Ashing Method Research Articles

Study on Differential Pulse Anodic Stripping Voltammetry Method for Simultaneous Determination of Trace amount of Zn, Cd, Pb, Cu in some Cough Syrups in Vietnam

The optimal measurement parameters of differential pulse anodic stripping voltammetry method (DP-ASV) to simultaneously determine the trace amount of the four elements Zn, Cd, Pb, Cu have been studied, including the sweep rate, pulse amplitude, drop size of mercury, initial purge, equilibration time. The analytical procedure was applied to determine Zn, Cd, Pb, Cu in 12 cough syrup samples in Viet Nam, including 6 functional food samples and 6 medicinal samples. The quantitative echnique used was standard addition and the applicability of quantitative elements in self - made samples was studied. Cough syrup analysis samples were digested using the wet ashing method in microwave oven. Research results show that there are no regular differences in elements content between medicinal cough syrup samples and functional food samples, except for functional food samples TP08 which has Pb content and the syrup medicine sample TH03 which has Cu content many times higher than other types. However, the content of the studied elements is within the allowable limits according to curent regulations (QCVN 8-2:2011/BYT; 46/2007/QĐ-BYT, WHO). The method has low detection limits and limit of quantification with ppb level, the relative standard deviations (% RSD) of repeated measurements are less than 3%, and recovery reflects the accuracy of the analytical method for elements ranging from 61.0 % to 87.5 %, which meets AOAC requirements for trace.

Studi komparatif: analisis perhitungan biaya produksi berbasis tekno-ekonomi dalam alternatif metode pembuatan telur asin

Salted eggs are a popular product, but their fragile nature requires preservation methods. One such method is salting. The production process involves direct costs (raw materials and labor) and indirect costs. Minimizing production costs is crucial for maximizing profit and shaping the company's strategy.This study aims to compares the method of curing salted eggs using red bricks and ash with salting eggs using reverse osmosis technology. Reverse osmosis method is an innovative approach in salted egg production that replaces the traditional salting method. In this method, eggs are not soaked in a salt solution but processed using high-pressure equipment to remove water from the eggs and introduce salt into them. This allows for a reduction in the time required for the salted egg production process. The result showed that the Total cost of production per one product cycle with the reverse osmosis method has a lower cost than conventional methods of IDR.257.88. The red brick method has a total cost of IDR.993,401, and the method of ash rub was the highest, with a total cost of IDR.1.017.701.Therefore, the reverse osmosis method becomes the best salting method in a cost-efficient way and has better performance.

Lysine-coupled fly ash accelerated CO2 mineralization: Feasibility and reaction mechanism

CO2 mineralization using alkaline solid waste is a promising technology for integrated pollution reduction and carbon sequestration. This paper proposed an efficient and environmentally friendly method for lysine-coupled fly ash accelerated CO2 mineralization. And the feasibility of this process was preliminarily explored. The results showed that under mild operating conditions, the promotion of lysine achieved a carbon sequestration capacity of approximately 122.60 g-CO2/kg-FA, with a CO2 mineralization efficiency of 72.84 %. Additionally, lysine acted as a crystal form regulator for CaCO3, resulting in vaterite CaCO3 at an appropriate lysine concentration. Using 13C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), the carbamates, bicarbonates/carbonates, and Lys/protonated Lys at different reaction stages were considered to propose a novel reaction mechanism for the Lys-FA-H2O-CO2 system. It indicates that lysine accelerates key reaction steps in the fly ash carbonation process. Lysine, acting as a proton acceptor and promoting carbamate formation, accelerates the mass transfer of CO2 from the gas phase to the liquid phase. Meanwhile, the presence of lysine enhances the leaching capacity of Ca2+ by three times compared to H2O.

Studies of the sintering method of ash and slag waste for the production of alumina from self-disintegrating sinters

The goal of this research is to select the optimal composition of the sintering charge of ash and slag waste for maximum extraction of alumina and obtaining self-disintegrating sinters of a given chemical composition. Experiments have shown that sintering of ash and slag waste using two-component charges makes it possible to extract alumina from sinters by no more than 60 %. The highest sintering rates were made using three-component charges. So, when sintering ash and slag waste from Almaty TPP-2 on a three-component charge of the composition CaO:SiO2 = 2; Na2O:(Al2O3+Fe2O3) = 1 at a duration of 60 min and a temperature of 1200 °C, alumina extraction was 83.68 %, under the same conditions, alumina extraction of 87.07 % was obtained during sintering of ash and slag waste from the Eurasian Energy Corporation, and alumina extraction was 90.2 % during sintering of ash and slag waste obtained after preliminary chemical activation.As a result of the conducted research on sintering of ash and slag waste in a three–component charge system, a self-disintegrating sinter of the following chemical composition was obtained, %: Na2O – 0.07; CaO – 26.88; SiO2 – 2.06; Fe2O3 – 5.01; Al2O3– 5.059.

