Ash Fusion Temperatures Research Articles

Correlation between Flow Temperature and Average Molar Ionic Potential of Ash during Gasification of Coal and Phosphorus-Rich Biomass

The co-gasification of biomass and coal is helpful for achieving the clean and efficient utilization of phosphorus-rich biomass. A large number of alkali and alkaline earth metals (AAEMs) present in the ash system of coal (or biomass) cause varying degrees of ash, slagging, and corrosion problems in the entrained flow gasifier. Meanwhile, phosphorus is present in the slag in the form of PO43−, which has a strong affinity for AAEMs (especially for Ca2+) to produce minerals dominated by calcium phosphates or alkaline Ca-phosphate, effectively mitigating the aforementioned problems. To investigate the changing behavior of the slag flow temperature (FT) under different CaO/P2O5 ratios, 72 synthetic ashes with varying CaO/P2O5 ratios at different Si/Al contents and compositions were prepared, and their ash fusion temperatures were tested. The effects of different CaO/P2O5 ratios on the FT were analyzed using FactSage thermodynamic simulation. A model for predicting slag FT at different CaO/P2O5 ratios was constructed on the basis of the average molar ionic potential (Ia) method and used to predict data reported from 19 mixed ashes in the literature. The results showed that Ia and FT gradually increased with a decreasing CaO/P2O5 ratio, and the main mineral types shifted from anorthite → mullite → berlinite, which reasonably explained the decrease in ash fusion temperatures in the mixed ash. The established model showed good adaptability to the prediction of 19 actual coal ash FTs in the literature; the deviation of the prediction was in the range of 40 °C. The model proposed between FT and Ia based on the different CaO/P2O5 ratios can be used to predict the low-rank coal and phosphorus-rich biomass and their mixed ashes.

Understanding impacts of introducing CO2 in N2 and operation conditions on physicochemical property and fusion behaviour of solid products during thermal decomposition of corn stalks

The total annual production of corn stalk (CS), a byproduct of corn processing, in China was as high as 3.1 × 108 tons, the utilization of which had great potential. The objective of this study was to investigate the characterization of the resulting solids during thermal conversion of CS under different atmospheres and to deepen the understanding of the effects of introducing CO2 in N2. The impacts of temperature, atmosphere, and particle residence time on the solid yield, ash characteristics were elucidated. It was found that the solid yields decreased with increasing temperature. For a given temperature below 600 °C, the solid yields in 20% CO2/80% N2 were higher than those in N2. But when the temperature was above 600 °C, the opposite trend was observed. Increasing residence time substantially improved carbon conversion. Compared with the solids formed below 600 °C, the 800 °C solids contained more agglomerates, which were composed of K-bearing and Ca-bearing minerals. The ash fusion temperature (AFT) increased with rising pyrolysis/gasification temperature. After substituting N2 with CO2 in the pyrolysis agent, the AFT became higher. Under the current conditions, ash deposition could occur even if the operating temperature was lower than the softening temperature (ST) due to the formation of low melting eutectics.

Ash fusion characteristics of iron‐rich coal in Xinjiang under different atmospheres and the influence mechanism of adding red mud and pipeline scale

AbstractTo realize the high‐efficiency utilization of iron‐rich coal, it is necessary to conduct in‐depth research on the ash fusion characteristics and regulation mechanism. In this paper, the ash fusion temperature test of iron‐rich coal in Xinjiang (ZC) under different atmospheres was first carried out. Then, red mud (HJ) from Huajin Aluminum Industry and black water pipe scale (GDG) were selected as the additives. After the same ashing procedure, the two additives were mixed with iron‐rich coal ash in different proportions to realize the regulation of the chemical composition of the coal ash to improve the ash fusion characteristic. The ash fusion temperature (AFT) experiment was carried out in the automatic ash melting point analyzer, and high‐temperature ash melting slags at different temperatures were prepared. The mineral phases of coal ash and slag were characterized by XRD and compared with the Factsage simulation calculation results to reveal the influence mechanism of coal ash fusion temperature. The result shows that the fusion temperature of ZC iron‐rich coal ash is significantly different between oxidizing atmosphere and weak reducing atmosphere. Compared with the oxidizing atmosphere, the four characteristic temperatures of ZC iron‐rich coal ash are significantly lower under weak reducing conditions, and the difference is about 150°C. The addition of red mud and pipeline scale increased the fusion temperature of ZC coal ash to varying degrees. The addition of HJ ash has little effect on the deformation temperature of ZC coal ash, while the addition of different proportions of HJ ash significantly increases the flow temperature of ZC coal ash. When the addition ratio of HJ ash is 40%, the flow temperature FT of ZC coal ash increases most obviously, which is about 50°C. The addition of HJ ash and GDG ash will lead to an increase in the content of iron‐containing spinel, thereby increasing the ash flow temperature.

