Ash Values Research Articles

Pharmacognostical studies of Eclipta prostrata (Linn.) grown in Sri Lanka

Eclipta prostrata Linn. is an annual herbaceous plant used in traditional medicine, commonly known as “Trailing Eclipta” or False Daisy in English, ‘Keekirindiya’ in Sinhala and ‘Kayyantakara’ in Tamil. The aim of this study was to conduct a detailed pharmacognostical evaluation of E. prostrata found in Sri Lanka. Anatomical, physicochemical, phytochemical studies, and quantification of phyto-constituents were performed as per WHO guidelines. Whole plant was sequentially extracted into solvents with different polarities. Phytochemical screening and Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC) fingerprinting were carried out. Anatomical study and powder microscopy revealed useful diagnostic features. Physicochemical parameters such as moisture content, ash values (total, acid insoluble, water soluble) and extractable matter in water and ethanol were evaluated. Phytochemical screening and TLC fingerprinting revealed the presence of different types of phyto-constituents. Alkaloid, tannin, saponin, total flavonoid and total polyphenol contents were quantified. In conclusion, pharmacognostical study aids in establishing the standardization parameters of E.prostrata found in Sri Lanka.

Evaluation of the nutritional properties and the antioxidant activity of rice bean (<i>Vigna umbellata</i>) seeds collected in Sơn La province

Vigna umbellata is an underutilized species in Vietnam, and more information about its nutritional values needs to be provided. This study investigated the nutritional composition and antioxidant activity of the seeds of 10 rice bean varieties collected from different districts of Son La province. Moisture content, ash and nutritional composition, including total protein, lipid, and carbohydrate were estimated. The 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) scavenging assay, total phenolic content (TPC), and total flavonoid content (TFC) were carried out to assess the antioxidant activity. The results showed as follows: moisture content ranged from 0.44% to 1.23%, total ash values were obtained in the range between 38.46 and 45.72 mg/g DW, total protein content spread from 106.65 to 156.77 mg/g; total lipid varied from 7.37 to 11.90 mg/g, and total carbohydrate dominated the nutritional profile with 786.10 to 834.73 mg/g. Remarkably, there were significant differences (p < 0.05 using ANOVA) among the rice bean species from various districts of Son La province regarding moisture and protein content. Still, similar values were observed for other parameters (p > 0.05). The IC50 of the DPPH assay ranged from 259.06 µg/mL to 479.99 µg/mL, while the TPC varied from 2.85 to 4.98 mg GAE/g, and TFC values were in the range between 6.46 and 13.73 mg QE/g DW. Both TPC and TFC were significantly negatively correlated to antioxidant activity. This study is the first report on the nutritional compositions and antioxidant activity in the seeds of 10 rice bean varieties collected in Son La province. The findings in this study contribute to valorizing the V. umbellata species, which might be a promising plant as a low-priced staple food for ethnic people in mountainous regions.

Effect of temperature and air speed of drying pituca (<i>Colocasia esculenta</i>) sheets on flour quality

The impact of temperature and air velocity on the drying of pituca (Colocasia esculenta) sheets was investigated. The samples, 1.5 mm thick, were subjected to a tray dryer at three temperatures (45, 50 and 55 °C) and three air velocities (2.5; 3.0 and 3.5 m/s). After grinding the dried sheets, the physicochemical, microbiological and sensory properties of the pituca flour were analyzed. The findings indicated that the drying curves conformed to the exponential model proposed by Herdenson and Pabis, with a coefficient of determination greater than 96%. The optimum treatment, T9, used a temperature of 55 °C and a speed of 3.5 m/s. It showed a critical moisture of 1.53 g/g dry pituca, an equilibrium moisture of 0.9 g/g dry pituca, and a critical time of 20 minutes. Values for ash, moisture, mesophilic aerobes, molds and yeasts were recorded at 3.37%, 8.04%, 9.90x103 CFU/g, and 2.40x103 CFU/g respectively, with absence of Escherichia coli. At higher temperatures and air velocities, the best sensory ratings were obtained. In conclusion, these parameters result in superior quality for pituca flour in kinetic, physicochemical and sensory terms.

