Asian Model Research Articles

Identifying Undiagnosed Diabetes and Prediabetes in the Dental Setting in an Asian Population-A Clinical Risk Model.

To assess the glycaemic status of Asian patients in a tertiary care dental setting and develop a risk model for undiagnosed diabetes mellitus (DM). A total of 1074 participants completed a diabetes risk test questionnaire, full-mouth periodontal examination and a point-of-care HbA1c finger-prick blood test. Univariable logistic regression was performed to assess the effect of potential factors to predict DM, with confirmed diabetes as the outcome. Subsequently, multivariable logistic regression analysis with stepwise variable selection was employed to develop the final models for predicting DM. Sixty-five (6.1%) and 83 (7.7%) of the 1074 participants were medically confirmed with T2DM and prediabetes, respectively. The 'best' predictive risk model for DM included body mass index (BMI), family history of diabetes, smoking and a diagnosis of Stage III/IV or severe periodontitis with an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.717 (95% confidence interval, CI [0.689-0.744]) and 0.721 (95% CI [0.693-0.748]), respectively. Including the oral health measure marginally increased the AUC. Dental patients clinically diagnosed with advanced periodontitis in combination with high BMI, positive family history of DM and smoking are potentially at high risk for DM and should be screened for DM and referred for medical confirmation and management.

Industry specialisation of the Kemerovsk region – Kuzbass: trends and problems that affect economic growth and development of the region

The article is devoted to studying the influence of industry specialisation of the Kemerovo region – Kuzbass on the economic growth of the entity. The purpose of the study is to identify the most significant trends and problems of the industry specialisation that affect the development of the region. Using methods of scientific knowledge – description, synthesis and generalisation of the data obtained; literature review, graphical method – the following has been conducted: analysis of the dynamics of structural changes in the gross regional product (hereinafter referred to as GRP) of the Kemerovo region – Kuzbass; assessment of trends in the movement of main industry indicators and indicators of regional industry. The information base of the study consists of foreign and domestic publications devoted to the analysis of the GRP sectoral structure; statistical data from the Federal State Statistics Service and its territorial authority for the Kemerovo Region – Kuzbass. Based on the analysis of the structural changes dynamics, an increase in the contribution of the raw materials sector to the country’s gross domestic product and an increase in the share of mineral extraction in the industry structure of the GRP of the Kemerovo region – Kuzbass have been revealed. The trend of decrease in the industrial production index is analysed, it is shown that it has a trend similar to the dynamics of the decline in mining production, and the reasons for the decline are described. The strengthening trend of economic growth in the Kemerovo region – Kuzbass based on the raw model has been determined. East Asian models of economic growth are considered. The expediency of using international experience in the design of high-tech industries on the basis of private investment in the research and development sector, and its adaptation to the realities of the development of Russian regions is indicated. A conclusion is drawn about the need to support the technological sovereignty of the country and the transition of the development of the Kemerovo region – Kuzbass to a non-primary model.

Innovating for sustainability in food and beverage companies: the role of governance and environmental factors in climate change mitigation

PurposeFocusing on the food and beverage (F&B) sectors, this study aims to identify combinations of external environmental factors (natural disasters and water stress) and internal corporate governance factors (corporate social responsibility [CSR] sustainability committee, board gender diversity and stakeholder engagement) that lead to the integration of climate change mitigation innovation and technologies.Design/methodology/approachA fuzzy set qualitative comparative analysis (fsQCA) was conducted on a global sample of 262 listed companies in the F&B sectors. Two additional analyses were performed for European and Asian companies.FindingsIn the three models, the presence of CSR sustainability committees and stakeholder engagement was crucial for achieving the integration of climate change mitigation innovation and technologies. The relevance of board gender diversity differs between the European and Asian models, highlighting potential regional influences on corporate climate innovation decisions. The combination of external and internal factors is the key to justifying different approaches to achieving climate innovation.Originality/valueThis study offers insights into the factors driving the integration of climate change mitigation innovation and technologies into company strategies. Related strategies must combine external and internal factors to enhance the climate resilience and competitiveness of F&B companies while reducing their environmental impact.