Digitalization-Based Geometric Design of Open Pit Mining Blast Using Visual Block Programming Method

Gilgal Batu Alam Lestari (PT. GILBAL) is a company specializing in granodiorite rock mining. In its mining operations, PT. GILBAL employs blasting to break down materials, simplifying the loading and processing stages. The design of blast hole geometry requires precise calculations to achieve an optimal configuration, ensuring that blast fragmentation aligns with operational needs. To facilitate the blast hole geometry calculations, an application is needed that delivers accurate results and can be accessed anytime, anywhere. One approach to developing this application is through visual block programming using the Kodular tool. The research aims to design a system programming concept for an application capable of processing calculations for both blast geometry design and blast fragmentation outcomes, implementing this application program for actual blasting operations in the field, and achieving high accuracy in the application design's performance when applied in real-world field conditions. Application testing for blast hole geometry calculations demonstrated that the R.L. Ash method achieved an average accuracy of 97.39%, the C.J. Konya method reached 98.49%, the Anderson method achieved 99.93%, and the Langefors method reached 99.95%. In terms of calculating blast fragmentation, the R.L. Ash method attained an average accuracy of 89.57%, the C.J. Konya method 93.49%, the Anderson method 86.50%, and the Langefors method 99.81%.

A Comparative Evaluation of the Antisickling, Elemental and Proximate Analysis of the Leaves of Three Khaya species Found in Nigeria

Sickle cell disease (SCD) is traditionally treated in Nigeria by the Traditional Medical Practitioners (TMPs) with medicinal plants and other plant products. One of the herbs commonly used singly or in combination with other plant materials is Khaya, which is widely distributed in Africa, with three species existing in Nigeria. These are Khaya senegalensis A. Juss (KS), Khaya grandifoliola (WELW) CDC (KG) and Khaya ivorensis A. Chev. (KI). In this study we evaluated the anti-sickling activities of the leaf extracts of the three Khaya species leaves with a view to authenticating the ethnomedicinal claims, and assess the proximate as well as the elemental constituents that may contribute to the properties. Dried leaves of the Khaya species were extracted by cold maceration and Soxhlet methods using water, ethanol and petroleum spirit as extractives. Filtered extracts were concentrated in vacuo at 40oC and dried in a lyophilizer. Inhibitory and reversal models were employed to evaluate their anti-sickling effects on Hb SS red blood cells following standard procedures. Proximate and elemental analysis were determined using the simple analytical procedure as described by the Association of Official Analytical Chemistry (AOAC) of 1987, 13th Edition Washington DC P1094 and Dry Ashing method of AOAC 2006 respectfully. Anti-sickling results showed that the Soxhlet ethanol extracts of the Khaya species demonstrated significant (p≤0.05) ability to reverse and inhibit the sickling of red blood cells in-vitro with KI having the highest inhibitory and reversal of 60.04+1.77% and 74.97+2.23% respectively at 4 mg/ml concentration. The proximate analysis revealed the richness of the Khaya leaves in minerals, proteins and carbohydrates. Khaya leaves contained calcium, magnesium, sodium, phosphorus, and other essential elements within the limits of dietary requirement. Khaya species could therefore be recommended for further development into herbal remedy in the management of sickle cell disease.

Experimental study and chemical equilibrium calculation on the mineral transformation of high-alkali coal under oxy-fuel condition