Microbiological Analysis and Content of Heavy Metals in Different Candies, Chocolates, and Their Wrappers in Bangladesh.

Present study investigates 39 brands of candies, chocolate, and litchis, purchased from Dhaka City, Bangladesh, for their moisture content, sulphated ash value, heavy metal, and bacterial contamination. All the brands showed moisture content (0.64%-4.775%) within the BSTI range, but sulphated ash values (18.80%-25.72%) were beyond the accepted value. Pb, Cd, Ni, and Cr ranged from 0.24-2.40 μg/g, 0.071-0.44 μg/g, 0.38-48.10 μg/g, and 0.50-12.79 μg/g, respectively, in the tested brands. Most of the brands contained Pb and Cd beyond the acceptable limits of WHO/FDA. Pb (2.24-2586.75 μg/g) was found in high concentration in the packaging of most brands, and Ni and Cd ranged from 2.10-108.05 μg/g and 1.68-45 μg/g, respectively. Bacterial presence was found in 15 brands, and 4 of them had a total aerobic bacterial count of >1 log CFU/g. Consumption of such contaminated confectionaries holds significant public health risks, specially in children, and demands necessary precautionary steps.

Inclusion of fish meal in the coating of Nile tilapia nuggets

This study evaluated the effect of fish meal in the coating of Nile tilapia nuggets on their physicochemical and sensory characteristics. Nuggets and flours were developed from mechanically separated meat of tilapia. For breading, the nuggets were assigned four types of coating (0, 20, 40, and 60% of fish meal inclusion in the Panko-type coating flour), then pre-fried, frozen, and subsequently subjected to complete frying. In the pre-fried nuggets, the inclusion of fish flour in the coating caused a linear increase in protein, lipid, ash, and caloric value, while in the fried nuggets, there were a linear decrease in moisture and a linear increase in lipids and caloric value. The inclusion of fish meal resulted in a decrease in brightness (L*) and an increase in the intensities of red (a*) and yellow (b*) in the fried nuggets. Adding fish meal to the nuggets’ coating resulted in a linear decrease in hardness, elasticity, cohesiveness, gumminess, chewiness, and shear strength, however, without affecting the overall acceptability of the nuggets. Thus, it is concluded that the inclusion of up to 60% of fish meal in the coating of Nile tilapia nuggets is indicated to improve the nutritional profile of the product.

Estimation of in vivo body composition of Iberian pigs using bioelectric impedance and ultrasonography techniques

Iberian pigs are renowned for their high-quality products and distinctive characteristics, including high fat accumulation, low protein deposition rate, and a long productive cycle. The study aimed to assess in vivo body composition of purebred Iberian pigs using bioimpedance analysis (BIA) and ultrasonography. Accurate estimation of body composition in live animals is crucial for adopting decisions at the farm level. The experiment involved three groups of pure male Iberian pigs differing in body weight (BW; 60, 80 and 100 kg) with the same nutritional management. Body measurements, BIA and back fat and loin thickness (measured by ultrasonography) were obtained before slaughter. After slaughter pig carcasses were chemically analysed. A strong correlation between BIA measurements, specifically resistance (Rs) values, and body chemical parameters (total protein, lipids, ash, and water contents; p < 0.001 for all) was found. Reactance values (Xc), however, did not exhibit significant correlations. Regression analyses were conducted to predict carcass composition based on BIA measurements, BW, ultrasonography and linear corporal measurements. The prediction models achieved high R2 values for lipids, protein, total ash, water, and lean tissue (0.957, 0.968, 0.936, 0.961 and 0.976, respectively, p < 0.001 for all), indicating strong predictive power. These findings demonstrate the potential of non-invasive techniques such as BIA for estimating body chemical composition and quality of pig carcasses. However, it is important to acknowledge that the prediction models developed may not be applicable to other pig populations, as they were based on a specific sample of pigs.