Middle spacepowers’ integration with the global supply chain for the space industry: Taiwan and Thailand

Abstract Space as a domain of economic and security competition between great powers has risen to become an arena of active statecraft for middle powers in the twenty-first century. It has set a high-stake stage for not only continuing struggles for catch-up industrialization of late developers but also offering opportunities to capture commercial gains of technological breakthroughs and globalization of markets. We examine these challenges for Taiwan and Thailand, surveying major trends in the emerging space industry and exploring four analytical perspectives on how government-business relations shape adaptive national industrial policies in high-technology sectors with proliferating end-users. We argue that the Asian developmental state model is evolving in response to specific challenges of a global supply chain for commercial space activities dominated by leading space firms and government regulatory actions in the United States. Significant differences in Taiwan’s and Thailand’s space and industrial policy approaches will likely create divergent technological trajectories and reinforce current constraints on improving national security. The longer-term prospect for middle spacepowers remains contingent on the space race between the United States and the People’s Republic of China.

Amir Temur's State and It’s Department

This study explores the governance system and administrative reforms implemented by Amir Timur, drawing from historical texts that highlight his consolidation of power and state-building efforts. Initially adopting Mongol administrative structures, Timur gradually reformed these systems to create a highly centralised state apparatus. Amir Timur’s state-building initiatives merged traditional Central Asian governance models with the Mongol administrative legacy. Initially adopting the Mongol structure, Timur later implemented extensive reforms to centralise authority and strengthen his empire. He established a complex administrative system divided into seven ministries, each responsible for functions such as taxation, trade, and justice. Timur's governance was deeply influenced by Islamic principles, emphasising sharia law and council deliberations to ensure stability. The "suyurgol" system allowed Timur to distribute land holdings among his descendants while retaining centralized control over key resources and military power. Through a blend of military conquests and diplomatic alliances, Timur expanded his empire, integrating vast territories and securing vital trade routes along the Silk Road, contributing to a unified and prosperous state.

Asian American mental health help-seeking: An Asian value-informed health belief model.

Asian American mental health help-seeking: An Asian value-informed health belief model.

DIGITALIZATION OF POLITICS AND ELECTRONIC VOTING: FEATURES AND NATIONAL EXPERIENCE

Digitalization of politics is determined not only by the technological capabilities and accessibility of digital benefits for the general population, but also by the interests and goals of political actors, elites and states. The result of digitalization of politics is e-government. The Anglo-American e-government model is based on the idea of universality and serviceability of public service provision. The Asian model of e-government is associated with a multi-level structure of the state apparatus and meeting the information needs of citizens. The continental-European model of e-government is based on the principles of democracy, openness and protection of personal data. The Russian model of e-government seeks to improve the quality of relations between society and the state, as well as to improve the quality of public service provision. A key form of policy digitalization is electronic voting, which is based on blockchain technology. For the first time, e-voting was implemented in the United States and in European countries (Estonia). In 2000, electronic voting was first implemented in Russia, and currently two types of electronic voting are used: remote electronic voting and a ballot processing complex at polling stations. Digitalization of politics opens up new opportunities and horizons for interaction between public and state structures. Digital technologies in politics can make political participation more accessible, increase competition and reduce the level of political absenteeism.

The Influence of Neo-Confucian Theory on Southern Korean Economic Development: An In-depth Analysis of the Relationship between Neo-Confucian Culture and Southern Korean Economy

This article assesses the influence of neo-Confucian theory in fuelling the South Korean economic development. Through an emphasis on the East Asian capitalist model of development encapsulating the interweaving of Confucian ethics and the (universally) revered Western capitalist tenets, this study directs attention to the role of cultural values in economic development. When juxtaposed with the Western model of development, the distinctiveness of the East Asian model of development resides in the fact that it interweaves the central tenets of Confucian ethics to the Western capitalist model of development, forming the basis of the Neo-Confucian theory. This study positions the interconnection between cultural values and economic growth within the divergence of academic scholarship, namely the ‘Confucian as an impediment’ and ‘Confucian as a stimulus’ strands of scholarship to equip with a comprehensive understanding of whether culture can function as an explanatory variable for South Korean economic development. The example of Korean chaebols enables readers to equip the knowledge that while culture performs a constitutive role in the South Korean economic model of development cannot serve as the sole factor for propelling the nation’s economic expansion. This study envisions bridging the widening gap in the dominant scholarship on the role of Confucianism in South Korean economic development by contending that Confucian ethics as the hegemonic ideology creates a favourable climate for the South Korean economic model to flourish.