Effect of Diameter on Steam Pressure Sootblower to Eliminate Low Potential Slagging and Fouling

The combustion process in pulverized coal boilers utilizes coal fuel, which produces ash and heat. Ash from combustion process will be deposited and adhere to pipes, known as slagging and fouling. Cleaning of slagging and fouling is done using a sootblower by flowing pressurized fluid to generate a jet nozzle force, which can remove the slagging and fouling adhering to the pipes in the superheater. Based on testing of parameters, ash fusion temperature is 1415.42 oC, and silica ratio is 79.55%, indicating a low potential for slagging. For fouling testing yielded an index of 0.089, indicating a low potential for fouling. The existing retractable sootblower operates using superheated steam with a pressure of 70-75 bar. In the design of low-pressure sootblower, flow is derived from intermediate pressure turbine by modifying feed tube, lance tube, and sootblower nozzle. The design results in a feed tube diameter of 101.65 mm, a lance tube diameter of 114.3 mm, an inlet nozzle diameter of 21.1 mm, a throat nozzle diameter of 13.97 mm, and an outlet nozzle diameter of 41.02 mm, with a Mach number output of 2.09 and a total jet force of 2023.9 N.

Study on the mechanism of the effect of biomass ash on the erosion and adhesion behavior of Al2O3 ceramic particles

Biomass coupled with photothermal gasification technology is a new type of technology using heat carriers to transfer the solar energy to supply heat, and directs the solar energy absorbed by the heat carrier to provide a continuous heat source for biomass gasification. To investigate the erosion and adhesion mechanism of cornstalk ash (CSA) on heat carriers (Al2O3 ceramic spheres) during heat transfer, ash fusion temperature analyzer (AFTA) and FactSage thermodynamics software were used to analyze the effect of alumina addition over CSA sintering from the perspective of melting point, high-temperature heating stage coupled with optical microscope system (HTSOM) was used to observe of the adhesion behavior of CSA on the surface of ceramic spheres, X-ray diffractometry (XRD) and Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) as well as SEM-EDS (Scanning electron microscope - Energy dispersive spectrometer) were used to detect the mineral evolution from both matter and elements. The results showed that the sintering stage (FT-DT) of CSA extended by adding more than 5 wt% of Al2O3 to CSA. Furthermore, it was found that as the temperature increased, Al-containing minerals such as pyroxene and chalcocite were formed, which indicated the CSA began to erode the heat carrier by mineral evolution on the surface of ceramic spheres. At high temperatures (>1200 ℃), CSA completely melted to form a liquid phase that wrapped around the surface of the ceramic spheres, which played a role in insulation layer during the cooling process to reduce the cooling rate of the surface of the ceramic sphere, resulting in more evident slagging problem. At the same time, the K and Ca element in the CSA was captured by ceramic spheres. The mineral transformation between the ceramic spheres and CSA was simulated by FactSage thermodynamic software, and it was found that the addition of Al2O3 resulted in the increase of the ash melting temperature and the formation of Al-containing mineral matters such as nepheline and augite.

Prediction of ash fusion temperatures of municipal solid waste incinerator ash based on support vector regression

The ash fusion temperatures (AFTs) of the municipal solid waste incinerator (MSWI) ash and slags is the main indicator to judge its slagging characteristics. Support vector regression (SVR) algorithm is more appropriate for creating an AFT prediction model than the classic regression method because it can adjust to a wider range of ash sample types in a wider range of areas by avoiding underfitting and overfitting. In this paper, SVR prediction models for the deformation temperature (IDT), softening temperature (ST), hemisphere temperature (HT), and flow temperature (FT) of ash are constructed using the ash chemical composition and AFTs dataset of coal ash and biomass ash and other ash. The AFTs of fly ash, bottom slag, and other ash in the municipal solid waste incinerator are predicted. With average relative errors of 1.98 % and 3.56 % and maximum relative errors of 5.21 % and 5.2 %, respectively, the results demonstrate that ST and FT have greater prediction accuracy. IDT and HT both provide poor predictions, with maximum relative errors of 14.08 % and 9.36 %, respectively, and average relative errors of 10.06 % and 5.95 %, respectively. Additionally, the impact of removing various numbers of outlier samples from training data on prediction accuracy, and the impact of test sample measures, such as ash composition analysis and AFTs determination, on prediction accuracy are analyzed and examined.

