Asian Moon Scallop Research Articles

Comparative study of physical properties of hydroxyapatite derived from Asian moon scallop and batik shells using sol–gel techniques for producing inorganic membrane plate

Comparative study of physical properties of hydroxyapatite derived from Asian moon scallop and batik shells using sol–gel techniques for producing inorganic membrane plate

Synthesis of a 3D Porous Multicomponent Bioceramic Scaffold

In this study, 3D porous multicomponent bioceramic scaffolds were fabricated. Hydroxyapatite (HA) and carbonate-substituted hydroxyapatite (CHA) synthesized from Asian moon scallop shell (Amusium pleuronectes) served as the bioceramics, whereas alginate and chitosan served as the polymeric components. The study was focused on determining whether the presence of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) in the scaffold exerted an impact. When PVA was not included, the morphological examination revealed that the samples exhibited porous structures characterized by effective pore interconnectivity and a substantial pore size. X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopic analyses indicated that the inclusion of PVA led to a decrease in the crystallinity, pore size, and porosity of the scaffolds. Those containing PVA exhibited porosity levels in the range of 56%–60%, and pore sizes ranged from 42 to 90 µm. These properties may provide advantages for the scaffold with respect to the ability for cell migration and cell attachment, thus enhancing new bone formation. Moreover, the compositions of HA and chemically modified HA (CHA) within the scaffold influenced the crystallinity and uniformity of the scaffold morphology. This finding suggests the potential for crafting a customized porous bioceramic scaffold based on specific compositions.

Potential of Shells as a Source of Calcium

Shellfish are also known as by-products, namely production results that are not utilized or not consumed, where the value of this by-product can be increased/added through a process known as Reduce-Reuse and Recycle (3R). This research aims to determine the potential of shellfish as a source of calcium. Samples of clams (Paphia undulata), blood clams (Tegillarca granosa), and Asian Moon Scallop (Amusium pleuronectes) were obtained from Tambak Lorok Fish Auction Place, Semarang; then taken to the Marine Biology Laboratory, Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Sciences, Universitas Diponegoro to have the shells, and air dry until dry after drying the shell. Calcium and mineral content were analyzed using the XRF method at the Integrated Laboratory, Universitas Diponegoro. The results of the study showed that the calcium (CaO) content of the three shellfish was the lowest in the clam (P. undulata) at 45.79%, then the Asian moon Scallop (A. pleuronectes) at 45.89%, and the highest in the blood cockle T. granosa namely 92.41%. It can be concluded that the shells of clams, blood clams, and Asian Moon Scallops contain high levels of calcium and minerals, which have the potential to be used as an additional ingredient in concrete/paving blocks and fish feed.

Adaptive Bird-like Genome Miniaturization During the Evolution of Scallop Swimming Lifestyle

Genome miniaturization drives key evolutionary innovations of adaptive traits in vertebrates, such as the flight evolution of birds. However, whether similar evolutionary processes exist in invertebrates remains poorly understood. Derived from the second-largest animal phylum, scallops are a special group of bivalve molluscs and acquire the evolutionary novelty of the swimming lifestyle, providing excellent models for investigating the coordinated genome and lifestyle evolution. Here, we show for the first time that genome sizes of scallops exhibit a generally negative correlation with locomotion activity. To elucidate the co-evolution of genome size and swimming lifestyle, we focus on the Asian moon scallop (Amusium pleuronectes) that possesses the smallest known scallop genome while being among scallops with the highest swimming activity. Whole-genome sequencing of A. pleuronectes reveals highly conserved chromosomal macrosynteny and microsynteny, suggestive of a highly contracted but not degenerated genome. Genome reduction of A. pleuronectes is facilitated by significant inactivation of transposable elements, leading to reduced gene length, elevated expression of genes involved in energy-producing pathways, and decreased copy numbers and expression levels of biomineralization-related genes. Similar evolutionary changes of relevant pathways are also observed for bird genome reduction with flight evolution. The striking mimicry of genome miniaturization underlying the evolution of bird flight and scallop swimming unveils the potentially common, pivotal role of genome size fluctuation in the evolution of novel lifestyles in the animal kingdom.