Africanization of Developmental State Model: On Rwanda’s Industrial Policy and Institutional Arrangements

ABSTRACT We examine whether the Rwandan state’s choices emulate the East Asian model of developmental state. Our study unveils that Rwanda possesses a central developmental state feature—industrial policy with institutional arrangements—with an Africanization of the developmental state concept. We challenge opinions that oppose the replicability of this model outside East Asia by highlighting the importance of the cross-cutting feature of adaptation. Rwanda followed a flexible approach that allowed adjusting to its own context instead of sticking to a strict economic plan. The unique policy independence case of Rwanda raises questions about the possibility for other African nations to imitate its developmental experience.

Language, culture, and race: an AsianCrit perspective on newcomer Chinese transnational adolescents’ navigation of intersectional discourses in Canadian schools

ABSTRACT Asian students are often rendered voiceless and invisible in mainstream schools and society in North America due to prevailing racialized model minority discourses. This qualitative inquiry aims to center 16 recently arrived Chinese transnational youths’ (ages 10–16) experiences of negotiating multiple sociocultural, sociohistorical, and sociolinguistic discourses surrounding Asians in Canadian schools using Asian Critical Theory (AsianCrit) as a theoretical lens. Thematic analyses of interviews with the youths reveal they were subjected to the intersectional harms of transnational school and home discourses, such as transnational differences in curriculum and instruction, double bind of the Asian model minority and forever foreigner stereotypes, racism, linguicism, social isolation in school, and high academic pressure and expectations from home. Central to their experiences was the perceived importance of English proficiency, which the youths strategically tried to gain by exiting and avoiding the stigmatized English as a second language programs and losing their first language, Chinese. The findings illuminate the struggles and compromises experienced by transnational students as they negotiate the multiple constraining discourses in Canadian schools, and that the flexible global citizenship they sought through transnational education may be unattainable in this climate of othering and without genuine multilingualism.

AI-Driven Prediction of Average Per Capita GDP: Exploring Linear and Nonlinear Statistical Techniques

Average per capita GDP income is an important economic indicator. Economists use this term to determine the amount of progress or decline in the country's economy. It is also used to determine the order of countries and compare them with each other. Average per capita GDP income was first studied using the Time Series (Box Jenkins method), and the second is linear and non-linear regression; these methods are the most important and most commonly used statistical methods for forecasting because they are flexible and accurate in practice. The comparison is made to determine the best method between the two methods mentioned above using specific statistical criteria. The research found that the best approach is to build a model for predicting Iraq’s average GDP per capita income by relying on the amounts of average GDP per capita income in the past years (1981-2020). The researcher found that in a second way, it became clear that the non-linear regression model of the Asian model was the best model representing (average per capita GDP income) in Iraq, and this model was used to predict the period (20221-2027). When comparing the two methods of projected amounts up to 2027, it was found that the best method was the second based on the indicator mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) because he has the least value.

India on the Way of Successful Transformations: Development Model

The study presents an attempt to carry out a comprehensive analysis of the Republic of India’s development model from the time of its formation in 1950 to the present days and to characterize achievements and problems along the path of transformation from a post-colonial, backward country to a state claiming a leading position in the world. It is proven that the country chose an effective but complicated hybrid development model for modernization transformations. The Indian model is significantly different from the East Asian model, it is not like any other, so it is a special type of development model. It has been proven that researchers are faced with a huge transition economy with pronounced contrasts. In particular, a high level of education and a large sector of highly qualified specialists are combined with hundreds of millions of illiterate people and a significant middle class, not present in every transition economy, with mass poverty. The presence of contrasts is characteristic of all countries with transition economies that are developing rapidly. However, India has a feature that is almost unique – a combination of the so-called "three worlds", three socio-economic development models observed in our time. This peculiar “mix” made it possible to rationally use the features and advantages of each of the specified systems at various stages of the country's development. A special model of progress enabled India to overcome (or to reduce) a significant number of the most difficult economic, scientific and technical, social problems, make a colossal leap from colonial backwardness to global leadership, and become an interesting and useful example for many countries. Such a unique combination is obviously not found in any other country, and it largely determines the features of the Indian development model and successful transformations on the path to modernization.