Optimization of low-grade coal and refuse-derived fuel blends for improved co-combustion behavior in coal-fired power plants.

This study is aimed at utilizing three waste materials, i.e., solid refuse fuel (SRF), tire derived fuel (TDF), and sludge derived fuel (SDF), as eco-friendly alternatives to coal-only combustion in co-firing power plants. The contribution of waste materials is limited to ≤5% in the composition of the mixed fuel (coal + waste materials). Statistical experimental design and response surface methodology are employed to investigate the effect of mixed fuel composition (SRF, TDF, and SDF) on gross calorific value (GCV) and ash fusion temperature (AFT). A quadratic model is developed and statistically verified to apprehend mixed fuel constituents' individual and combined effects on GCV and AFT. Constrained optimization of fuel blend, i.e., GCV >1,250 kcal/kg and AFT >1,200 °C, using the polynomial models projected the fuel-blend containing 95% coal with 3.84% SRF, 0.35% TDF, and 0.81% SDF. The observed GCV of 5,307 kcal/kg and AFT of 1225 °C for the optimized blend were within 1% of the model predicted values, thereby establishing the robustness of the models. The findings from this study can foster sustainable economic development and zero CO2 emission objectives by optimizing the utilization of waste materials without compromising the GCV and AFT of the mixed fuels in coal-fired power plants.

Regulation Mechanism of Solid Waste on Ash Fusion Characteristics of Sorghum Straw under O2/CO2 Atmosphere

Co-combustion of solid waste and biomass can alleviate biomass ash-related problems. To investigate the effects of solid waste on the ash fusion characteristics of biomass and its variation mechanisms under an oxidation atmosphere, an X-ray diffraction, thermogravimetric analyzer (TG), scanning electron microscope (SEM), and FactSage calculation were used to examine the ash fusion behaviors of sorghum straw (SS) with the addition of textile dyeing sludge (TDS) or chicken manure (CM). The ash fusion temperature (AFT) of SS increased gradually with the TDS ash addition; with CM ash addition, the AFT of SS mixtures increased rapidly (0–20%), decreased slightly (20–30%), and finally increased slowly (30–60%). The generations of high melting point (MP) minerals (e.g., KAlSi2O6, Fe2O3, and Fe3O4) led to an increase in the AFT of TDS-SS mixtures. The K+ in silicate was gradually replaced by Mg2+ or Ca2+, which caused the generations of high-MP minerals (e.g., Ca3MgSi2O8, Ca2MgSi2O7, and CaMgSiO4). The TG analysis showed that the additions of TDS or CM ash slowed down the weight loss of SS mixed ash due to the formation of high-MP minerals. The SEM and FactSage calculations were also explained with the AFT change and their variation mechanisms. The result provided effective references for the AFT regulation during the co-combustion of biomass and solid waste.

Effects of Proximate Analysis on Coal Ash Fusion Temperatures: An Application of Artificial Neural Network.

The temperature at which coal ash melts has a significant impact on the operation of a coal-fired boiler. The coal ash fusion temperature (AFT) is determined by its chemical composition, although the relationship between the two varies. Therefore, it is important to have mathematical models that can reliably predict the coal AFTs when designing coal-based processes based on their coal ash chemistry and proximate analysis. A computational intelligence model based on the interrelationships between coal properties and AFTs was used to predict the AFTs of the coal investigated. A model that integrates the ash, volatile matter, fixed carbon contents, and ash chemistry as input and the AFT [softening temperature, deformation temperature, hemispherical temperature, and flow temperature] as an output provided the best indicators to predict AFTs. The findings from the models indicate (a) a method for determining the AFTs from the coal properties; (b) a reliable technique to calculate the AFTs by varying the proximate analysis; and (c) a better understanding of the impact, significance, and interactions of coal properties regarding the thermal properties of coal ash. This study creates a predictive model that is easy to use, computer-efficient, and highly accurate in predicting coal AFTs based on their ash chemistry and proximate analysis data.