Micromorphology, physicochemical parameters, and phytochemical screening of Chloranthus flavus D.T. Liu &amp; G. Chen (syn. C. nervosus Collett &amp; Hemsl.) from Vietnam

Abstract. Chen TV, Lam DNX, Khai HD, Duc DPN, Nga NT, Hien NTT, Quynh TTT. 2024. Micromorphology, physicochemical parameters, and phytochemical screening of Chloranthus flavus D.T. Liu &amp; G. Chen (syn. C. nervosus Collett &amp; Hemsl.) from Vietnam. Biodiversitas 25: 846-858. Chloranthus flavus D.T. Liu &amp; G. Chen (syn. C. nervosus Collett &amp; Hemsl.) is a subshrub belonging to the family Chloranthaceae. Information on the anatomical structure and the powder features of C. flavus has not been noted. This study aimed to develop a monograph on the microscopic characteristics and physicochemical parameters of C. flavus, as well as a preliminary assessment of the phytochemical composition of this species. Anatomical characterizations of roots, stems, and leaves were performed using the iodine green-carmine staining method and then an optical microscope was used to observe the histology of these parts, similar to observing powder characteristics. Secondary metabolites were detected by chromogenic or precipitation reagents. Anatomically, the structural characteristics of the roots, stems, and leaves are similar to those of the Chloranthus species. Particularly, the root structure is characterized by six alternating xylem bundles, with six phloem bundles forming a ring. Polygonal to irregularly shaped cells of the upper epidermis and irregularly shaped ordinary cells, laterocytic and anomocytic stomata types, stomatal clusters, and the stomatal index (15.75±1.52%) of the lower epidermis were observed in leaves. Both powders found fragments of epidermal and parenchymatous cells, spiral xylem vessels, and scalariform xylem vessels. However, the root powder only observed solid-shaped sclereid cells, starch granules, starch clusters, and calcium oxalate crystals. The powders' moisture content, total ash, and acid-insoluble ash values all meet acceptable standards according to regulations on raw material purity. The whole C. flavus plant contains carotenoids, fatty acids, essential oils, flavonoids, tannins, coumarins, alkaloids, triterpenoids, amino acids, and carbohydrates. The current findings highlight the key characteristics for identifying C. flavus.

Analysis of Bio-Coke Proximate from Sago Drugs and Patchange Waste

Bio-coke organic waste Sago dregs and Patchouli waste are produced by the pyrolysis method. In this study, proximate analysis of bio-coke was carried out with different comparisons of the composition of sago dregs and patchouli waste. Making bio-coke begins with cleaning and then drying the sago pulp and patchouli waste under direct sunlight. The pyrolysis process uses an initial temperature of 110 0C which is maintained for 15 minutes. Then the temperature was set at 600 0C maintained for 15 minutes and cooled at room temperature. The quality of bio-coke was obtained from a proximate analysis consisting of the value of water content, ash, volatile matter, fixed carbon, and calorific value. The results showed that the highest calorific value was a composition ratio of 5:1, which was 8,727.84 Cal/gr, with the lowest moisture content, volatile matter, and ash content, namely 2.24%; 30.74%; and 3.69%, and the highest bound carbon content is 63.3%.