МОДЕЛІ СОЦІАЛЬНОЇ ВІДПОВІДАЛЬНОСТІ БІЗНЕСУ ТА ОЦІНКА ЇХНЬОЇ ПРИДАТНОСТІ ДО РІЗНИХ ТИПІВ БІЗНЕСУ

The article clarifies the essence of social responsibility of business, which means that business must be responsible not only to its employees and shareholders, but also to society as a whole. This means that companies must take into account the social and environmental consequences of their activities when making business decisions. The expediency of applying the concept of social responsibility of business is substantiated. Three main models of business social responsibility are distinguished: the American model, the European model, and the Asian model. The main characteristics of each model of business social responsibility are clarified. According to the American model, companies voluntarily allocate part of their profits to social projects that are most in line with their values and business goals. The European model provides for the active participation of the state in the formation of socially responsible business and state control over compliance with the principles of social responsibility of business. This model is based on partnership with the state and civil society. The Asian model is often associated with cultural values such as collectivism, respect for elders, and harmony with nature. Also inherent in this model is the concept of a "corporate family" – this is when an enterprise assumes a significant part of social responsibility for its employees. The key directions of each model of social responsibility of business are determined. A comparative characterization of the basic models of business social responsibility was carried out according to the following criteria: focus, regulation, tools and examples. Factors on which the choice of the optimal model of social responsibility of business depends are clarified, in particular, the size of the company, the field of activity, the target audience, the culture of the enterprise, and financial capabilities. The relationship between social responsibility models of business and different types of business: small, medium and large business has been revealed. Examples of social projects and types of enterprises that are most suitable for the American, European and Asian models of social responsibility of business are given.

Influence of facial width on the perception of lip protrusion and its differences between profile and 3-dimensional video clip

This study evaluated the influence of facial width on the perception of lip protrusion and investigated the concordance between 2-dimensional (2D) profile images and 3-dimensional (3D) video clips in assessing lip protrusion. An Asian female standard head model was created using 3D modeling software. Eight head models were constructed by modifying the standard head model in terms of facial width (broad, neutral, and slim) and lip protrusion (retrusive, straight, and protrusive). Overall, 97 Asian raters rated the lip protrusion from the 2D profiles and 3D rotation video clips of the 9 models. No significant differences were found in the perception of lip protrusion in terms of sex, age, or occupation. Compared with the 2D profiles, the 3D video clips were rated as more protrusive in 8 of the 9 head models, with the retrusive broad, retrusive neutral, straight broad, and straight slim faces showing statistical significance (P<0.01). The rating is significantly higher in slim faces than in broad faces across the 3 groups of 2D profiles (P<0.01). For 3D video clips, the rating was higher in slim faces than in broad faces in all 3 groups, whereas differences were significant in the straight and protrusive groups only (P<0.01). In this study, 3D video clips were more sensitive to the perception of lip protrusion than were 2D profiles to some extent. The lips were rated relatively more protrusive in a slim face than in a broad face. Therefore, the relationship between facial width and lip protrusion should be considered in orthodontic treatment goals and treatment plans.

Quality Physical Education (QPE) Measurement Tool Development

The research on the measurement tool development for Quality Physical Education (QPE) started in 2010 with the collection of statements on QPE involving 436 professionals from 44 countries. These statements were sorted into 105 items, and a two-stage content-validity process narrowed the number down to 65 items under eight dimensions. The selection of 65 items served as the basis for developing the questionnaire survey in late 2014, with 1669 responses collected from physical education (PE) professionals across 24 countries. The data were analysed by continent, and exploratory factor analysis (EFA) was adopted to exclude items with low factor loadings. The Asian model comprises 48 items in eight dimensions and exhibits a good fit structure for research purposes. This pattern differs from the structure of Europe and Latin America, in which fewer dimensions were retained. The Asian model was independently accessed and matched expectations from works by UNESCO and other vital documents for QPE improvement. The discovery facilitates the establishment of a good tool for QPE study. This paper shares the different stages to inform initiatives for the quality development of PE in schools.