Effect of Minor Oxide and Residual Carbon on Coal Ash Crystallization Behavior and Slag Properties during Coal Gasification: Critical Literature Review and Thermodynamic Simulation.

Coal-ash-associated problems seriously limit the industrial application of entrained flow coal gasification. There have been many studies of this issue. However, many problems still need to be fully understood, especially regarding the effect of minor oxides and residual carbon on the crystallization of slag in coal ash systems. Crystals formed in slag affect the slag properties, especially its viscosity. This article reviews the crystallization behavior of coal ash slag and its impact on ash fusion temperature (AFT) and temperature of critical viscosity (Tcv). A thermodynamic simulation using FactSage 7.3 thermochemical software was performed to study the effect of minor oxides (i.e., Na2O, K2O, and TiO2) and residual carbon at a temperature range of 1000-1700 °C on the phase transformation in the oxide system. The literature review reveals that the minor oxides and residual carbon in coal ash affect the AFT and the coal slag's Tcv. The thermodynamics simulation indicated that Na2O, K2O, and TiO2 tend to decrease Tcv, while the residual carbon increase Tcv.

Study on effect of furfural residue addition on fusion characteristics of gasification coal ash

The co-gasification of furfural residue with coal is a feasible way to realize its clean and efficient utilization, but there is a high content of alkaline components in the furfural residue ash. Therefore, the effect of furfural residue addition on the fusion temperature of gasification coal ash was investigated, in which a typical furfural residue and two gasification coals with different ratios of silicon to aluminum (Si/Al) were selected. X-ray diffraction instrument (XRD) was used to measure the mineral evolution of co-gasification ash at different temperatures. The phase change in equilibrium state was calculated by the software FactSage. The results show that with the increase in furfural residue addition ratio, the fusion temperatures of both gasification coal ashes first increase and then decrease, while the increase trend of fusion temperatures for the coal with a high Si/Al ratio is more significant. When the furfural residue is added, the resulting high melting point mineral of gasification slag is changed from anorthite (CaAl2Si2O8) to leucite (KAlSi2O6) that is still present as a solid phase at 1300 °C, resulting in an increase of AFTs. The coal ash with more amount of SiO2 can react with K2O to produce more leucite (KAlSi2O6) with a higher fusion point, thus causing the ash fusion temperatures to rise. However, as the ratio of furfural residue addition continues to increase, the ash fusion temperatures decrease, which is attributed to the formation of kaliophilite (KAlSiO4) with a low fusion point that is generated in the presence of higher content of K2O.

The effects of Na2O/K2O flux on ash fusion characteristics for high silicon-aluminum coal in entrained-flow bed gasification

Composite additives are widely used to regulate coal ash fusion characteristics to meet the requirement of entrained-flow bed gasification. In this paper, the effects and corresponding mechanisms of the Na2O/K2O ratio on ash fusion behavior of high silicon-aluminum coal (Jincheng coal, JC) were investigated. The results showed that at the same total mass fractions of Na2O and K2O (15%), the JC ash fusion temperatures (AFTs) decreased quickly and then increased slowly with increasing Na2O/K2O ratio, the lowest AFT reached when Na2O/K2O ratio was at 9/6. The variations in volume and morphology of mixed JC ashes during heating indicated the AFT variation. The mineral change from KAlSi2O6 (MP: 1686 °C) to NaAlSiO4 (MP: 1100 °C) with increasing Na2O/K2O mass ratio mainly resulted in a decrease in the AFT. This indicated that the Na2O/K2O synergy flux effect was related to the formation of a NaAlSiO4–KAlSiO4 eutectic structure. The AFT variation with increasing Na2O/K2O ratio was also explained by the fact that a quick increase and then a slow decrease in the temperature at which all solid phase changes into liquid-phase was calculated by FactSage.