Evaluating the Physiochemical and Nutritional Attributes of Dates (Phoenix Dactylifera) Based Cupcakes

Purpose: The proximate analysis aimed to determine nutritional profile of the cupcakes including moisture, crude fat, crude fiber, crude protein, ash, pH and acidity values, while the physicochemical analysis was performed to study total phenolic and total flavonoids contents. The organoleptic attributes if date cupcakes were studied by using nine points hedonic scale for texture, color, volume, flavor, aroma and hardness.&#x0D; Materials and Methods: Exploratory research design was opted for qualitative and quantitative study of five treatments of date cupcakes aimed to address their dietary significance with respect to shelf life status, nutritional content as well as phytochemical and physicochemical analysis. Dates were purchased from intensive farmers from Multan division, Dera Ismail khan and from local markets. The dates were sorted, graded and washed with chlorinated water to remove field waste. The substitute fruit sample was conveyed to Food Science &amp; Technology lab of Minhaj University Lahore under controlled conditions for further studies. The dates enriched cupcakes with different percentages of date pulp (5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, and 25%) along with control (without date pulp) were subjected for proximate, phytochemical and physicochemical analysis.&#x0D; Findings: The calculated resulted were compared with control and it was concluded that the overall acceptability and stability of cupcakes with 20% date pulp was greater than other percentages.&#x0D; Implications to Theory, Practice and Policy: Phoenix dactylifera is among the oldest plants cultivated by men. The nutritional, industrial, medical and environmental importance of this plant is globally acknowledged. Current studies focus on nutritional significance of Phoenix dactylifera when used as a natural additive in cupcakes.

Oral Safety Evaluation of the Aqueous Fruit Extract of Annona Muricata in Wistar Rats

Annona muricata fruit (i.e. Soursoup or custard apple a tropical plant species known for its edible fruit)has been attributed with numerous medicinal benefits (including antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, anti-protozoan, antioxidant, anxiolytic, anti-stress, anti-ulcerogenic, wound healing, hepato-protective, anti-icteric, hepatoprotective, anticancer and antihyperglycemic activities) as well as some toxicological effects (neurotoxicity and neurodegeneration). Despite its ancestral use and wide applications in human health, scientific information on its oral safety remains scanty. In this study, the oral safety of 100 mg/kd/day, 200 mg/kg/day and 400 mg/kg/day of the aqueous fruit extract of Annona Muricata (AFAM) was evaluated in young adult, male and female white albino Wistar rats using standard acute and 42-days sub-chronic oral toxicity testing guidelines on anthropometric, biochemical, hematological and histo-pathological endpoints. In addition, preliminary qualitative and quantitative analyses of AFAM were undertaken using standard procedures. Results of the study showed that the estimated LD50 value for the acute oral toxicity study of AFAM calculated to be greater than 5 g/kg body weight/oral route although the testing was associated with transient but reversible behavioral toxicities. For its sub-chronic oral toxicity testing, AFAM treatment resulted in profound %weight gain, decreases in the serum triglycerides and very low density lipoprotein cholesterol and liver enzymes. Similarly, prolonged oral AFAM treatments caused significant decrease and increase in the differential neutrophils and platelet counts, respectively while the hist-opathological features of hepatic steatos is and renal tubule collapse in the AFAM-treated livers and kidneys, respectively suggested possible increased intrahepatic lipids biosynthesis and nephrotoxicity. The preliminary phytochemical analyses of AFAM showed the presence and relative amount of flavonoids, alkaloids, tannin, glycosides, saponin, and reducing sugars while the Gas Chromatography-Mass spectroscopy showed the relative abundance of thirteen compounds. Composite analyses conducted on the extract showed the presence of carbohydrate (64.65%), protein (2.14%), moisture content (8.07%), ash value (6.73%), lipid (14.22%) and fiber (4.19%). Overall, the study suggested that the prolonged AFAM oral treatments could predispose to the development of fatty liver disease from de novo intrahepatic biosynthesis of triglycerides, nephrotoxicity and hematotoxicity. In conclusion, the results of this study showed that prolonged consumption of AFAM should be with a great caution as it could pose serious health concerns.