Breeding and Larval Rearing of Asian Moon Scallop Amusium pleuronectes in Eastern Samar, Philippines

Asian moon scallop, Amusium pleuronectes, is among the most common commercially harvested scallop in the Philippines. This study investigated suitable conditioning methods, induced spawning, and documented scallop larval development at the Marine Fisheries Research and Development Center (MFRDC) Guiuan, Eastern Samar. Scallops held in tanks with flow-through water system without substrate yielded high survival rate of 48.06 ± 5.95%. Optimum water temperature was 28-29°C for maintaining scallops. Isochrysis galbana and Chaetoceros calcitrans were suitable microalgal feed for A. pleuronectes consumed at 7,388,888 cells min-1 per scallop. These significant results were applied in maintaining scallops at the hatchery. As a result, scallops with an average 19.8 mm shell length (SL) reached 37.5 mm SL within four months with a survival rate of 96.57 ± 2.04%, average daily growth rate (ADGR) of 0.13 ± 0.04 mm.day-1, and specific growth rate (SGR) of 3.92 ± 1.31%.d-1. Natural spawning was successful under controlled conditions while induced spawning trial through thermal stimulation, food shock, sexual stimulation, and serotonin injection resulted unsuccessful release of sperm and eggs. The estimated number of fertilized eggs per spawning ranged from 0.22-1.4 million. Fertilized eggs appeared spherical and dark in color with 54.2-62.57 µm in diameter. After nine hours, the larvae developed into trochophore stage with 59.08-84.4 µm in length. D-veliger with 120.37-157.07µm shell length developed after 24 hours. Development of the early umbone stage was reached on day 5; and on day 7, the umbo larvae become well-developed with shell length of 135.45-173.36 µm. On day 9, pedi-veligers were observed in the culture. Spat grew 312.41-509.48 µm on day 16 and survived until four months with final shell length of 4-10 mm. For the larval rearing, stocking density of A. pleuronectes larvae observed highest survival rate of 0.04 ± 0.03% at 200 larvae/L, while no larvae survived at 800 larvae/L due to contamination of protozoans in the culture medium.

The complete mitochondrial genome and phylogenetic analysis of Amusium pleuronectes

Amusium pleuronectes, commonly known as the Asian moon scallop, is widely distributed in Indo-Pacific coasts. In this study, the complete mitogenome sequence of A. pleuronectes (18,044 bp) is reported, which represents the first mitogenome from the Amusium genus. This mitogenome contains 13 protein-coding genes, 2 rRNAs, and 22 tRNA genes, showing similar mitogenome features for most marine bivalves. Phylogenetic analysis reveals that within the family Pectinidae, the genus Amusium is closely related to the genus Argopecten. The mitogenome of A. pleuronectes provides a valuable resource for further advancing the understanding of bivalve phylogeny and evolution.

Concentration, distribution and correlation of heavy metals in Asian Moon Scallop (Amusium pleuronectes) and sea water from Indragiri River estuary

A study on the concentration, distribution and correlation of heavy metals Pb, Cd, Cu and Zn in seawater and asian moon scallop (Amusium pleuronectes) from Indragiri river estuary has been conducted on April 2018. Samples were collected from six stations representing inner and outer part of the estuary and the analysis of heavy metal was carried out by using AAS Shimadzu AA-7000. The results of the study showed that the average concentration of Pb, Cd, Cu and Zn in surface seawater and scallop were 0.0744, 0.0038, 0.0302, 0.1761 mg/L and 0.3100, 0.5300, 7.8669, 43.1069 μg/g, respectively. The concentrations of heavy metals between stations were significantly different (p<0.05), but no difference found between outer and inner part of the estuary (p>0.05). Heavy metal concentrations in seawater and scallop were positively correlated, except for Pb. The tolerable intake of metals as PTWI (Provisional Tolerable Weekly Intake) was calculated presented. Although the concentrations of all metals were still lower than many reported areas in Indonesian coastal waters, further intensive study is needed in order to determine the toxic metals in the scallop, and not only to report levels of contaminants but also important to compare them with health criteria values. Continuous environment monitoring programs should also be implemented to keep and protect the sustainability of the estuary.

