19 pandemic in the United States. We find that higher income, more educated populations, older populations, a higher share of Asian residents, a higher share of residents in a formal religious institution, and the early presence of the virus all significantly correlate with reduced mobility. A higher share of the resident population that is Black or Hispanic or a greater vote share for Donald Trump in the 2016 election significantly predict smaller mobility declines. (JEL R20, R23, R28)

COVID-19 and Kidney Disease Disparities in the United States

Racial, ethnic, socioeconomic, age, and sex-related health disparities in kidney disease are prominent in the United States. The Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has disproportionately affected marginalized populations. Older adults, people experiencing unstable housing, racial and ethnic minorities, and immigrants are potentially at increased risk for infection and severe complications from COVID-19. The direct and societal effects of the pandemic may increase risk of incident kidney disease and lead to worse outcomes for those with kidney disease. The rapid transition to telemedicine potentially limits access to care for older adults, immigrants, and people experiencing unstable housing. The economic impact of the pandemic has had a disproportionate effect on women, minorities, and immigrants, which may limit their ability to manage kidney disease and lead to complications or kidney disease progression. We describe the impact of COVID-19 on marginalized populations and highlight how the pandemic may exacerbate existing disparities in kidney disease.

Mapping the invisibles: Using non-conventional point-level data to analyse residential patterns of deprived people in a mid-sized city

In urban geography it is a common practice to refer to censuses and other official sources of data to analyse residential segregation. However, there are limitations to those data, especially where particular groups of people are concerned. Often, official sources of data do not allow micro-level analysis of the characteristics, needs and residential patterns of socially disadvantaged residents. At the same time, measures based on income thresholds fail to fully take into account the complexity of multidimensional deprivation. This work uses the unconventional information coming from a voluntary organisation to investigate and understand the residential patterns of disadvantaged residents living in a mid-sized Italian city. The factors associated with the relative presence of deprived residents in city neighbourhoods are tested with a GLM/Poisson regression model. The results are differentiated among the sub-groups: the disadvantaged people pertaining to the Asian community are more residentially clustered than others. Their distribution, unlike that of other ethnic groups, is not significantly related to the economic characteristics at area level but to the presence of other Asian residents in an area.

Racial Disparities of Daily Living in the DC Area: Findings from the 2018 DC Area Survey

This report demonstrates that the daily experiences of DC-area residents differ by race. The study focuses on four dimensions of daily living: neighborhoods, local institutions, policing, and immigration enforcement. Data come from the 2018 DC Area Survey that represents residents of DC and its surrounding jurisdictions. White DC-area residents experience many fewer issues in their daily lives than black and Latino residents, and somewhat fewer issues than Asian residents. The disparities of daily living provide tractable opportunities to reduce racial disparities among DC-area residents to overcome seemingly intractable problems of racial wealth and health disparities. The report recommends cross-sector collaboration by policy makers, business and non-profit leaders, philanthropies, and universities to address the disparities of daily living.

Disparities in receipt of and time to adjuvant therapy after lumpectomy.

534 Background: Adjuvant treatment after breast conserving surgery (BCS) has been shown to improve outcomes, but the degree of uptake varies considerably. We sought to examine factors associated with post-BCS receipt of and time to treatment (TTT) for adjuvant radiation therapy (ART), cytotoxic chemotherapy (ACT) and endocrine therapy (AET) among women with breast cancer. Methods: IBM MarketScan claims data were used to select women diagnosed with non-metastatic invasive breast cancer from 01/01/2012 to 03/31/2018, who received primary BCS without any neoadjuvant therapy, and who had continuous insurance eligibility 60 days post-BCS. Logistic and quantile regressions were used to identify factors associated with receipt of adjuvant therapy (ART, ACT, AET) and median TTT in days for ART (rTTT), ACT (cTTT), and AET (eTTT), respectively, after adjustment for covariates including age, year, region, insurance plan type, comorbidities, and a vector of ZIP3-level measures (e.g., community race/ethnicity-density, education level) from the 2019 Area Health Resource Files. Results: 36,270 patients were identified: 11,996 (33%) received ART only, 4,837 (13%) received ACT only, 3,458 (10 %) received AET only, 5,752 (16%) received both ART and AET, and 9,909 (27%) received no adjuvant therapy within 6 months of BCS. (318) 1% of patients received combinations of either ART, AET or ACT. Relative to having no adjuvant therapy, patients &gt; 80 years were significantly less likely to receive ART only (relative risk ratio [RRR] 0.65), ACT only (RRR 0.05), or combination ART/AET (RRR 0.66) but more likely to receive AET alone (RRR 3.61) (all p &lt; .001). Patients from communities with high proportions of Black (RRR 0.14), Asian (RRR 0.13), or Hispanic (RRR 0.45) residents were significantly less likely to receive combination ART and AET (all p &lt; .001). Having HIV/AIDS (+11 days; p = .01) and residing in highly concentrated Black (+8.5 days; p = .01) and Asian (+12.2 days; p = .04) communities were associated with longer rTTT. Longer cTTT was associated with having comorbidities of cerebrovascular disease (+6.0 days; p &lt; .001), moderate to severe liver disease (+12.3 days; p &lt; .001) and residing in high-density Asian communities (+18.0 days; p &lt; .001). Shorter eTTT (-11.4 days; p = .06) and cTTT (-14.8 days; p &lt; .001) was observed in patients with comorbidities of dementia. Conclusions: Results from this cohort of privately insured patients demonstrate disparities in receipt of post-BCS adjuvant radiation and systemic therapy along multiple demographic dimensions and expose opportunities to promote timely receipt of care.

