Asian Model Research Articles

Commonalities and Differences of Cluster Policy of Asian Countries; Discussion on Cluster Open Innovation

The article aims at investigating the commonalities and differences between cluster policies in selected East Asian and Southeast Asian countries: Thailand, Singapore, South Korea, and China, to outline the Asian model of a cluster policy. Clusters play a significant role in the economic development of these countries, and some practical experiences from Asia may be used to shape the cluster policy in the recovery process after the COVID-19 pandemic. The conducted research contributes to a better understanding of the cluster formation process, cluster development, and policy aims in the analyzed countries. In Singapore and South Korea, which are among the most innovative countries in the global economy, cluster policy is to a great extent part of innovation policy, focusing on facilitating the networking and cooperation between science and business, the flow of knowledge, transfer of technology, and developing innovative technologies of key economic importance. In China and Thailand, which are developing countries, there is a much stronger role of foreign direct investments, which take the central place in the cluster structure. However, one common characteristic of cluster development patterns in all the analyzed countries is a top-down approach, where clusters are emerging and developing mostly as a result of governmental decisions and public programs.

East Asia has delinked – can Ethiopia delink too?

ABSTRACT The possible emergence of a developmental state in Ethiopia has renewed the debate among African activists, scholars and policymakers over how to explain the remarkable success of the ‘East Asian model’. Rapid industrialisation in South Korea, Taiwan and China supposedly invalidates dependency theory, yet Samir Amin’s framework of delinking can better explain the success of these countries than can competing theories of the developmental state, since it highlights the role of international and domestic political alliances. Delinking means submitting international trade and financial relations to domestic priorities and is necessary for capitalist or socialist development.

Możliwości zastosowania azjatyckiego modelu rozwojowego w wybranych krajach Azji Południowo-Wschodniej

The applicability of the Asian development model in selected Southeast Asian countries The aim of this article was to analyze the applicability of the Asian development model in selected Southeast Asian countries. The presentation of the main assumptions of the model together with an analysis of the initial conditions of Japan from 1950–1960 allowed for a comparison, of which the conclusion was the relative similarity of Vietnamese and Laotian economies to post-war Japan. Next, the case study of China’s policies endeavoured to highlight the adaptability of the model to domestic specifities. Henceforth, the article aimed at formulating policies featuring the usage of Asian development model, which could be implemented by Vietnam and Laos. Its main conclusion was the observation, that after adjusting certain assumptions of the model to domestic conditions, it still remains an attractive alternative for countries wishing to pursue development through industrialisation.

Концепція української історії Василя Доманицького: Україна у цивілізаційній будові світу

Introduction. The raised topic concerns the civilizational approach to the history and views of the Ukrainian researcher-encyclopedist in the end of the XIX – the beginning of the XX century Vasyl Domanytskyi (1877–1910). Domanytskyi's creative heritage is not reflected in special works devoted to the civilizational orientations of leading historians. At the same time, the scientist gave the problem of cultural and historical sovereignty of Ukraine and its historical mission a special investigation "Is the history of Ukraine a history?". Purpose of the articles is according to the research of Vasyl Domanytskyi to analyze the civilizational certainty and nature of the interaction of Ukrainian society with the surrounding social environment, the place of Ukrainian society in the geopolitical and geocultural space. Results. Vasyl Domanytskyi referred Ukraine to the "civilized world" – that is, to the country of the European cultural space. In the structure of Europe, the Ukrainian lands represent the "edge of the European world." Behind him to the east, the researcher saw a fundamentally different cultural terrain – Asia, which, according to Domanitskyi, is an anti-civilization force. Ukraine has nothing in common with it and acts as an outpost that protects the European world from Asia. At the same time, Europe has not been able to assess this fairly. Domanytskyi considered freedom of public life, faith, thought and speech to be the defining cultural feature of Ukrainians. At the same time, the researcher denied the universality of Western European forms of social life. The historian considered the Western European feudal system inappropriate for Ukrainians and other Slavic peoples. Ukrainians in the first half of the seventeenth century raised the question of civil liberties earlier than Western Europe in the form of the French Revolution of the late eighteenth century. Poland's attack on the spiritual life of Ukrainians and the introduction of feudal order led in the middle of the seventeenth century to a nationwide uprising led by Bohdan Khmelnytskyi. However, the confrontation with the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, according to Domanytskyi, had primarily positive consequences only for neighboring countries. For advice to preserve his power, Khmelnytskyi entered into an alliance with the Russian state. His followers divided the people by confrontation. But in the conditions of the destruction of Ukraine as a subject of political life, the Ukrainian people preserved their fundamental cultural and value orientations, which Domanytskyi called "the ideas of humanity". Originality. In the presented article the problem of Vasyl Domanytskyi's views on the civilizational sovereignty of Ukraine is raised for the first time. Conclusion. Ukraine is a part of the cultural body of Europe, but with values differ from the Western European world. Standing cultural and historical features of Ukrainian society, according to Domanytskyi: personal freedom, freedom of faith and thought, combined with conflict in their own environment, the uniqueness of a social system differ from Western Europe, hostility to Asian cultural models and at the same time a sense of belonging to Europe. Ukraine has a major role to play in protecting the European cultural space. However, Europe is a consumerist.