The study aimed to study the mineral transformation of high-alkali coal to address the ash-related issues in oxy-fuel combustion. However, the traditional ashing method alone is inappropriate to study the mineral transformation at the initial stage of coal combustion due to the high ashing temperature. Hence, both the plasma ashing method (<200 °C) and traditional ashing method (600–1200 °C) were employed in this research to prepare the ash samples for characterization. The plasma ashing method is an efficient way to determine the original minerals in coal because it can consume the organic matter at low temperature. The recirculation of flue gas in oxy-fuel combustion can lead to high SO2 and H2O concentrations, while their influences on mineral transformation need to be clarified. In this work, SO2 and H2O were injected into CO2 to simulate the recycled flue gas (RFG). Furthermore, the chemical equilibrium calculation was conducted besides multiple experimental tests to acquire more comprehensive information of mineral transformation. The results show that high sodium and calcium contents are determined in these high-alkali coals, and two of them are rich in iron. In O2/CO2 atmosphere, some sodium (e.g. NaCl) volatilizes into the gas phase and the others converts into aluminosilicates (e.g. NaAlSi3O8) during the heating process. The calcium salts (mainly CaCO3 and CaSO4) decompose and produce silicates, aluminosilicates, and magnesium silicates. The major iron-containing minerals are identified as FeS, FeS2, and Fe2O3. Both FeS and FeS2 are oxidized into Fe2O3 below 600 °C. Moreover, the kaolinite (Al2Si2O5(OH)4) in raw coals decomposes at low temperature (<600 °C). In O2/RFG atmosphere, the additions of SO2 and H2O enhance the sulfation of AAEMs (alkali and alkaline earth metals) and delay the decomposition of sulfates. The productions of some silicates, aluminosilicates, and magnesium silicates of AAEMs are inhibited to varying degrees, and there could be complicated salts containing sulfur (e.g. hauyne). The transformations of iron-containing minerals are little related to the presences of SO2 and H2O. This work obtained the transformations of main minerals in high-alkali coal under O2/CO2 and O2/RFG conditions, which helps to address the ash-related issues.

Rapid prediction of the chemical composition of pet food using a benchtop and handheld near-infrared spectrometer

Quality of pet foods can be affected by many factors such as raw materials, formulations, and processing techniques. The pet food manufacturers require fast analyses to control the nutritional quality of their products. Herein, near-infrared spectroscopy (NIR) was evaluated to quantify the chemical composition of pet food, and the performances of two NIR spectrometers were investigated and compared: a benchtop instrument (1000–2500 nm) and a low-cost handheld instrument (900–1700 nm). Seventy cat food and thirty-six dog samples were characterized using reference methods for crude protein, crude fat, crude fibre, crude ash, moisture, calcium (Ca), and phosphorus (P). Principal component regression (PCR) and partial least squares regression (PLSR) were used to establish the models that involved the cat food and mixed model. The characteristic wavelengths were selected using a competitive adaptive reweighted-sampling (CARS) algorithm. The Optimal models obtained from the benchtop instrument for crude protein, crude fat, and moisture were classified as “Good” or “Very good” (Residual prediction variation (RPD) > 3), for crude fibre were classified as “Poor” (RPD>2), and for crude ash, Ca and P (RPD<2) were classified as “Very poor”. The Optimal calibrations obtained from the handheld instrument for crude protein, crude fat, and moisture were classified as “Good” or “Very good” (RPD>3), for crude fibre, crude ash, Ca, and P were classified as “Very poor” (RPD<2). Generally, the the performance of benchtop and handheld instrument was close, and the cat food model outperformed the mixed model. Results from the current study revealed the potential to monitor the chemical compositions in pet food on a large scale.

Bottom ash from municipal solid waste incineration: composition, leaching of heavy metals, treatment, possibilities of application and permissibility of burial

The most important problem that arises when handling bottom ash from municipal solid waste incineration, due to possible environmental pollution, is considered. The composition, chemical properties and mineralogy of bottom ash are presented. Issues of pollutant leaching from bottom ash, leaching testing methods, and predictive modelling are considered. Heavy metals as the most hazardous pollutants for the environment have been studied. The role of pH and dissolved organic carbon in leaching heavy metals is described. Methods for processing bottom ash to reduce environmental impact, the possibilities of using slag and regulatory restrictions are presented.

Distribution of 210Po activity and soil texture in agricultural soil.

The assessment of 210Po in agricultural soil matrices in different regions of Kerala and Karnataka was studied. The wet ash method was used to find the activity concentration of 210Po. The alpha activity was counted using a silver-activated zinc sulfide counter of 30% efficiency, and the activity was calculated. The average concentration of 210Po activity in soil samples ranged from 0.09 to 20.52Bqkg-1, with an average value of 4.47Bqkg-1. The soil texture was measured using the International Pipette method. Using the IBM Statistical Package of Social Science Software, the frequency distribution curve of 210Po is plotted and found to be lognormal. The data of 210Po are highly skewed, and the Kurtosis has a significant positive value. The 210Po activity concentrations are substantially within the World Health Organization's recommended limits.

Effects of Sweet and Forge Sorghum Silages Compared to Maize Silage without Additional Grain Supplement on Lactation Performance and Digestibility of Lactating Dairy Cows.