Development and Application of Ash Fusion Temperature (Deformation Temperature) Prediction Model for Woody Biomass

Development and Application of Ash Fusion Temperature (Deformation Temperature) Prediction Model for Woody Biomass

Acid gas emission and ash fusion characteristics of multi-component leather solid waste incineration in bubbling fluidized bed

The tanning sludge (TS) and other tanning solid wastes are produced in significant quantities by the leather industry. To evaluate the combustion properties, acid gaseous pollutant conversion, and ash management, co-firing of TS with various wastes was investigated in a bubbling fluidized bed. TG-FTIR test indicated that tanning solid wastes had superior combustion properties and include more gaseous pollutants than TS. The leather mixed solid waste (LMSW) formed by mixing had better fuel characteristics than TS. The conversion rates of SO2 and HCl of LMSW incineration were 67% and 40%, respectively. The co-combustion of TS and solid wastes reduces the conversion rate of acid gas. Increasing the proportion of high-inorganic chlorine raw material could further reduce the conversion rate and increase the ash fusion temperature appropriately. Because ash and slag were primarily composed of Ca and Fe elements, the addition of calcium carbonate (CaCO3) can increase ash melting point while reducing acid gas emissions. When CaCO3 was added at a calcium to sulfur (Ca/S) ratio of 2, the acid gas emission was reduced by more than 80% and the softening temperature was raised by 90 °C. When Ca/S is greater than 2, the economics of adding CaCO3 decreased.

Effect of additives in increasing ash fusion temperature during co-firing of coal and palm oil waste biomass

Biomass has the potential to cause slagging and fouling during combustion due to its high potassium and high chlorine contents, as well as its low ash melting temperature. This study aims to identify suitable additives for co-firing of coal with palm oil waste. Magnesium, aluminosilicate, aluminum, silicate, calcium, and potassium-based additives were tested at a dosage of 6 wt%. The results indicate that magnesium-based additives significantly increase MgO content, while aluminum-based additives considerably decrease the SiO2/Al2O3 ratio. Both of these effects contribute to an increase in the ash fusion temperature (AFT) of the four samples, with an average percentage increase in the ash fusibility index (AFI) above 25 %. Additionally, additives like CaHPO4, CaO, kaolin, and K2CO3 consistently raise the AFT, although the average percentage increase in AFI is lower than 25 %. However, further investigation is required to determine optimal dosage of additives and address other issues, such as corrosion tendency.

A comprehensive evaluation of cofiring biomass with coal and slagging-fouling tendency in pulverized coal-fired boilers

Cofiring coal with various biomasses has received much attention due to environmental factors and is considered a low-cost option. Although cofiring coal with biomass seems feasible, it potentially produces ash, which causes issues in boilers, such as fouling and slagging. This paper comprehensively investigates combustion performances and slagging and fouling behaviors during cofiring biomass and coal. A thorough examination is conducted to investigate the slagging-fouling tendencies employing ash indices. Thermogravimetry-differential scanning calorimetry and a pilot combustion experiment using a drop tube furnace (DTF) are performed to investigate the thermal behavior of the materials, including ash observation using scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive X-ray analysis and X-ray diffraction systems. Results show that cofiring coal with 25% biomass (mixture of empty fruit bunch and palm frond) has the best combustion performance. It is found that cofiring coal with 25% biomass, either empty fruit bunch or frond, increases the risk of slagging with evidence of the decrease of ash fusion temperatures, deposition material, and sticky material in the probe. The results can provide useful information about cofiring behavior and slagging-fouling tendencies before being implemented into a real plant.

Increased Coal Slagging Index by Using Zeolite Synthetic

The use of coal as fuel has experienced several obstacles, one of which is the formation of Slagging (crust). Slagging is formed by the melting point of coal ash or low ash fusion temperature, caused by low levels of Al2O3 ­in coal ash. The addition of synthetic zeolite to coal before use is intended to increase the level of Al2O3, so that it will increase the ash fusion temperature of coal ash. The increase in ash fusion temperature also causes an increase in the slagging index of coal. With the high increase in the slagging index obtained, the lower the potential for the formation of slagging. The smaller the potential of Slagging formed, the use of coal also decreases. This study aims to determine the effect of adding waste-based synthetic zeolite to coal ash on increasing coal slagging index. Research uses a type of experimental research. Itis collected by conducting laboratory tests, namely making observations and direct testing of samples with variations in the addition of synthetic zeolite to coal by 5%, 10%, and 15%. The results showed that synthetic zeolite added to coal was able to reduce the potential for slagging formation. Slagging index from the results of research for oxidation conditions is a standard sample of 1,246oC, SBZ5 by 1,242oC, SBZ10 by 1,250oC, and SBZ15 by 1,274oC. Reduction conditions i.e. standard sample of 1,130oC, SBZ5 by 1,116oC, SBZ10 by 1,136oC, and SBZ15 by 1,168oC. SBZ15 sample is a variation that has a good slagging index, which is for oxidation conditions which is 1,274oC, and for reduction conditions that is 1,168oC