Why Europe Looks so Much like China: Big Government and Low Income Inequalities

One view in the literature (Popov 2020) is that East Asian model is superior to other models in the Global South, at least in terms of catch-up development and possibly even in innovations beyond the technological frontier. Unlike economic models in Latin America and Sub-Sahara Africa, the East Asian model prioritizes community interests (e.g., that of work collective, neighborhood, nation-state, and all of humanity) over those of individuals with the possibility of limiting some human rights for the greater benefit of all. Crucial features of the East Asian economic model include relatively low income and wealth inequalities, strong state institutional capacity (as measured by the murder rate and share of the shadow economy). The origins of the East Asian economic model can be traced to different trajectories of the development of the Global South since the 16th century (Popov, 2009; 2014). This paper argues that European economic model and East Asian model have a lot in common. After controlling for the size of the country and the level of development, it turns out that government consumption as a share of GDP is relatively high in both models, whereas income inequalities are relatively low.

An "East Asian" Public Diplomacy? Lessons from Japan, South Korea, and China

Developed in American and European contexts, public diplomacy theory has found its most receptive audiences in East Asia, expressed in heavy governmental investment in educational and cultural programs meant to foster acceptance and influence within the global community. Examining the state of public diplomacy in Japan, Korea, and China, countries with a strong developmental legacy, globalizing economies, and growing media presence, I analyze the integration of public diplomacy in each country's diplomatic efforts, the image they want to project to the world, and the institutional change this move has instigated. While public diplomacy has been taking a central position in this region, the East Asian model of public diplomacy features a mixture of state-led initiatives, an increasing investment of resources, and substantial government intervention.

Political practices of transformation of East and Southeast Asia countries

The article considers models of political transformation in East Asian countries. The analysis of political practices of transformation of the countries of East and South-East Asia is carried out in the study. The research contains the factors that influenced the successful implementation of modernization projects in the states of the region. The specific features of the political transformations of the states of the region associated with the formation of non-Western democracies on the basis of “development authoritarianisms” are revealed. Carrying out large-scale transformations is connected with the need to establish sovereignty in the postcolonial period and ensure national security in the current geopolitical conditions. The success of the East Asian model of transformation is also associated with the preservation of elements of traditional regulation, a unique synthesis of traditions and innovations based on a special, synthetic way, non-Western and nonmobilization type. Governments and national leaders play a special role in the political practices of non-Western modernization, ensuring the planning of modernization strategies. A separate role in the transformation belongs to the competent bureaucracy with a minimum degree of corruption. And the transformations were carried out by authoritarian methods. Non-Western modernization is of interest both from a theoretical and empirical point of view, especially given the effect of the non-Western approach to transformation, embodied in the so-called Asian economic miracle and contributing to national consolidation in Southeast and East Asia. For developing countries, it is important to choose the ways of their socio-political and economic development, especially in the context of globalization. The study of the experience of the countries of Southeast and East Asia allows us to identify the main directions of their development that have transformed societies, and to determine an acceptable development strategy for the state. Back in the 1990s, concepts were put forward according to which the 21st century would be the era of domination of the Asia-Pacific civilization, which replaces the Euro-Atlantic one. The modernization of the countries of Southeast Asia is becoming a factor in reformatting the established world order, creating a new balance of power in the international arena and new centres of influence in political and economic relations.