This study investigated the effects of replacing maize silage (MZS) with high-sugar sorghum silage (HSS) or forage sorghum silage (FSS) without additional grain supplement in the diets of dairy cows on nutrient digestibility, milk composition, nitrogen (N) use, and rumen fermentation. Twenty-four Chinese Holstein cows (545 ± 42.8 kg; 21.41 ± 0.62 kg milk yield; 150 ± 5.6 days in milk) were randomly assigned to three dietary treatments (n = 8 cows/treatment). The cows were fed ad libitum total mixed rations containing (dry matter basis) either 40% MZS (MZS-based diet), 40% HSS (HSS-based diet), or 40% FSS (FSS-based diet). The study lasted for 42 days, with 14 days devoted to adaptation, 21 days to daily feed intake and milk production, and 7 days to the sampling of feed, refusals, feces, urine, and rumen fluid. Milk production was measured twice daily, and digestibility was estimated using the method of acid-insoluble ash. The data were analyzed using a one-way ANOVA in SPSS 22.0 according to a completely randomized design. Dietary treatments were used as fixed effects and cows as random effects. The results indicate that MZS and HSS had greater crude protein but less neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF), acid detergent lignin (ADL), and a lower pH than FSS (p ≤ 0.04). High starch contents in MZS and water-soluble carbohydrate (WSC) contents in HSS were observed (p < 0.01). While the highest starch intake was observed for the MZS-based diet, the highest WSC intake was noted for the HSS-based diet, and the highest NDF, ADF, ADL intake was observed for the FSS-based diet (p ≤ 0.05). The diets, including MZS and HSS, had greater digestibility than that of FSS (p ≤ 0.03). Feeding MZS- and HSS-based diets increased the yield, fat, and protein content of the milk, as well as feed conversion efficiency (p ≤ 0.03). However, feeding the MZS- and HSS-based diets decreased the contents of milk urea N, urinary urea N, and urinary N excretion more than the FSS-based diet (p ≤ 0.05). The N use efficiency tended to increase relative to diets containing MZS and HSS compared with FSS (p = 0.06 and p = 0.09). Ruminal ammonia-N and pH were lower, but total volatile fatty acids, acetate, and propionate were higher in cows fed the HSS- and MZS-based diets compared to those fed the FSS-based diet (p ≤ 0.03). It appears as though replacing MZS with HSS in the diet of cows without additional grain supplements has no negative influence on feed intake, milk yield, N utilization, or ruminal fermentation.

Effect of Curing Time and Variations in Na2SiO3: NaOH Ratio on the Mechanical Properties of Fly Ash-based Geopolymer Artificial Aggregates using the Crushing Method

Burning coal to produce electrical energy in PLTU produces waste in the form of fly ash. This waste must be managed properly so that it does not cause detrimental environmental effects. Fly ash has potential as a building material because it contains silica, aluminum, and other oxides that can react with alkaline solutions to form geopolymer compounds. Geopolymer has good mechanical properties and is resistant to acidic and alkaline environments. The development of the crushing method for aggregate materials, artificial geopolymers, and fly ash is an interesting work direction because it can utilize fly ash waste and reduce the dependence on aggregates. Moreover, this material can be used to help reduce the effects of development construction on the environment. The crushing method is utilized to obtain geopolymer artificial aggregate with the desired size. Aggregates can be destroyed to become small particles by using destruction techniques and mechanical crushing tools, such as hammer mills, jaw crushers, and ball mills. The aggregate impact value (AIV) percentage reaches 13.20% at a Na2SiO3/NaOH ratio of 2, but it decreases to 12.64% at a Na2SiO3/NaOH ratio of 3.5. The AIV percentage reaches 12.82% without the addition of sand, but it decreases to 12.64% when the added amount of sand is 20%. The AIV percentage increases to 12.76% when the added sand is 40%. Moreover, the AIV percentage reaches 12.64% after curing for 24 hours, decreases to 12.46% after 48 hours of curing, and increases to 12.94% after 72 hours of curing.