The Changing Spatial Organization of Ethnic Retailing: Chinese and South Asian Grocery Retailers in Toronto

Understanding the changing spatial structure of ethnic grocery retailing in Canadian urban regions provides insights into ethnic business development and the well-being of residents, particularly relating to the accessibility to healthy food options. This study explores this through a case study of Chinese and South Asian grocery retailing in the Toronto Census Metropolitan Area, focusing on the changing spatial relationship between ethnic grocery business distribution, ethnic residential patterns in 2001 and 2016. The paper highlights the varying levels of accessibility to co-ethnic and mainstream retailers for Chinese and South Asian residents in Toronto. An integrated marginalization-accessibility index is developed to reveal the spatial mismatch between the level of material deprivation and grocery store access for Chinese and South Asian residents. The results of the study show that Chinese and South Asian grocery retailers and residents have suburbanized over the study period. Index results indicate that some census tracts experienced limited access to both mainstream and ethnic grocery stores, particularly among the South Asian community. There is a growing proportion of areas that are relatively well-serviced by Chinese and South Asian grocery but exhibit a limited presence of mainstream retailers, with ethnic grocers filling market gaps not served by mainstream retailers.

Racial discrimination and disability among Asian and Latinx populations in the United States

Purpose This study examined the association between perceived racial discrimination and disability among Asian and Latinx residents of the United States, as the link between discrimination and disability has gone largely ignored in analyses of these populations. Materials and methods Nationally representative samples included 2046 Asian Americans and 2515 Latinx Americans from the National Latino and Asian American Study (NLAAS). We used multivariable logistic regression and multivariable negative binomial regression to analyze the association between racial discrimination and five different disability domains as well as racial discrimination and a count of simultaneous functional limitations, respectively. The disability domains included: self-care, cognition, mobility, time out of role, and social interaction. Results and conclusions Perceived racial discrimination positively and significantly predicted impairments across a variety of disability domains for both Asian and Latinx populations. The estimated associations between racial discrimination and disability were heterogeneous across Asian and Latinx ethnicities. Racial discrimination may contribute to stress for Asians and Latinxs in the United States, potentially increasing the possibility these populations develop disabilities. Rehabilitation efforts should consider the social contexts in which people of color live, recognizing that discrimination may differentially affect risk profiles for disabilities across racial and ethnic groups. IMPLICATIONS FOR REHABILITATION Across Asian and Latinx populations, racial discrimination is associated with impairments in self-care, cognition, mobility, time out of role, and social interaction. Future translational research can explore the utility of brief racial discrimination screens in clinical settings to assess risk for disability in various domains. Professionals should attend to the stress and overall impact of racial discrimination, as it is conceivable that racial discrimination may result in the exclusion or hindrance of people of color who are pursuing meaningful participation in places of work, public spaces, and civic life. Society bears the collective obligation to reduce discrimination against Asian and Latinx populations, particularly against those who experience disability.