Model Minority (Tres)Passing in the BLM Age: Asian Stereotypes as Subversive Strategy for Combating Anti-Blackness in Yamamoto’s “A Fire in Fontana” and Ty Pak’s “The Court Interpreter”

Refracted through the lens of the current BLM movement and the resultant exposé of the longstanding history of anti-Blackness, this essay reexamines two narratives grounded in the historical junctures of interethnic racial turbulence: Hisaye Yamamoto’s “A Fire in Fontana,” spanning the 1945 racist murder of a Black family by arson to the 1965 Watts uprising, and Ty Pak’s “The Court Interpreter,” a fictional tale closely mirroring the 1991 Latasha Harlin murder case and the ensuing 1992 Los Angeles unrest. This essay foregrounds the trope of passing to imagine Asian model minority stereotype as a kind of (tres)passing that can potentially expose and explode instances of anti-Blackness both within interethnic communities and in the larger dominant culture.

Towards an Asian Model of Clusters and Cluster Policy: The Super Cluster Strategy

Clusters are recognized as important drivers of competitiveness and economic development. There are various models of clusters development all over the world, some of which may be initiated bottom-up by private firms, as in most European countries, or top-down by public administrations. In the case of Asian clusters, many are driven by foreign direct investments (FDI), with the most notable example being China. The objective of this study is to examine the Super Cluster strategy introduced in Thailand in 2015, especially in terms of the rationale and mechanism for selecting assisted clusters as well as the instruments used to support them. The goal is to contribute to a more in-depth formulation of the Asian model of clusters and cluster policy. The conducted analysis shows that Thai strategy deviates from traditional bottom-up approaches to cluster policy, veering towards the top-down approach in which government designates targeted regions and industries for the development of clusters. Another finding is that the Super Cluster strategy shares more common characteristics with Special Economic Zones (SEZ) than it does with the traditional approach to cluster policy in terms of its main objective of attracting foreign direct investments (FDI), securing support mechanisms as well as in the selection of target areas and the type of instruments to be implemented. The experience of Thailand is discussed along with that of other Asian countries, most notably China, in order to identify and verify the characteristics of the Asian model of clusters and cluster policy.

Socially Responsible Business as a Requirement of Time: Individual and Organizational Dimension

The article explores the logic of the emergence and differentiation of the paradigm of socially responsible business. Both individual and organizational measurements of the problem are highlighted. The explicit and latent factors of influence on the problem situation on a global scale and possible options for its solution, taking into account the experience of developed countries, are considered. It is noted that an effective solution of social and environmental issues involves the application of joint efforts of representatives of the state, business, civil society, scientific community, leaders of public opinion, etc. The expediency of typology of socially responsible business is substantiated, in particular, the American, European and Asian models are highlighted. At the same time, it is noted that there is also the possibility of singling out other universal system-forming criteria for typologization of socially responsible business, namely external and internal. The relevance and heuristic potential of these approaches for the sustainable development of modern Ukrainian society is indicated. Taking into account socially differentiating factors, the generational dimension of this problem is briefly covered i.e., the perception of socially responsible business through the prism of mass consciousness, especially youth. It is noted that in a global society, such practices are especially favored by millennials, perhaps due to their somewhat romantic worldview and developed social marketing, which is quite common in countries with a high human development index. At the same time, the paradigm under study emphasizes successful practices in the application of event marketing as certain derivatives for the implementation of social marketing. Particular attention is paid to social, scientific, legislative practices on research and implementation in the daily life of environmental marketing, the content and characteristic derivatives of which in the developed world have become a "visit card" of modern socially responsible business. The situation regarding socially responsible business in Ukraine is analyzed. It is noted that both external and internal businesses of this kind are of the utmost importance in Ukrainian society. Such initiatives allow, on the one hand, partially solving the most pressing social, environmental, economic problems of national and global scale, to focus on them the attention of the public opinion, and on the other – to effectively capitalize a commercial brand, but only if its representatives will sincerely and systematically use the basic principles and values of socially responsible business.