Quality evaluation of improved and traditionally dried Bombay duck (Harpodon nehereus) through biochemical, microbiological, and organoleptic analysis

The study was conducted to compare the quality and shelf life of traditionally dried (collected from the local markets) Bombay duck (Harpodon nehereus) with improved dried products (produced using a newly developed fish dryer) to assess its suitability. The quality of these products was evaluated through organoleptic, water reconstitution, nutritional, chemical, and microbiological characteristics. The organoleptic quality of improved dried fish was excellent while those produced traditionally were with grayish and dark brown color, rancid odor, and soft and fragile texture with insect infestation. The water reconstitution properties of the improved dried sample were 75.71% and 89.39% at room temperature and 80 °C, respectively, which were comparatively higher than the traditional dried products. The protein, ash, and contents were significantly higher in improved dried fish products while the lipid and total volatile base nitrogen (TVB-N) content were much lower than those of market-dried samples. The total viable counts (TVC) of bacteria were significantly higher in the traditional products which indicated poor quality. To find out the best storage method, dried fish was kept at three different conditions: in the open air at room temperature, in a sealed pack at room temperature, and a sealed pack at refrigeration temperature (4 °C). The shelf life of the products in different storage conditions was evaluated by estimating their moisture, protein, lipid, ash, TVB-N, and TVC values. The products kept at 4 °C temperature was found almost unaltered in terms of their nutritional properties after 4-months storage period. Results indicated that the newly developed fish dryer produced high-quality dried fish products with longer shelf life can be expected if the dried fish is stored at 4 °C refrigeration temperature. Our findings will be a valuable tool for the fish processors to ease the fish drying process and its storage that will enable them to commercially supply good quality dried Harpodon nehereus in the market chain at a low-cost.

Quality Assessment of Some Herbal Aphrodisiac Instant Coffee Premix Products Marketed in Kaduna, Nigeria

Aphrodisiac refers to any substance (food, drink or drug) or practice that is believed to stimulate sexual desire or enhance sexual pleasure and performance. There have been reports indicating lack of good manufacturing practices and adulteration of herbal aphrodisiac with phosphodiestrate-5 (PDE-5) inhibitors without consideration of public safety. The aim of this study is to assess the quality of three herbal aphrodisiac instant coffee premix products, through physicochemical analysis, elemental analysis, quantification of caffeine, detection and quantification of undeclared adulterants. Physicochemical properties of the three samples of herbal aphrodisiac products were determined using the methods described by World Health Organization 2011, while elemental analysis was conducted using nitric acidhydrochloric acid (1:3) digestion mixtures and subsequent analysis for the presence of lead, copper, cadmium, zinc and iron using micro plasma atomic emission spectrophotometer (MP-AES). Iodometric titration was used for quantification of caffeine levels in the samples while fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and ultraviolet (UV) spectroscopy were used for the detection and quantification of undeclared adulterants respectively. Moisture content (2.33 %, 2.83 % and 1.60 %) and ash value (10.50 %, 11.67 % and 0.98 %) of the samples A, B and C respectively were found to be within the official permissible limit. The samples were found to be rich in iron and zinc; however, the levels of lead, cadmium, and copper were above the WHO permissible limits. The concentrations of caffeine in the samples were less than the acceptable WHO limit of 400 mg/day. However, sildenafil was detected in two of the products (151.45 mg and 82.15 mg), while tadalafil was detected in one of the products (36.13 mg). The herbal aphrodisiacs were adulterated with either sildenafil or tadalafil, and contained relatively high levels of lead, cadmium, and copper. However, moisture content, ash value, and caffeine content met the WHO requirements.

PHYSICOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF SIDDHA POLY-HERBAL FORMULATION NELLIMULLI ILAGAM

Introduction: The Siddha system is an ancient, holistic system. The medicine in this system is prepared from raw materials of herbs, metals, minerals and animal products. In recent years, considerable research has focused on validation and standardisation aspects. Nellimulli ilagam is a polyherbal Siddha formulation used to manage Veluppu noi. Aim: To study the physicochemical analysis of Nellimulli ilagam. Methods: Standardization parameters such as organoleptic characteristics, physicochemical analysis, test for aflatoxins, pesticide residues, specific pathogens, and heavy metal analysis were carried out as per PLIM guidelines. Results: The results obtained from the trial drug Nellimulli ilagam study show that it has a dark, brownish-coloured semi-solid texture with a strong characteristic odour and is non-free-flowing. Physicochemical analysis reveals that pH was 7.2, total ash value was 10±0.4 and acid insoluble ash value was 0.02±0.004. Loss on drying at 105 0C is 8.4±0.9. The test for aflatoxins and pesticide residues showed negative results. Test for microbial contamination and specific pathogen shows absent. Test for heavy metals shows below the limit of quantification (BLQ).