Оптимізація пробопідготовки для визначення 90SR У харчових продуктах

The aim: To determine the possibility of conducting studies of the radionuclide 90Sr in food products in accordance with GN 6.6.1.1-130-2006 «Permissible levels of radionuclides 137Cs and 90Sr in food products and drinking wate»" without concentration by the ashing method. Materials and methods: The article describes the method of calculating the minimum measuring concentration of food products. According to the results of the calculations, the products that can be measured without concentration are determined. Analytical, statistical and computational research methods were used during the work. At the stage of sample preparation for measurement, the question often arises in which form to measure the sample - native or ashed. The specific activities of food products in their native form are in many cases lower than the minimum measurable concentration (MMС) on the spectrometer. Therefore, in order to decide in what form to prepare the sample for research, before starting work, it is necessary to compare the capabilities of the spectrometer, the minimum measured concentration and the permissible level of 90Sr content in the research product. In order to solve the question of the need for ashing of the sample, calculations of MMC were carried out for each food product, as well as the weight of the raw product, necessary to obtain 0.01 kg of ash per measurement was calculated. Results: Tables are compiled based on the results of the calculations. One includes products whose activity can be measured without ashing, and the other includes products with ashing. The use of such tables makes it possible to optimize sample preparation for the study of 90Sr by the spectrometric method. Of the 50 groups of food products, 17 have been identified that can be studied in their native form, which saves time for sample preparation and increases the performance of the spectrometer.

Predicting the chemical composition of pet food with hyperspectral imaging

Performing fast analyses to control the nutritional quality of pet food products is of great interest in the pet food industry. The purpose of this study was to test the efficacy of near-infrared hyperspectral imaging (HSI) in determining chemical composition content of cat and dog food, and evaluate the influence of mixed model and characteristic wavelength on the performance of the quantitative model. Seventy cat food and thirty-six dog food samples were characterised using reference methods for moisture, crude protein (CP), crude fat (CF), crude fibre (CFe), crude ash (CA), calcium (Ca) and total phosphorus (TP) content. The Partial Least Squares regression (PLSR) was used to establish the quantitative models that involved the cat food model and mixed model. The characteristic wavelength was selected using a competitive adaptive reweighted-sampling (CARS) algorithm. Results showed that, except for CFe, the performance of the cat food model was similar to the mixed model. When using feature band, the prediction results of the mixed models for CP, CF, moisture, and CFe were optimized with R2p between 0.73 and 0.96 and RPD in the range 2.22–5.20, but the prediction results of TP, CA, and Ca did not meet the actual demand. Optimal quantitative models were used to visualise the sample chemical composition distributions. The results of this study provide theoretical and technical support for the rapid online quality control of pet food.

Utilizing Industrial Sludge Ash in Brick Manufacturing and Quality Improvement.

This research demonstrates changes in the behaviors and characteristics of sintered bricks while using industrial sludge ash (ISA) and waste glass (WG) as a replacement for clay in the brick manufacturing procedure. Owing to the limited amount of available land in Taiwan, it is becoming increasingly difficult to locate suitable sites for sanitary landfills, which is a common final disposal method for ash that is produced during thermal treatment in sludge factories. To meet the urgent need for land, the final waste disposal must convert this waste into a new resource. This research investigated the feasibility of using general industrial sludge ash waste, due to its abundance and high potential as a raw material in producing bricks. The result of this study shows that the bricks made from ISA and WG under a certain mixture proportion (ISA50%/WG40%/Clay10%) had excellent industrial potentials, such as compressive strength and water absorption rate. However, owing to the wide variety of components from different sources of ISA, the mixture proportion might vary accordingly. This study also analyzed the incineration index, proportion design, and process improvement, as well as investigating the possibility of increasing the total use of sludge ash as a resource. This study shows the potentials of utilizing wastes as raw materials in industrial manufacturing procedures. Therefore, more wastes can be tested and turned into resources in the future.

Novel treatment method of coal bottom ash for strain-hardening alkali-activated composite

This study explored the viability of using coal bottom ash (CBA), treated as a silicate source for preparing activators, as a filler in strain-hardening alkali-activated composites. The silica content provided by CBA was approximately 30% of that provided by silica fume, and its surface morphology exhibited a rough texture after treatment. The incorporation of CBA led to an improved compressive strength, and the subsequent substitution of treated CBA up to 100% resulted in a 10% increase in the compressive strength. Furthermore, incorporating the treated CBA enhanced the bond strength and pullout energy by up to 70% and 75%, respectively, compared with those of plain composites. The treated CBA also improved the tensile performance, as the replacement rate increased. At a substitution rate of 100%, the tensile strength, strain capacity, and strain energy density increased by 168.64%, 118.3%, and 479.41%, respectively, compared with those of plain composites. Thus, utilizing CBA as an alkaline activator is a promising solution to environmental challenges in the field of construction materials.