Migration and Urbanism in Glasgow: The Spatial Impact of South Asian Communities

South Asian communities have lived in Scotland since the late nineteenth century, experiencing a substantial growth in the post-war period. This paper contributes a new understanding of the spatial practices of South Asian communities in the city of Glasgow based on statistics and surveys. The authors aim to address the gap in literature by analysing patterns of location and trends across the city region over the census period of 2011. The study furthermore integrates a walking tour assessment generated by checklists and a recording scheme. The attributes of cultural identity, economic diversity and socio-spatial practice of six urban spaces within three selected neighbourhoods are examined. Two urban spaces were chosen from each neighbourhood to interpret the diversity of land uses along each case study and the social interaction as well as economic activities of South Asian residents. This suggests that the idea of a coherent 'Asian community' obscures differences and generates assumptions regarding residential behaviour and 'in-group' identities. The research, therefore, provides an enhanced understanding of how these distinctive communities interact with a built environment, which has not been designed to cater certain spatial practices.

Geographically accessible immigration support and parenting services and child maltreatment

ABSTRACT This study explores how the geographic proximity of immigration support and parenting services affect neighborhood rates of child maltreatment using administrative data from the U.S Census and child protective services. Spatial error regression results show that neighborhoods with proximal immigration support services have lower rates of child maltreatment, while neighborhoods with proximal parenting services have higher rates of child maltreatment. Additionally, neighborhoods with higher concentrations of Hispanic and poor residents have higher rates of child maltreatment, while neighborhoods with more White and Asian residents have lower rates of child maltreatment. This study suggests that immigration support services may be child maltreatment prevention resources.

The association of nativity/length of residence and cardiovascular disease risk factors in the United States

Differences by nativity status for cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors have been previously reported. Recent research has focused on understanding how other acculturation factors, such as length of residence, affect health behaviors and outcomes. This study examines the association between CVD risk factors and nativity/length of US residence. Using cross-sectional data from 15,965 adults in the 2011–2016 National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (analyzed in 2018), prevalence ratios and predicted marginals from logistic regression models are used to estimate associations of CVD risk factors (i.e., hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, diabetes, overweight/obesity and smoking) with nativity/length of residence (<15 years, ≥15 years) in the US. In sex-, age-, education- and race and Hispanic origin- adjusted analyses, a higher percentage of US (50 states and District of Columbia) born adults (86.4%) had ≥1 CVD risk factor compared to non-US born residents in the US <15 years (80.1%) but not ≥15 years (85.1%). Compared to US born counterparts, regardless of length of residence, hypertension overall and smoking among non-Hispanic white and Hispanic adults were lower among non-US born residents. Overweight/obesity overall and diabetes among Hispanic adults were lower among non-US born residents in the US <15 years. In contrast, non-US born non-Hispanic Asian residents in the US <15 years had higher prevalence of diabetes. Non-US born adults were less likely to have most CVD risk factors compared to US born adults regardless of length of residence, although, for smoking and diabetes this pattern differed by race and Hispanic origin.

RACIAL-ETHNIC DIFFERENCES IN NURSING HOME QUALITY OF LIFE FOR ALZHEIMER’S DISEASE AND DEMENTIA RESIDENTS

Nursing homes (NHs) are often racially segregated, and minority residents admitted to NHs usually have more advanced stages of dementia at the time of admission than their white counterparts, with different care needs. Previous work has shown that racial disparities in NH quality of life (QoL) were partially due to different case mix of white and minority residents; it is unclear if disparities persist when comparing residents with similar ADRD diagnoses. The 2011-2015 Minnesota Resident Quality of Life and Satisfaction with Care Survey data contain in-person resident responses from a random sample of residents of all Medicare/Medicaid certified NHs in the state, about 40% of whom have AD/ADRD. These data were linked to the Minimum Data Set (MDS) and facility characteristics data. The population consists of 25,039 White, 580 Black, 94 Hispanic, 229 Native Americans, and 99 Asian/Pacific Islander NH residents with ADRD residing in 376 NHs. Racial/ethnic minority residents reported significantly lower QoL scores compared to their white counterparts, with the largest disparities in the food and relationships domains. We adjusted for resident (age, marital status, education, sex, length of stay, anxiety/mood disorder, activities of daily living scores) and facility characteristics (proportion of minority residents, ownership, urban vs rural, size, and occupancy ratio) using a multivariate random intercept model. After adjustment, significant differences remained in total QoL score and several QoL domains for Black, Asian and Hispanic residents (no significant differences for Native American residents). Practice guidelines should consider different care needs of racial/ethnic minority NH residents with ADRD.