National models of policy in the sphere of the higher education in a democracy

The article analyzes the main national models of university policy in the world's leading democracies, identifies differences in the mechanisms and styles of educational policy, the reasons for different approaches to policy-making in a democratic system.It was found that in a democratic regime, the state retains the role of administrator of the education system, but through increased publicity and pluralism, governments seek to involve stakeholders in the policy-making process by forming coalitions with them. Educational coalitions allow the government to articulate the interests of some internal and external groups in the higher education system, to attract resources and support from these groups to implement its own concept of reforming.However, the composition of educational coalitions, the mechanisms of their formation vary from country to country, due to differences in administrative systems, ideological orientations, political culture and historical traditions. It is determined that the system of higher education is characterized by a stable configuration of external and internal groups, from which certain coalitions are formed. Internal groups consist of the academic community (teachers), academic management, students; external groups – the state, local authorities and the market (employers).The article analyzes the specifics and differences of the French, British, German, American and Asian (Japan, South Korea) models of educational policy. The British and American models are based on market mechanisms under the general coordination of the state. In the United States, university policy is also marked by the existence of two political courses in the educational sphere - the regional authorities and the federal center.The French model is based on the centralized administration of the education system by the government and the polarization of internal groups. The German model relies on close cooperation and coordination of federal and regional educational policies while limiting market mechanisms. The Asian model is characterized by corporate principles of educational policy formation and co-optation of group interests

Incomplete Transition – Is there a “Mid-Transition Trap”?

Abstract The subject of this paper is the analysis of the classification of economic systems. The traditional classifications of capitalist, socialist centrally planned, and socialist market systems, and the newer classification of variants of capitalism into the Anglo-Saxon, European continental, and Asian models, are inadequate to explain new phenomena in a globalized economy. After the collapse of central planning, countries in transition became a category describing processes of deep socio-economic transformation. These transition countries aspired to meet the standards of developed European market economies, as well as governance standards regarding democracy, human rights, and the rule of law. A new classification of economic systems by Balcerowicz (2014) combines the traditional classification of economic systems with the characteristics of well-governed democratic societies in order to come up with a matrix that shows the interaction of economic system characteristics and governance outcomes.This paper builds on Balcerowicz’s classification by introducing and delineating the categories of state capitalism, crony capitalism, and state capture in order to provide a new classification of economic systems. It uses these concepts to empirically analyze the transition countries, with special reference to states aspiring to EU membership and the new EU member states. The methodology used is analytical and empirical. The results find that the transition is incomplete, especially in terms of governance, leading to the hypothesis of a ‘mid-transition trap’, similar to the much discussed ‘middle-income trap’. The results should lead to further, more refined research.