INDUSTRIAL POLICY IN ASIAN NEWLY INDUSTRIALIZED COUNTRIES: CONTROVERSIES, REVIEW AND LESSONS

The paper’s aim is to use the successful example of the newly industrialized Asian countries, as well as the countries of the East Asian region in general, to prove the need to implement industrial policy in many countries, both those lagging behind in industrial development and those that have reached the technological frontier. The paper describes the evolution of industrial policy in these countries and what distinguishes them from other developing countries that were unsuccessful in its implementation: the developmental state, which recognized timely the turning point from the strategy of import substitution to the strategy of export promotion, implemented both strategies simultaneously, picked winners, provided support to infant industries through selective interventions, but also disciplined the recipients of its support, tracked its own comparative advantages and anticipated their changes, with a strong synergy between the state and private sectors, and looking at Japan as a model of industrial development, i.e. the lead goose. Industrial policy is one of the most controversial issues in economics. There has been a long debate between two schools of thought - orthodoxy and heterodoxy - as to whether there is a need for industrial policy in general, as well as the role of the state in the process of its creation and implementation, as opposed to the free market model of development in which there is no place for industrial policy, and if it appears it can be only of a general nature, and by no means in the form of selective interventions. Over the last 10 to 15 years, there has been a revision both at the academic level and in the real world that has made industrial policy more acceptable, and thus the debate about it has become less ideologically colored and more pragmatic and nuanced. At the theoretical level, the market fundamentalist view of little theoretical justification for industrial policy has lost its dominance. Despite maintaining neoliberal orthodoxy as the advice of international financial institutions in the process of creating economic policy in developing countries, industrial policy remained important for the promotion of industrial development, especially the infant industries. It is accepted that there are many types of market failures that must be addressed through industrial policy. It is increasingly recognized that industrial policy is not just a highly idiosyncratic practice associated only with the miracle economies of East Asia, but what most of today’s developed countries used when they were in the position of the catching-up countries. As a conclusion, the paper discusses the possibility of transferring the East Asian model to other countries, and sheds light on the determinants of industrial policy success and failure. The key conclusion is that there is room for successful industrial policy even in countries that have reached the technological frontier and want to push it further, as well as in countries lagging behind in industrial development, although the global context in which industrial policy is situated has changed over time. A special commentary is referred to the economic and industrial development of the former countries of Yugoslavia.

The Indonesia's Strategies For Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) Sovereignty With 1982 UNCLOS Provisions: North Natuna Sea

North Natuna Sea's abundance of natural resources provides a tremendous pull for diverse parties, who, for the sake of profit maximization, are willing to commit any crime. A further report found that the claims of South East Asean countries and China on Indonesia's Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) waters in North Natuna Sea are completely divorced from the attractiveness of the natural resources. Considering the strategies to resolve any differences and the disputes between South East Asean countries and China in a peaceful manner through dialogue, affirming commitment to the goals and principles of UNCLOS, 1982, this paper provides a systematic review of the strategies as a the treaty of amity and cooperation in the South East Asian model for Indonesia’s stability which promotes agency and reflective practice. Comparing the current practice of the current waters’ cases in North Natuna Sea to the international stabilities reported in the literature, this review suggests that North Natuna Sea needs adopt two strategies that are concurrently executed and mutually supportive. The first is a diplomatic strategy consisting of two simultaneous steps, the first of which involves efforts to expedite the implementation of negotiations and the conclusion of a territorial boundary agreement between Indonesia and the Philippines, India, Malaysia, Palau, Singapore, Thailand, Timor-Leste, and Vietnam. sea. The second strategy is a defense diplomacy approach to China, by leveraging Indonesia-China bilateral defense cooperation and multilateral defense cooperation venues such as ARF and ADMM Plus where China is a discussion partner. Key words: Indonesia, Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ), Sovereignty, 1982 UNCLOS Provisions, North Natuna Sea

A Clinical-Molecular Prognostic Scoring System for Myelodysplastic Syndrome in Asia - a Multicenter Study of the Asian Myeloid Working Group (AMWG)