Pharmacognostic study and preliminary phytochemical investigation of Andrographis paniculata (Burm.f.) Wall. ex Nees

Andrographis paniculata (family –Acanthaceae) is an annual herbaceous plant with branches that grows up to a height of 50-150 cm in moist, shaded areas. Its stem is abruptly quadrangular, heavily branched, and has a delicate texture that is readily broken. It is found in Southeast Asia, tropical and subtropical Asia, and a few other nations like Vietnam, Cambodia, and the Caribbean islands, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, Sri Lanka and Thailand etc. It is widely used in different traditional medicinal systems or countries for medicinal purposes by the traditional practitioners, tribes or community as a folklore remedies. The present communication provides a detailed account of the pharmacognostic study carried out on various parts of the Andrographis paniculata. The study includes macroscopy, microscopy, powder microscopic studies, physicochemical tests, preliminary phytochemical screening, development of HPTLC (High Performance Thin Layer Chromatography) fingerprints profile and heavy metal tests. Physicochemical parameters were performed and found average values of three parts (root, stem and leaf) such as root loss on drying at 1050C 4.93% w/w, total ash value 10.16% w/w, acid insoluble ash value 0.21% w/w, alcohol soluble extractive value 13.98% w/w and water soluble extractive value 25.77%w/w. Stem loss on drying at 1050C 6.23% w/w, total ash value 6.88% w/w, acid insoluble ash value 0.25% w/w, alcohol soluble extractive value 18.46% w/w and water soluble extractive value 21.94%w/w and leaf loss on drying at 1050C was found 6.29% w/w, total ash value 7.30% w/w, acid insoluble ash value 0.13% w/w, alcohol soluble extractive value 21.93% w/w and water soluble extractive value 38.68%w/w. HPTLC (High Performance Thin Layer Chromatography) fingerprints profile of methanolic extract was done by using mobile phase toluene: ethyl acetate (7:3). Andrographolide and Ferullic acid standard markers were applied, major spots Rf values with colour were recorded before derivatization at 254nm. Rf values are 0.25 black, leaf, stem and root with Andrographolide standard marker, and 0.20 light black color of stem, and root with Ferullic acid standard marker. Andrographolide is higher present in leaf which was range from 1.51-162 than the stem range1.46-153 and root range 1.45-1.150, while Ferulic acid was higher present in stem range from 0.91-0.96 than root 0.76-0.82 but absent in leaf. Heavy metals i.e Pb, Cd, As, &amp; Hg were tested and found under WHO limits Established parameters can be used as standards for quality control and identification of the plant in herbal compound formulations and also preparation of a monograph of the plant.

Physicochemical Parameters and Phytochemical Screening of Guava (Psidium Guajava) Leaves

Psidium guajava Linn. Family- Myrtaceae (guava) is a short tree or shrub and folk medicinal plant. It is found in all over India. Each part of the guava tree is useful and has biological importance. Many phytochemicals are present in guava leaves such as flavanoids, alkaloids, tannins, saponins, glycosides, oil and fats, steroids, phenols, proteins, carbohydrates. It is used in various diseases like cough, diabetes, cardiac diseases, diarrhea, wound healing. Guava has various biological activities like antispasmodic, antimicrobial, hepato-protective, antioxidant, anti-diarrheal, anti-inflammatory, anti-allergy. Petroleum ether, chloroform, ethanol is for the extraction of the guava leaves. Soxhlet extraction method is used for the extraction. Liquid-liquid extraction is used for the extraction and purification of the extract and ethyl acetate used for extraction. Physicochemical parameters are studied such as ash value, extractive matter, crude fibre content, foreign matter, moisture content.