Commercialization of innovative products: international and national experience

Introduction. In modern highly competitive, dynamic and unstable conditions enterprises are able to function successfully in the marketplace and occupy leadership positions in large part due to developing, implementation and realisation of innovations. A high level of an innovative activity of enterprises creates preconditions for forming new competitive benefits, an increase of investment attractiveness, broadens possibilities of passage to new marketplaces, is an impulse for providing a progressive development. As practice shows, only a small part of innovations transforms in goods and services and is successfully commercialized due to its promotion in interested groups of consumers. That's why the problem of commercialization of innovative goods and services should be in field of view of society, government, private business, scientists because decision of this problem improves a competitive ability of goods and finely a level of population's life. The purpose of paper is an exploration of commercialization properties of innovative goods and services in foreign countries, detection of reasons of low level of commercialization of innovative goods and services by domestic enterprises. Results. It is considered a domestic and a worldwide experience of commercialization of high-tech goods and services of industrial enterprises in the context of Asian, American and European models of innovative development. It is particularly set that there in the USA, Europe and Asia the key role in development and implementation of high-tech goods and services play multinational companies, which quite often create venture companies in their structures. Besides, it is set that a venture capital is often concentrated in science parks, technopoles, business incubators and other innovative structures. It is proved that in the process of commercialization of high-tech goods and services is a governmental support of state, first of all, from positions of longevity of preferences, which are offered to subjects of innovative structures. It's also set that such kind of commercialization is successful when local properties of demand for new goods and services are taken into account. Regarding a domestic experience of commercialization of innovative goods and services, they should state that it has a quite low development. Conclusion. In this way, generalisation of domestic and foreign experience of commercialization of innovative goods and services shows that directions and ways of such commercialization are different and can have a different shape that is defined by local historical circumstances, traditions and national innovative politics in general.

Association between interleukin-10 gene polymorphisms and risk of oral carcinoma: A meta-analysis.

The single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of Interleukin-10 (IL-10) gene have been linked with the risk of oral carcinoma (OC) in a relatively small sample size. Our study aims to investigate the pooled associations by conducting a meta-analysis of published studies. PubMed, Web of Science and Google Scholar databases were searched to identify eligible studies published in English before October 2019. The odds ratio (OR) with a 95% confidence interval (CI) was used to assess association. The publication bias was detected by Begg's test. Sensitivity and cumulative analyses were performed to evaluate the stability of crude results. The meta-analysis involved eight studies. Significant associations were certified between IL-10 gene -1082A/G polymorphism and susceptibility of OC for A vs. G (OR=1.817, 95% CI: 1.481-2.230), AA vs. GG (OR=3.436, 95% CI: 2.281-5.175), dominant genetic model (OR=2.913, 95% CI: 1.939-4.376), and recessive genetic model (OR=1.886, 95% CI: 1.372-2.594) in overall population, East Asians and South Asians. In addition, the significant association between -592A/C polymorphism of the gene and susceptibility of OC were detected in South Asians. The meta-analysis results support that the IL-10 gene -1082G allele is a risk factor for OC in East Asians and South Asians, and IL-10 gene -592C allele is a protective factor for the disease.

Measuring Facial Landmarks of Attractive People Around the World: A Scoping Review