AFFORDABLE SENIOR HOUSING AND HEALTH AMONG LOW-INCOME OLDER IMMIGRANTS: THE ROLE OF SERVICE USES

Older immigrants in affordable senior housing face a unique set of challenges due to their demographic, social, economic, and cultural diversity. Existing knowledge about health among this unique but increasing aging subgroup population is extremely limited. Focusing on older immigrants subgroups (Asian and Russian older adults) in affordable senior housing in St.Louis, MO, this study aimed to examine to what extent different ethnic minority elders’ health varies by their uses of services available in the housing. Data came from the survey interviews at a subsidized independent senior housing in St. Louis (n=136). Hierarchical multiple regressions were used to examine ethnic differences in self-rated health and the role of services for the health of low-income ethnic minor elders in senior housing. Compared to the non-immigrants (White/African older adults), Asian (b=0.67, p<.05) and Russian residents (b=0.89, p<.05) were likely to have lower self-rated health. Interestingly, for both ethnic groups, they report a better self-rated health when they use supportive daily service (i.e. e.g. meal delivery, transportation, housekeeping and others) (b= -0.84, p<.05 for Asian, b=- 0.90, p<.05.for Russian) and social service (e.g. recreational, wellness, and exercise programs) (b= -0.73, p<.05 for Asian, b=- 0.83, p<.05.for Russian). Our findings point to an important role of services for the health of low-income ethnic minor elders in senior housing. As the first attempt to examine services that explicitly focus on ethnic minority elders, our study provides meaningful implications for future research on the health and service needs for older immigrant populations in senior housing.

Underrepresented Minority Applicants Are Competitive for Orthopaedic Surgery Residency Programs, but Enter Residency at Lower Rates.

Orthopaedic surgery residency programs have the lowest representation of ethnic/racial minorities compared with other specialties. This study compared orthopaedic residency enrollment rates and academic metrics of applicants and matriculated residents by race/ethnicity. Data on applicants from US medical schools for orthopaedic residency and residents were analyzed from 2005 to 2014 and compared between race/ethnic groups (White, Asian, Black, Hispanic, and Other). Minority applicants comprised 29% of applicants and 25% of enrolled candidates. Sixty-one percent of minority applicants were accepted into an orthopaedic residency versus 73% of White applicants (P < 0.0001). White and Asian applicants and residents had higher USMLE Step 1. White applicants and matriculated candidates had higher Step 2 Clinical Knowledge scores and higher odds of Alpha Omega Alpha membership compared with Black, Hispanic, and Other groups. Publication counts were similar in all applicant groups, although Hispanic residents had significantly more publications. Black applicants had more volunteer experiences. In orthopaedic surgery residency, minority applicants enrolled at a lower rate than White and Asian applicants. The emphasis on USMLE test scores and Alpha Omega Alpha membership may contribute to the lower enrollment rate of minority applicants. Other factors such as conscious or unconscious bias, which may contribute, were not evaluated in this study.

Racial diversity in abortion education and intention to provide abortion in postresidency practice: data from the Ryan Program

In 2011, 38% of US reproductive-aged women lived in the 89% of counties with no abortion provider. Physicians from racial and ethnic minority backgrounds (black, Latino, Native American, and Asian American) are more likely than white physicians to practice in underserved areas and serve patients who are poor or minorities. Abortion patients are racially diverse. However, we know little about racial and ethnic makeup of abortion providers and the differences in physicians' interest in providing abortions. The objective of the study was to examine racial differences in participation in abortion training and intention to provide abortion in postresidency practice. This is a cross-sectional study of Ryan Program residents after completing a family-planning rotation. The Ryan Program supports obstetrics-gynecology residency programs to incorporate routine abortion care into training. Since 2003 the Ryan Residency Program has administered postrotation resident surveys, and race/ethnicity was added in 2015. We assessed correlates of intention to provide abortion, specifically comparing minorities with whites and whether training participation varied by race. We conducted a modified mediation analysis to assess the role of potential mediators in the relationship between race and intention to provide abortion. A total of 777 residents (79.0%) responded from September 2015 through August 2018. The proportions were as follows: 64.9% white, 8.5% black, 4.1% Hispanic/Latino, 18.8% Asian, and 3.8% as other. Overall, 56.9% intended to provide abortion for all indications and 82.4% for pregnancy complications. In a univariate analysis, Asian residents were significantly more likely to intend to provide abortions for all indications compared with white residents (68.4% vs 56.0%, odds ratio, 1.69, confidence interval, 1.13-2.53). This difference was not significant when controlling for religiosity and abortion attitudes. Religiosity (odds ratio, 0.60, confidence interval, 0.47-0.77) and abortion attitude (odds ratio, 3.32, confidence interval, 2.48-4.44) were significantly correlated with intention to provide abortion for nonmedical indications after residency. In a modified mediation analysis, the relationship between race and intention to provide was mediated by religiosity for black residents and abortion attitude for Asian residents. There was no difference in participation in abortion training by race/ethnicity. Racial differences in intention to provide abortion in postresidency practice are mediated by religiosity and abortion attitude. Better understanding the intricate relationships between race, religiosity, participation in training, and future practice will allow us to improve abortion training while paving the way to support a more diverse abortion provider workforce.