Pharmacognostic, Physicochemical, Phytochemical and Chromatographic Characterization of Vaividanga Choornam, A Siddha Polyherbal Formulation

Standardization of herbal formulations as determined by the concentration of their activecomponents is essential to appraise the quality of drugs. The current study intends to investigate the phytochemical and physicochemical analyses of Vaividanga Choornam, a traditional Siddha polyherbal composition. This Vaividanga choornam contains the ingredients like Vaividangam (Embelica ribesBurm.), Milagu (Piper nigrumL.), Chukku (Zingiber officinale Rosc.), Omam (Trachyspermum ammi (L) Sprague), and Nilavaagai leaves (Cassia angustifolia Vahl. - syn. Cassia senna). It treatspitha diseases, constipation, indigestion, flatulence, burning sensation, bronchial asthma, and Kapha diseases. It is also an effective medicine for treating intestinal helminths caused by heavy worm burdens in young children. This study aims to estimate the quality of Vaividanga Choornam by performing pharmacognostic studies, preliminary phytochemical analysis, physiochemical parameters like ash value, extractive value, and loss on drying as per pharmacopoeial laboratory for Indian medicine guidelines, and also with the help of tests done with High-Performance Thin Layer Chromatography (HPTLC), FTIR Spectroscopy, and UV -Vis spectrometric analyses. The results obtained fromthose analyses showed the presence of various phytochemicals. The results indicate that the drug is of adequate quality and may be used to establish pharmacopeial standards of the medicine.

Extraction, Characterization, Biocompatibility, and Antioxidant Activity of Dillenia Indica L. Fruit Polysaccharide

AbstractThe current investigation describes extraction and characterization of aqueous‐soluble polysaccharide (DIFP) from mature Dillenia indica L., fruits to explore its biocompatibility and antioxidant properties (in vitro). In this work, employing the hot‐water extraction method, a whitish brown colored, tasteless, odorless DIFP is extracted (14.45% yield). The findings of the phytochemical identification showed that the extracted DIFP contained both mucilage and carbohydrates. The purity of DIFP is revealed by the examination of three different ash values. 1H NMR spectroscopy, FT‐IR spectroscopy, DSC, and P‐XRD analyses of extracted DIFP are carried out. The results of hemocompatibility (in vitro) experiments, in particular, the determinations of hemolysis percentage (0.80%) and thrombogenicity percentage (5.55%), indicated that the DIFP exhibited nonhemolytic and nonthrombogenic properties. The in vivo acute toxicity evaluation in Swiss Albino male mice clearly presented the absence of any mortality (within 24 h) after intraperitoneal administration of the extracted DIFP (up to 1500 mg kg−1), indicating its nontoxicity, in vivo. Different in vitro tests of antioxidant activity, such as DPPH, ABTS, and hydroxyl radical scavenging, showed a strong antioxidant effect of extracted DIFP. The extracted DIFP (from mature DIFs by hot‐water extraction method) can be used as a natural antioxidant in a variety of applications.

Qualitative assessment of the flowering buds of Mesua ferrea Linn with special emphasize on HPTLC and universal DNA bar-coding technique and evaluation of its antimicrobial potential