Feeding Habit of Asian Moon Scallop (Amusium pleuronectes) and as an Isotopic Baseline Indicator in the Beibu Gulf, South China Sea

Asian moon scallops (Amusium pleuronectes) were sampled by trawl vessels in the Beibu Gulf, South China Sea, from October 2014 to November 2015. Feeding habits and stable isotopic patterns of A. pleuronectes were examined using stomach contents and adductor muscles based on a conventional stomach analysis method and stable carbon and nitrogen isotope technology. The applicability of A. pleuronectes as a baseline indicator in marine ecosystems in the Beibu Gulf is discussed. The stomach content analyses indicated that A. pleuronectes mainly fed on Bacillariophyta (62%), a small quantity of Chlorophyta (8%), Pyrrophyta (8%), and Cyanophyta (6%). Species of Diploneis, Cyclotella, Pleurosigma, and Navicula played dominant roles in the stomach. The nitrogen and carbon stable isotope ratios were 6.41‰–12.80‰ (average 8.89‰) and –21.45‰ to –17.56‰ (average –19.54‰), respectively. Significant differences (P < 0.01) were observed among seasons in δ15N, with average values of 9.53‰, 9.80‰, 8.79‰, and 8.34‰ from spring to winter. The analysis of the feeding habits and stable isotopic patterns indicated that A. pleuronectes could be used as isotopic baseline indicators. It is recommended that A. pleuronectes can be used as a common isotopic baseline indicator for the ecology studies in the Beibu Gulf or even in the South China Sea because there is no standard baseline in this marine ecosystem.

Thirty-three microsatellite markers for the Asian moon scallop Amusium pleuronectes (Linnaeus, 1758)

Thirty-three microsatellite markers were developed for the Asian moon scallop, Amusium pleuronectes, from an enriched library and characterized in 30 scallops from a wild population. Of those 33 markers, 30 were polymorphic with the number of alleles ranging from 2 to 23 per locus. The expected and observed heterozygosities ranged from 0.07 to 0.85 and from 0.18 to 0.960 respectively. Ten loci showed significant (P < 0.05 after Bonferroni correction) deviation from Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium, probably because of the presence of null alleles. This is the first set of microsatellites developed for A. pleuronectes and these markers will promote the selfing rate studies and genetic resource conservation of this species.

Studi Bioekologi Kerang Simping (Amusium pleuronectes) di Perairan Semarang dan Kendal

Asian Moon Scallop (Amusium pleuronectes) is one of scallop species which catch as the secondary crops of the fishing activity. This condition need to understand his biological background, such as the relationship between length and weight, growth, condition index and gonad index. The research purpose is to identify the relationship between length and weight, growth, condition index and gonad index of the Asian Moon Scallop, collected from the Semarang and Kendal Waters. This research was carried out from June to July, 2011 in the Semarang and Kendal waters. Three times collections was done during the research period. A total of 594 individuals of Asian Moon Scallop were collected, which determined there shell length, height, thickness and the total weight. Measurement and observation processes were held in Biology Laboratory, Faculty of Fishery and Marine Diponegoro University, Semarang. The descriptive-explorative methods was used as the research method. While the purposive sampling was applied as the data collection method, and determined the research site. The Asian Moon Scallop growth was determined using the nisbi mothod. The relationship between length and weight, condition index and gonad index were also determined. The b constanta show the value of 3.070, 2.853 and 2.862, which show that the length and weight relationship of Asian Moon Scallop is isometric and alometric negative. The Asian Moon Scallop growth with nisbi method show an equation of 1 cm for the shell length, 0.5 cm for the height, 0.2 sm for the thickness and 5 gr for the total weight of shells. The condition index value of Asian Moon Scallop (A. pleuronectes) is approximately for about 36.01 % - 61.44 %, while the gonad index value is about 8.31 % - 12.09 %.

Studi Kandungan Logam Berat Pb, Cu, Cd, Cr Pada Kerang Simping (Amusium pleuronectes), Air Dan Sedimen Di Perairan Wedung, Demak Serta Analisis Maximum Tolerable Intake Pada Manusia