Crystallization-controlled fusion mechanism of the amorphous fly ash from the Shell coal gasifier by particle sieving

The mineral in coal is transformed to the fly ash of different particle sizes during the entrained flow coal gasification, causing the ash deposition problem on the radiant syngas cooler. In this study, the fusion behavior of fly ash collected from a Shell coal gasifier was analyzed by particle sieving. Results indicated that the fusibility of amorphous fly ash was influenced by the anorthite crystallization at high temperature. The fusion process of fly ash particle was divided into the sintering stage, plateau stage, and melting stage, which were caused by the flow of the amorphous fly ash, anorthite crystallization, and anorthite melting, respectively. The high theoretical anorthite content and the low fly ash viscosity improved the anorthite crystallization reaction in the fly ash particles <45 μm, resulting in a wide plateau stage, narrow melting stage, and high ash fusion temperatures (AFTs). Therefore, the fusion behavior of fly ash particles <45 μm followed “melting-dissolution” mechanism. In contrast, the fusion of fly ash particles >45 μm belonged to the “softening-melting” mechanism for the weak anorthite crystallization behavior. The fly ash particles <45 μm may cause the serious ash deposition problems for its low viscosity.

Study of Dendromass Ashes Fusibility with the Addition of Magnesite, Limestone and Alumina

The fusibility of ash from woodchip combustion is characterised in the present work. The impact of the increase in MgO, CaO, and Al2O3 content in the bio-ash on the classification of ash into categories according to slagging and fouling indices was evaluated. The ash was characterized based on the chemical composition using slagging and fouling indices. However, these ash composition changes did not assign the ash into categories of the indices FU, SR, RS, and B/A (fouling, slagging, slag viscosity, basicity), with less ash inclination to slagging and fouling. The indices were primarily derived for ashes from coal combustion. The indices values characterizing the ash were compared with measured results of ash melting according to STN ISO 540. The measured ash fusibility values showed that the addition of magnesite, limestone, and alumina to dendro-ashes increases the DT (temperature of deformation), HT (temperature of hemisphere), and the AFI (ash fusibility index). There is no conformity between the values of the indices and the measurement of ash fusibility temperatures. In terms of temperatures in the combustion chamber, the measured sintering (Tsin) and DT are suitable for evaluating the tendency of ash to slagging and fouling as well as an accretion of ash particles sticking to the lining.

Investigation into the fusibility of biomass ashes and their mineral phase transformations at elevated temperatures by using the HT-XRD technique

In this paper, the fusibility of biomass ashes with varying chemical and mineral compositions were investigated and their mineral phase transformations were characterised in-situ by using the HT-XRD technique. Results showed that ash fusion temperatures (AFTs) of the analysed biomass increased in the order of walnut shell (WS) < wheat straw (WHS) < peanut shell (PES) < pine sawdust (PS). This is attributed partially to their chemical compositions, since WS and WHS ashes had high K2O contents (30.77%), but the PES and PS ashes were abundant in SiO2, Al2O3 and/or CaO. HT-XRD analysis showed that K-bearing minerals were firstly identified but then diminished in WS ash as temperature, confirming their role for slag formation. For WHS ash, the release of KCl and the formation of K silicates or aluminosilicate at different temperatures were confirmed, leading consequently to a decreased AFTs. In the PES ash, SiO2, MgO, CaAl2Si2O8, CaAl2SiO6 were identified, which also did not melt at the temperatures examined. Likewise, minerals in PS ash including CaO, Ca3SiO5 and Ca2SiO4 remain identified at elevated temperatures. Macro- and micro-morphological analysis shows that the WS and WHS ashes were prone to be sintered at temperatures as low as 650 °C, yet PES and PS ashes were less sintered even at 850 °C. These were confirmed by thermodynamic calculations when the phase and mineral transitions were considered. These mineral phases were also compared with those from conventional XRD, confirming the advantages of HT-XRD in determining mineral phase transformation and comprehending fusibility of the biomass ashes.