BackgroundThe study has been scientifically exploring the powder sample and extracts of flowering buds of Mesua ferrea Linn (FBMF) based on pharmacognostic and phytochemical parameters. The medicinal plant Mesua ferrea Linn was identified by Botanical verification and the universal DNA bar-coding technique. The FBMF powder’s quality was performed by the micromeritics properties like bulk density, tapped density, angle of repose, Hausner ratio, Carr’s index, and optical microscopy method, and physicochemical evaluations were performed by the swelling index, foaming index, loss on drying, extractive values, and ash values. The extract’s preliminary phytochemical screening was accomplished by the alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, steroids, carbohydrates, and glycoside tests. To ensure the presence of a bioactive compound of each FBMF extract by qualitative HPTLC study against the reference β-sitosterol Rf value of 0.83 was revealed at 254 nm with a developed solvent system toluene, ethyl acetate, and acetic acid (6:2:0.1) v/v. Many pharmacological benefits, including those related to wound healing, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, analgesic, sedative effects, immunomodulatory, anticancer, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, anxiolytic, and atopic dermatitis, have been demonstrated by this phytosterol. An antimicrobial study was carried out by a well diffusion method and, lastly, measured minimum inhibitory concentration and compared to the marketed active pharmaceutical component. Numerous skin infections of more invasive, serious illnesses are caused by potential antimicrobial activity.ResultsThe universal DNA bar-coding of plant Mesua ferrea Linn has shown a high percentage of identity. The micrometrics properties and physicochemical evaluation of the powder sample of FBMF were in an acceptable range. The preliminary phytochemical screening shows that all extracts contain steroids and carbohydrates. Moreover, flavonoids were found in ethyl acetate and ethanol, and a qualitative HPTLC study confirmed that every extract contains β-sitosterol. N-hexane extract of FBMF shows the potential antimicrobial activity with Staphylococcus aureus, and the MIC value was observed at 0.062 mg/ml.ConclusionOur research demonstrated that the plant Mesua ferrea Linn has been successfully authenticated by a DNA bar-coding technique, and all extracts of FBMF contain β-sitosterol. The n-hexane solvent extracts have shown the potential highest antimicrobial effects compared to other extracts. These results support using n-hexane extracts as a traditional medicine for treating several diseases.Graphical

ŞEKER ŞURUBUYLA TAĞŞİŞ EDİLEN PEKMEZ ÖRNEKLERİNİN TERMAL ÖZELLİKLERİ İÇİN GELİŞTİRİLMİŞ BİR DIFFERENTIAL SCANNING CALORIMETRY ÇALIŞMA

This research was carried out to determine the pH, titratable acidity, ash, specific gravity, color (L*, a*, b*), water activity, electrical conductivity, glass transition temperature (Tg) and melting characteristics of grape and mulberry pekmez samples adulterated with different levels (10%, 30%, 50%) of high fructose corn syrup (HFCS). Ash, titratable acidity and electrical conductivity values have decreased significantly (P&amp;lt;0.05) with the level of adulteration and determined that these properties can be used as a criterion in the determination of adulteration. Two glass transition temperatures occurring between -25.64℃ to -32.58℃ (Tg1) and 23.29℃ to 31.22℃ (Tg2) were detected in all pekmez samples. The single glass transition temperature was determined in the pekmez samples diluted with water, and both the glass transition temperatures and the onset, peak, end temperatures and enthalpy values of the melting peaks increased significantly with the increase in the amount of adulteration (P&amp;lt;0.05).

Effects of the protective and therapeutic effect of yogurt enriched with Citrus sinensis essential oil against ibuprofen-induced gastric ulcer in elderly rats.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of Citrus sinensis essential oil (EO) on the proximate composition of yogurt over a 28-day shelf life and to investigate the therapeutic and prophylactic effects of functional yogurt on ibuprofen-induced gastric ulcers in a rat model. It was observed that the yogurt group containing C. sinensis EO had higher acidity, total solids, and ash values. Histologic evaluation of the stomachs of rats with gastric ulcers revealed that rats fed with functional yogurt had fewer lesions compared to the control group. The treatment group had fewer lesions than the positive control (p>0.05). Lesions in the glandular mucosa of the prophylactic group were significantly lower than those in the positive control group (p<0.05). Yogurt with C. sinensis EO may be beneficial in reducing the severity of ulcers and improving overall health.