Development of a Method to Measure Trace Levels of Uranium and Thorium in Scintillation Films

Abstract We have established a method to measure picograms-per-gram (pg g−1) levels of 238U and 232Th in scintillation films by combining the dry ashing method and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Trace amounts of 238U and 232Th were measured in up to 2 g of scintillation film with almost 100% collection efficiency. This paper details the experimental procedure, including the pretreatment of the samples and labware, detection limit of the method, collection efficiencies of 238U and 232Th, and measurement of 238U and 232Th in a polyethylene naphthalate film. This method is also applicable to 238U and 232Th measurements in other low-background organic materials for rare-event search experiments.

Design Method for Low-Carbon Fly Ash Concrete Considering Strength, Form Removal Time, and Carbonation Durability Life

Low-carbon fly ash concrete is one of the hottest research topics in the concrete industry. This study proposes a design method for low-carbon fly ash concrete that systematically considers strength, form removal time, and carbonation durability life. The basic steps of this method are as follows: First, based on the experimental results, the strength development formula of fly ash concrete using different mix ratios and different aging periods is obtained through regression. The adopted carbonation depth calculation formula can be used to consider the influence of the curing time and mix ratio on carbonation depth. Second, through the analysis of design cases, the dominant factors in the design of low-carbon fly ash concrete are clarified. For example, strength dominates, demolding time dominates, or carbonation durability dominates. If the concrete is removed from the formwork early, the carbonation resistance is very weak, and a large amount of cementitious material is required in order to meet the carbonation durability requirements. Appropriately extending the removal time of the concrete form can enhance the carbonation durability, reduce the content of cementitious materials, and achieve the goal of low-carbon design. In short, the method proposed in this study can be used as a general method for low-carbon fly ash concrete design, and this method can be extended for use in different countries and regions.

Iodine Fortification Study of Some Common Nigerian Vegetables Using Copper Complex

Iodine deficiency (ID) is the result of insufficient dietary iodine intake in humans, the deficiency not only leads to goiter formation but also to severe retardation of growth, development and maturation of nearly all the tissues of the body, especially those that are fast developing. The aim of this research is to evaluate levels of iodine intake by ten Nigerian vegetables using copper complex. Dry alkaline ash method was used in the determination. The results obtained showed that all the ten vegetables used absorbed high concentrations of iodine when inoculated with 0.09 M and 0.14 M [Cu(I)4]2- . Iodine phytotoxicity was observed in all the plants when inoculated with 0.2-0.8 M of the copper complex as all the plants died. Increase in the concentration of copper complex from 0.09-0.14 M increased the absorption of iodine by Amaranthus hybridus, Corchorous olitoruis, Gongronema lotifolium and Solanum melongena. The reverse was observed with Murraya koenigii, Ocimum gratissimum, Talinium triangulare, Abelmoschus esculentus, Cucurbita pepo and Telfairia occidentalis. Ocimum gratissimum absorbed the iodine at 0.09M with value of 164.79 mg/kg, the vegetable also absorbed least at 0.14 M with a dose of 61.80 mg/kg. The intake of the iodine by the plants showed that the method can be used in the fortifying these Nigerian vegetables with iodine, thereby reducing the incidence of Iodine deficiency disorder in humans.

Characteristics of Residence Time of the Torrefaction Process on the Results of Pruning Kesambi Trees

The excessive use of Kesambi (Schleichera oleosa) tree stems threatens the sustainability of Kesambi plants since it takes several decades for them to regenerate new stems. This research aims to determine the characteristics of torrefied Kesambi tree pruning. The used reactor has a diameter of 400 mm. An iron basket is positioned 100 mm above the reactor base, holding the material within an aluminum cylinder. The reactor temperature is maintained at 300°C using a K-type thermocouple sensor. A heater is placed near the reactor base and covered. The characteristics of the semi-charcoal biomass product are identified, including mass yield, water absorption capacity, moisture content (D3173, 2013); ash content (ASTM D1102-84. Standard Test Method for Ash in Wood, 2013); volatile matter (%) (ASTMD3175, 2011); and fixed carbon (%) (ASTM, 2013). The color of the leaves and the pruned Kesambi tree changes from brown to black as the residence time increases. The results of pruning the Kesambi tree at different torrefaction residence times indicate a decrease in mass yield with an increase in residence time, with the lowest mass yield observed at a residence time of 20 minutes. The water absorption capacity of torrefied Kesambi tree pruning material is found to be between 0.65% and 0.675%, or less than 1% and higher heating value (HHV) prediction 29.0750 MJ/kg.Keywords: Kesambi, Pruning, Residence, Time, Torrefaction