Background: In Asia, treatment decisions in myelodysplastic neoplasms (MDS) are conventionally based on the Revised International Prognostic Scoring system (IPSS-R). A unique clinical-molecular prognostic model, the IPSS-molecular (IPSS-M), has been developed based on 2957 patients with de-novo MDS, therapy-related MDS, and MDS/myeloproliferative neoplasm (MPN) overlap syndrome. The IPSS-M comprises haematological parameters, karyotypic abnormalities and somatic mutations in a 31-gene panel. Validation of the IPSS-M in large multicentre studies in Asian has however not been performed. Hence, prognostic models taking into account the unique clinical-molecular characteristics of Asian MDS patients remain undefined. Aims: The objectives of this multicenter cohort study were: 1. to define the haematological, cytogenetic and molecular characteristics of Asian MDS patients; and 2. to develop a prognostic model based on these characteristics. Methods: Consecutive MDS patients in Hong Kong, Singapore and Taiwan diagnosed between 2004 to 2021 were studied. Data were censored on 17 September 2022. Patients with MDS/MPN overlap syndrome were excluded. A panel of 54 myeloid-related genes was sequenced in the diagnostic bone marrow by next-generation sequencing. Hematological, pathological, cytogenetic and molecular variables were evaluated for their association with overall survival (OS), leukemia-free survival (LFS), and time to progression to secondary acute myeloid leukemia (TTP-sAML). Variable selection was performed to determine the confounding variable and independent prognostic variables. The relative weights of the selected variables were estimated using a Cox multivariable model adjusted for confounders. According to the weights of each prognostic variable, individual patient-specific prognostic scores were calculated. Based on the scores of the entire cohort, six prognostic subgroups were defined. The statistical predictive power of this prognostic model was assessed by the concordance index (C-index). The prognostic model was validated with publicly available data from the IPSS-M cohort. Results: Seven hundred and seventy-eight men (63.5%) and 447 women (36.5%) at a median age of 68.4 (interquartile range, IQR: 57-77) years were studied. After a median follow-up of 2.85 (IQR: 0.97-7.06) years, there were 693 deaths (56.6%) and 284 transformations to sAML (23.2%). Three-hundred and ninety-four patients (32.2%) received hypomethylating agents (azaciticine, N=367; decitabine, N=27), and 158 patients (12.9%) underwent allogeneic haematopoietic stem cell transplantation. All patients showed at least one genetic alteration in the 54-gene panel (Figure 1A). Prognostic scoring systems (each with 6 prognostic subgroups) were established for OS (C-index: 0.72) (Figure 1A), LFS (C-index:0.71) (Figure 1B) and TTP-sAML (C-index: 0.74) (Figure 1C). Genomic factors significantly associated with inferior outcomes were monosomy 7, del(5q), and mutations in GNAS and TP53 for OS; trisomy 19, del(5q), monosomy 7, and mutations in GNAS, PTPN11 and TP53 for LFS, and i(17q), del(5q), and mutations in NPM1, NRAS, GNAS, IDH2, SF3B1, and RUNX1 for TTP-sAML. Using the IPSS-M publically available dataset as the validation cohort, our prognostic model gave C-indices of 0.70, 0.71 and 0.74 for OS, LFS and TTP-sAML respectively. Finally, this prognostic model had superior prognostic power as compared with the IPSS-R and IPSS-M for the current Asian cohort (Figure 1D). Conclusion: Combining genomic with hematological and cytogenetic parameters, the Asian clinical-molecular prognostic model improved the risk stratification of patients with MDS in Asia, potentially improving clinical decision-making.

Russia Germans in the Turkestan Governorate-General: resettlement and economic activity (the last third of the 19th — beginning of the 20th century)

The paper is concerned with the history of the resettlement of Germans to the Turkestan Governorate-General in the last third of the 19th — beginning of the 20th c. This territory was actively developing after the ac-cession to the Russian Empire. This process was joined also by German settlers from the Ekaterinoslav, Taurida, Samara, and Saratov governorates. Some of them sought to acquire land, as they suffered from the land scarcity or even its total lack in the ‘mother colonies’. Others wanted to obtain easement in the military service for religious reasons. The aim of the research is the analysis of the economic activity of the Germans and their adaptation to the new natural-climatic and agricultural conditions. The paper is based on various sources: publications of the 19th — early 20th century, reports of the officials, and archival materials. Methodologically, the authors draw upon the theory of modernisation and consider the resettlement process through the prism of the Central Asian model of frontier modernisation at the turn of the 19th — 20th century. This enabled us to reconsider the topic, which is partially covered in Russian and foreign historiography. It has been found that there were two waves of resettle-ment to the Central Asian region. The first one is related to the acquisition by the German colonists of the status of resettlers-proprietors in 1871 and to the military reform conducted in 1874. The second reason is related to the famine that affected the European part of the country. The Germans could get land plots in this region in several ways: from the authorities, or by buying or taking them on lease from the local population. The Germans managed the land reserves at their own discretion, distributing them for domestic purposes amongst the members of the settlements or keeping them for the community. First years were difficult for the Germans because of the lack of funding and knowledge of farming conditions. However, following the financial assistance from the authorities and familiarisation with the area, they managed to decide on the management model. Cereal crops and potatoes were grown on the land suitable for agriculture. In other areas, they started breeding improved livestock of cows and horses. Agricultural products and animals were in high demand at the local markets. Moreover, the local popula-tion adopted many agricultural improvements from the Germans. The economic and natural-geographical surveys of this region conducted by the authorities demonstrated that the German settlers by the beginning of the 20th cen-tury managed to set up prosperous farming units. Their products won numerous awards at agricultural exhibitions.

State Formation through Emulation: The East Asian Model. By Chin-Hao Huang and David C. Kang. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2022. 270p. $105 cloth, $34.99 paper.

State Formation through Emulation: The East Asian Model. By Chin-Hao Huang and David C. Kang. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2022. 270p. $105 cloth, $34.99 paper.