Wedung, Demak which have large potential of asian moon scallop (Amusium pleuronectes). This potential has leaded the increasing activities of fishing, industrial, and dense residential in Wedung. Those activities were thought to be one of the sources of heavy metals (Pb, Cu, Cd, Cr) accumulated in the simping. This study was aimed to determine the concentration of Pb, Cu, Cd, Cr in the A. pleuronectes, in the water and the sediment. Moreover, this study was also aimed to investigate the maximum weekly consumption A. pleuronectes which contained Pb, Cu, Cd, and Cr in Wedung waters area, Demak. The study was conducted in October-November 2011. The method used in this study was a study case method, while the purposive sampling method was used to determine the sampling locations. Sampling was conducted once every two week, with three repetitions. AAS (Atomic Absorbtion spectrophotometry), were used to analyze the heavy metal concentration, while the consumption of security analysis was used to analyze the MTI (Maximum Tolerable Intake). The range of the analysis results of Pb concentration in the scallop’s shells were 33,1362 – 35,0762 ppm, and 11,1272 – 13,0852 ppm in the sediments, while the concentration in the soft tissues and water, were not detected. The Cu concentration in the soft tissue were ranged from 8,9849 – 9,4659 ppm, where in the scallop’s shells were 11,9836 – 12,2358 ppm, water were 0,07 – 0,14 ppm, and in the sediments were 13,0624 – 17,6040 ppm. The Cd concentration in soft tissue were ranged from 5,9212 – 8,0136 ppm, scallop’s shell were 2,6195 – 5,0125 ppm, and water were 0,01 ppm at 2nd and 3rd samplings, while at the first sampling was not detected, whereas in the sediments the concentration ranged from 0,4694 – 0,7257 ppm. Cr concentration in the soft tissue were only detected in the third sampling with 0,7285 ppm, while in the scallop’s shells ranged from 1,9694 – 2,6924 ppm, and in the sediments were 0,9693 – 1,6933 ppm, while its concentration in water was not detected. Maximum weekly intake of scallop in Wedung water which are safe for consumption were 22,64 kg for Cu; 0,06 kg for Cd; and 5,76 kg of Cr per week for people with average body weight 60 kg, while the Pb concentration not detected.

Mitochondrial DNA Diversity of the Asian Moon Scallop, Amusium pleuronectes (Pectinidae), in Thailand

Sequence variation of the mitochondrial DNA 16S rRNA region of the Asian moon scallop, Amusium pleuronectes, was surveyed in seven populations along the coast of Thailand. A total of 16 unique haplotypes were detected among 174 individuals with a total 27 variable sites out of 534 bp sequenced. The mitochondrial haplotypes grouped into two distinct arrays (estimated to differ by about 2.62% to 2.99% nucleotide divergence) that characterized samples collected from the Gulf of Thailand versus the Andaman Sea. Low levels of intrapopulation variation were observed, while in contrast, significant divergence was observed between populations from the Gulf of Thailand and Andaman Sea. Results of AMOVA reveal a high F (ST) value (0.765) and showed that the majority of the total genetic variance (76.03%) occurred among groups (i.e., Andaman Sea and the Gulf of Thailand) and little among populations within the group (0.52%) and within populations (23.45%). The genetic differentiation between the populations recorded in the present study is similar to that observed in a variety of marine species in the Indo-Pacific. The implications of the findings for management of A. pleuronectes genetic resources in Thailand are discussed.

Aspects of the growth, recruitment, mortality and reproduction of the scallopAmusium pleuronectes(Linné) in the Lingayen Gulf, Philippines

Abstract Growth, recruitment, mortality and reproduction were investigated in the Asian moon scallop, Amusium pleuronectes (Linne) from the Lingayen Gulf, Philippines. Allometric relationships were defined by comparing different shell dimensions, as well as body weight proportions including total weight with shell, visceral weight, adductor muscle weight and gonad weight. Use of the von Bertalanffy-based ELEFAN I program yielded estimates of growth parameters equivalent to H ∞ = 106Dimshell height and K = 0.92 per year, with approximate longevity for the species of about 2 years. Recruitment, as derived using the ELEFAN II program, occurred throughout the year, but showed a pattern consisting of one major and one minor pulse separated by an 8- and 4-months interval. Fishing mortality (F = 5.3) was higher than natural mortality (M = 1.9). Spawning occurred throughout the year, with one major peak in February and one minor peak between]uly and September, thereby providing some biological basis to the recrui...

Notes on the induced spawning and larval rearing of the Asian moon scallop, Amusium pleuronectes (Linné), in the laboratory

Sexual and chemical stimulations were effective in inducing the scallop, Amusium pleuronectes (Linné), to spawn sperm only, whereas thermal stimulation was not at all successful. Chemical stimulation consisted of serotonin injections into the ripe gonads. Fertilizable eggs were obtained by stripping gametes from the ovaries. Cleavage of zygotes (72.4 μm mean diameter) occured 1 h after fertilization. Trochophores (58.9–111.2 μm in length) and straight-hinge veligers or D-veligers (80.0–130.2 μm) were observed in less than 24 h. Five days after fertilization, the umbone stage (101.6–169.1 μm) was reached. Crawling pediveligers (174.0–250.0 μm) appeared after 9 days. Seawater in the culture vessels was changed 24 h after fertilization and every other day thereafter. The larvae were fed on Isochrysis galbana (Tahitian strain) at an initial concentration of 30 cells/gml.