PURPOSE: The ideal outcome of any craniofacial surgery requires consideration of balance with the patient’s whole face. Detailed cephalometric measurement of the face plays an essential role in planning these surgical procedures. “Attractive” facial measurements and proportions vary widely across different racial groups.1,2 To our knowledge, the variation in facial beauty standards around the world has not yet been reviewed. This scoping review aims to summarize how racial groups are delineated, identify methodologies used for cephalometric analysis of attractive adults, and summarize findings in the existing literature. METHODS: A scoping review was conducted using the Arksey and O’Malley methodological framework. Five bibliographic databases were queried for studies using keywords relevant to cephalometric analysis, photogrammetry, and race or ethnicity. Two independent reviewers completed abstract and full-text screening to identify original studies with measurements soft tissue facial landmarks in attractive adults of a specified race. Differences were resolved by consensus. Data on subject characteristics, cephalometric analysis methodology, and linear and angular craniofacial measurements were collected. RESULTS: The search yielded 1,058 unique articles, of which 186 were selected for full-text screening and 19 were included. Overall, cephalometric analysis was conducted on 1,107 attractive adults. One thousand two (90.5%) of these subjects were female and 105 (9.5%) were male. Six hundred twenty-four (56.4%) were white, 462 (41.7%) were Asian, and 21 (1.9%) were black. Among Asian groups, racial categories tended to be more granular; frequently both countries of descent and nationality were specified (eg, Korean-American), whereas often only the region or country were specified for white and black groups. Methodologies either utilized 3-dimensional scanners (n = 4), 2-dimensional cameras (n = 8), or photos from the internet (n = 6). While studies tracked similar facial landmarks, calculated linear and angular measurements varied. Studies comparing attractive women from different racial groups did not yield significant differences,1 although Asian models had more acute angles compared to white models at the alar curvature point and labiale inferius. Studies comparing attractive white models to normal white women concluded that attractive women have more “juvenile” characteristics, including a wider soft tissue orbital area.2 CONCLUSIONS: These aesthetic facial measurements should be taken into consideration during preoperative planning to accommodate patients’ cultural backgrounds. Although existing studies adequately characterize attractiveness in European and Asian countries, it remains challenging to evaluate transcultural beauty standards for people of mixed race and people in ethnically diverse countries, where perceptions of attractiveness are shaped both by their own racial features as well as prevailing norms. There is also a paucity of studies examining attractive males, as well as attractive people from non-white and Asian backgrounds. Cephalometric analyses of attractive adults have been performed mostly using 2-dimensional scanning systems or photographs; future analyses should be conducted using 3-dimensional scanning systems now that this technology is available. REFERENCES: 1. Rhee SC, Kang SR, Park HS. Balanced angular profile analysis. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2004;114:535–544. 2. Sforza C, Dolci C, Grandi G, et al. Comparison of soft-tissue orbital morphometry in attractive and normal Italian subjects. Angle Orthod. 2015;85:127–133.

Research and Development as a Moderating Variable for Sustainable Economic Performance: The Asian, European, and Kuwaiti Models

The research and development (R&D) expenditure in Kuwait is insufficient to lead to innovation and a knowledge economy. Investment in R&D has been shown to sustain elevated economic performance. The objective of this study is to explore the association between three competing dimensions of R&D indicators that lead to sustainable economic performance within any given country, namely, R&D expenditure, the number of researchers, and the number of patent rights, using time-series data collected over a 20-year period (1996–2016) by the World Bank Group. R&D indicators were compared between high- and middle-income countries including models from Asian (South Korea, Singapore, and Malaysia) and European (Finland and Ireland) countries as well as the State of Kuwait. Moreover, a case study describing R&D investments in Kuwait is presented. Overall, the results reveal higher R&D spending, number of researchers, and gross domestic product (GDP) per capita for the Asian and European models. Current R&D expenditure in Kuwait is estimated at 0.08% of GDP (2016), which is significantly lower than the mean of the middle-income countries (1.58%). Furthermore, the number of researchers (per million) in Kuwait (386) is less than half of the mean number of researchers in middle-income countries (775) (2015). Low R&D investments in the State of Kuwait has gradually led to a decreased GDP per capita. Regression analysis shows that GDP per capita can be predicted solely based on the number of researchers (beta = 0.780, R2 = 0.608). The number of researchers is the most crucial variable to predict GDP per capita, and the R&D expenditure is a good indicator of the number of researchers. These findings offer invaluable insight into the sustainable development goals (SDG 9). To our knowledge, this paper presents the first application of the effect of R&D on sustainable economic performance with reference to the SDG target 9.5 “Research & Development”. Thus, in order to enhance scientific research (both academic, professional, and industrial), countries need to increase the number of researchers, and these actions are necessary to introduce sustainable growth to GDP.