Influence of Nutrition and Nonnutrition Factors on Pressure Injury Outcomes Among At-Risk Asian Nursing Home Residents.

Given evidence that malnutrition and immobility increase the risk of pressure injuries (PIs) in nursing home (NH) residents and that body mass index guidelines related to undernutrition may differ between Asian and non-Asian populations, the purpose of this study was to describe differences in overall nutrition, dietary intake, and nonnutrition risk factors for PIs between Asian and non-Asian NH residents. Secondary data analysis of a 3-week PI prevention randomized controlled trial in seven Canadian NHs. Asian (n = 97) and non-Asian (n = 408) residents at moderate or high mobility-related risk of PI. Incident PI by racial subgroups. Asian residents (PI = 6) consumed significantly smaller meals and marginally different patterns of daily dietary consumption of protein types, liquid supplements, and snacks; took more frequent tub baths; and had marginally lower body mass index than non-Asian residents (PI = 4). Findings are consistent with earlier research suggesting that nutrition consumption and care patterns may predispose Asian NH residents to develop more PIs than their non-Asian counterparts. Future research should focus on the threshold for and types of nutrition support sufficient to improve nutrition status and reduce PI risk.

How Does Park Use and Physical Activity Differ between Childhood and Adolescence? A Focus on Gender and Race-Ethnicity.

Physical activity typically declines between childhood and adolescence. Despite urban parks being a great venue for physical activity, children change both the frequency of park use and their park use habits as they age into adolescence. However, little is known about how these differences vary by gender and how distinct race/ethnicity groups differentially change their park habits. This study analyzed the differences in park use and per capita energy expenditure between children and teenagers of different gender and race/ethnicity backgrounds. Using the System for Observing Play and Recreation in Communities (SOPARC), systematic observations were conducted in 20 New York City parks in 2017, located in low-income areas with high presence of Latino or Asian residents. A total of 9963 scans in 167 distinct target areas counted 16,602 children (5-10years old) and 11,269 teenagers (11 or older). Using adjusted marginal means, we estimated the number of park users of each age range, gender, and race/ethnicity expected to be found in each park activity setting. Teenagers of both genders and most race/ethnicity groups were less likely to be in a park and had lower per capita energy expenditure, compared with children. The difference in park attendance was greater than the difference in per capita energy expenditure. Dissimilarities were clearly gendered and race/ethnicity dependent. Asian and Latino females showed the greatest divergence between childhood and adolescence. African American boys were the only group to show a positive age contrast in park attendance and per capita energy expenditure.

Where and why do illicit businesses cluster? Comparing sexually oriented massage parlors in Los Angeles County and New York City.

Immigrant-run sexually oriented massage parlors embody the intersection of important planning issues, including inequitable distribution of controversial land uses and economic functions of illicit businesses. We analyzed geocoded data from a ratings website to examine sexually oriented massage parlor clustering in Los Angeles County (LAC) and New York City (NYC). In LAC, clustering occurred in areas with more Asian and Hispanic residents. In NYC, clustering occurred mostly in Manhattan and was negatively associated with household size. Local regulation did not appear to affect clustering. Study findings hold lessons about both more effective regulation and enabling economic development in immigrant populations.

Disentangling the Effects of Race and Place in Economic Transactions: Findings from an Online Field Experiment

Scholarship on discrimination consistently shows that non–Whites are at a disadvantage in obtaining goods and services relative to Whites. To a lesser extent, recent work has asked whether or not place of residence may also affect individuals’ chances in economic markets. In this study, we use a field experiment in an online market for second–hand goods to examine transactional opportunities for White, Black, Asian, and Latino residents of both advantaged and disadvantaged neighborhoods. Our results show that sellers prefer transactional partners who live in advantaged neighborhoods to those who live in neighborhoods that are majority non–White and have higher rates of poverty. This was true across all four racial/ethnic groups, revealing that neighborhood stigma exists independently of racial stigma. We discuss the implications for scholarship on neighborhood effects and we outline how future research using experiments can leverage various types of markets to better specify when characteristics like race trigger discrimination.