Determinants of Thai Baht Exchange Rate and Asian Currencies Exchange Rate

The study hypothesises that the exchange rate is a random walk series. Besides, the study incorporates main macroeconomic factors as a structural exchange rate determination. The Vector Error Correction Model (VECM) is applied in the model estimation for Thai baht. Moreover, the panel data model of the Asian exchange rate is estimated and analysed. The exchange rate of Thai baht is found to be a random walk process. The long-run equilibrium of the estimated cointegrating relation indicates all coefficients of the determining factors are statistically significant. An increase in the real interest rate and the foreign reserve has significant appreciation effects on the Thai baht. An increase in the income per capita has a significant depreciation effect on the Thai baht. External debt causes a depreciation in the Thai baht. The most substantial impact on the value of Thai baht is the income per capita. It follows by the foreign reserve, the real interest rate, and the external debt, respectively. During 2017 and 2018, the estimated exchange rate is appreciated by 4.21 per cent that is close to the actual appreciated value. The estimated Asian model is found consistent with the model of the Thai baht. The highest impact on the local Asian currencies is the income per capita. It follows by the foreign reserve and the real interest rate, respectively, with both quite close by their sizes. However, the foreign reserve has a more appreciated influence than that of the real interest rate for Thai baht.

Representation Matters: An Illustrated History of Race and Ethnicity in Advertising

Abstract: This article provides an historical and critical review of a sampling of iconic and archetypical advertisements from the 1800s to the present concerning advertising imagery involving race and ethnicity. Showcasing a variety of print ads, video commercials and social media content, advertising representations featuring Black and African American, Latinx, Asian, Native American and White models are examined, based on examples derived from US and global marketing efforts. Advertisements promoting multiculturalism and anti-racist ideologies are also discussed. Recently curated sources for locating additional examples concerning advertising, race, and ethnicity are identified for further research and teaching. Finally, recommendations aimed at improving advertising teaching and practice are suggested, with a goal of diminishing advertising gaffes which are harmful to advertisers' reputations. Given the interdependent relationship between advertising images, image creators, and the influence of advertising imagery on society, it is important that advertising professionals recognize the potency of visual representations and use their influence to effect change in advertising institutions.

Assessing Motives in Northeast Asian Aid Allocations: China, Japan, and Korea as a Collective Group and as Individual Donors

The landscape of global foreign aid is changing with the growing number of new donors, especially in Asia. While Japan is no longer overwhelmingly dominant, complexity grows as China is becoming increasingly influential as an emerging donor, and Korea is rising to be a considerable donor by joining the OECD’s Development Assistance Committee. In this context, there have been numerous controversies concerning East Asian donors, and even debates about the East Asian model of aid apart from the more traditional Western models. However, only a handful of studies have examined donor behavior empirically. This study aims to assess the motives in the foreign aid allocations of China, Japan, and Korea as a group and as individual donors by methodically and empirically examining aid patterns and the East Asian model of aid. This research shows that the most important drivers of aid allocations of East Asian donor are economic, as opposed to political-strategic or humanitarian, which is viewed as typical for China, Japan, and Korea. Furthermore, this characteristic of valuing economic factors can be seen more clearly in Asia and other regions compared to in Africa. However, on an individual country level, economic motives are the primary determinants of aid allocations only for China. Japan prioritizes humanitarian factors over economic ones, and Korea does not reveal a clear pattern either way.

Psychometric Properties of the Teachers’ Sense of Efficacy Scale for Chinese Special Education Teachers

Teacher self-efficacy plays an important role in special education; yet, the literature on the measurement of teacher self-efficacy in this field is limited. This study investigated the psychometric properties of the Teachers’ Sense of Efficacy Scale with a sample of Chinese special education teachers ( N = 401, 24.19% male). Confirmatory factor analysis indicated that the Chinese special educational version of the Teacher's Sense of Efficacy Scale (CS-TSES), modified from the Asian model by Ruan, J., Nie, Y., Hong, J., Monobe, G., Zheng, G., Kambara, H., & You, S. (2015). Cross-cultural validation of teachers’ sense of efficacy scale in three Asian countries. Journal of Psychoeducational Assessment, 33(8), 769-779, showed an excellent fit. Additionally, correlations were observed between the results of the CS-TSES and both the Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support and the Satisfaction with Life Scale, providing criterion-related validity. In sum, the findings indicated that the TSES is applicable to special education teachers in the Chinese context.