Ash Dump Research Articles

The Impact of the Method of Reclamation of the Coal Ash Dump from the “Adamów” Power Plant on the Survival, Viability, and Wood Quality of the Introduced Tree Species

The aim of this research was to determine the survival rate, dimensions, and wood quality of black locust, ash-leaf maple, common maple, and American ash introduced to the landfill of the “Adamów” Power Plant as part of the reclamation process. The experimental area consisted of 13 research plots. On the three plots where the trees were planted directly into the ash, the trees completely collapsed. As a result of this research, it was found that the black locust had the best survival rates, whereas the American ash had the worst. The black locust and ash-leaf maple reached larger sizes on the plots where the ashes were covered with a 50-centimetre layer of sewage sludge (S50) or with a 50-centimetre layer of clay (C50), while the common maple grew the largest on the plots where a 25-centimetre layer of sewage sludge (S25) was used. Our research shows that about 40% of the examined species of wood were of good quality (Q1, Q2), which in the future will make it possible to obtain sawmill raw material. On the other hand, lower quality wood (Q3, Q4), which accounted for over 50% of the assessed wood material, can be successfully used as a biomass for energy purposes.

Kinetics of mixed binder strength gain

Introduction. The storage of pond ash at ash dumps has a negative impact on the environmental situation in the nearby settlements, dumps constantly dust and pollute water sources. To solve this problem, it is proposed to use ash from pond ash as a component of mixed binder. Since the specific surface area of pond ash is different throughout the dump, it is necessary to study its influence on the strength set of mixed binder under different curing conditions.Materials and methods. The equipment on which the experiment was carried out is listed. To determine the specific surface ПСХ-12 device was used, ash drying was carried out in a desiccator. The samples were stored in a normal solidification chamber. The chemical composition of pond ash from TPP-5 of Omsk was presented.Results. Experimental data on the strength of samples of mixed binder at the age of 1,3,7,14,21,28,90 days of normal hardening and data on the strength of samples after heat and humidity treatment are presented. Durability of mixed binder composition with specific surface of hydraulic ash of 460-490 m2/kg under normal hardening conditions amounts to 42.57 MPa which corresponds to natural strength. The composition with the use of pond ash 460-490 m2/kg after water removal increased strength by 12% in comparison with the control composition. Compositions with specific surface of wet pond ash 220-250, 340-370, 650-700 m2/kg show durability results lower than the control ashless composition irrespective of hardening conditions.Discussion and conclusions. It is proved that the use of pond ash with a specific surface of 460-490 m2/kg is rational. Its strength under normal conditions of hardening is 42,57 MPa, which corresponds to the strength of the concrete. The composition with the use of wet pond ash 460-490 m2/kg after heat and moisture treatment has an increase in strength by 12% compared to the control composition. Increased strength of mixed binder compositions is associated with acceleration of pozzolanic reaction in them, the products of which have a positive effect on the strength of the products.

ОЦЕНКА ВОЗМОЖНОСТИ ПРИМЕНЕНИЯ КОМПЛЕКСНОЙ ПЕРЕРАБОТКИ ЗОЛОШЛАКОВЫХ ОТХОДОВ НА УГОЛЬНЫХ ПРЕДПРИЯТИЯХ

Currently, a huge amount of ash and slag waste is placed in the ash dumps of energy complex enterprises. This entails the alienation of large areas of land, leads to the emergence of dust storms of ash. Particles of such dust cause various lung diseases in the population of the city, as well as harm the environment. Now there is an urgent issue of processing the accumulated volume of ash and slag and high-quality processing of the newly formed waste. This paper considers the complex processing of ash and slag waste, in large-tonnage volume, with the introduction of the recovery process. The work carried out an integral assessment of processing using such a complex of ash and slag waste placed in the ash dumps of Omsk thermal power plants. With the application of this approach, a decrease in the volume of waste water is predicted, the complete exclusion of the placement of such waste in the ash dump, the emergence of the recovery process at energy enterprises, new products for the industrial complexes of the country, and as a result, an increase in the quality of life of the population of the region.

Методика геодезического мониторинга за насыпными гидротехническими сооружениями

Bulk hydraulic structures, such as dams and dams of tailings and ash dumps are very widespread and are hazardous production facilities. The article analyzes the existing methods of geodetic monitoring of bulk hydraulic structures, their advantages and disadvantages are considered. For monitoring bulk hydraulic structures, a new technique is proposed, in which the main type of geodetic monitoring is ground laser scanning, which allows the determination of both displacement vectors for individual points and areal deformations that can be analyzed using map algebra. To highlight the surface of the dam, filtering is used according to the molding method, which allows us to clear the cloud of points of laser reflections from vegetation. Since the enclosing dams are long, it is proposed to localize the scanning sites using geotomographic studies, which make it possible to identify areas of structural het-erogeneities in the body of the dam, voids and areas of highly moistened rocks. For visual inspection of hydraulic structures, it is proposed to use unmanned aerial photography, with which you can get a three-dimensional model of the body of the dam. The dam body model can be used for finite element modeling of stresses and filtration processes in the dam body. The article provides a database diagram of the "Dam deformation" software package, which allows you to store complex information about a hydraulic structure and use it to make decisions about the state of the object.

Experimental determination of the solid phase density of thermal power plant ash

Recycling of ash and slag waste from thermal power plants is an important environmental and economic task. The widespread use of ash in construction is mainly hindered by the high content of unburned carbon. The fine granulometric composition of the ash makes most mechanical methods of recycling and flotation ineffective, and is the most effective, environmentally friendly, and cheapest method is hydraulic separation. It allows for the recovery of about 70% of construction raw materials, in which the carbon content is reduced to regulatory commercial values, from 20% in raw ash to 5–10%. A central element of hydraulic separation research is establishing the hydraulic characteristics of the fly ash, with a special focus on determining its actual density, considering that the ash includes more than 10 different mineral components that have also undergone high-temperature transformation. Theoretical determination of the solid phase density of a multi-component mixture does not yield a reliable result. This article examines methods for determining bulk, true, and actual density, experimental approaches to their measurement, and the impact of various factors on these parameters. Correct density determination underlies the calculation of hydraulic characteristics of ash suspensions, the speed of hydraulic flows, and the efficiency of extracting individual components by way of hydroclassification and hydroseparation. The purpose of the research is to refine the methodology and experimentally determine the density of the solid phase of fly ash in its natural state and ash classified by size -240+40 µm, -40+0 µm, using the sample of ash from Pridniprovska TPP. The results of this work are significant for engineering when creating new technologies, for hydraulic devices recycling ash aimed at minimizing environmental impact and optimizing the use of technogenic resources. It was found that the density of the solid phase of ash from the ash dump of Pridniprovska TPP varies from 1.783 g/cm³ to 2.3, averaging 2.0 g/cm³. Variations in density are related to the inhomogeneity of the chemical composition, the presence of closed cavities in the particles. Keywords: fly ash, ash and slag waste.

"RECONSTRUCTION OF THE ASH AND SLAG REMOVAL SYSTEM IN CHP-2 OF JSC «ARSELORMITTAL TEMIRTAU»"

"This article discusses the modernization of the ash and slag removal system at CHPP-2 of JSC «ArcelorMittal Temirtau», the transition from the wet method of cleaning ash and slag to a more technologically advanced dry one. The long-term use of the hydraulic ash and slag removal system (GZSHU) has led to the accumulation of a huge amount of ash, which is subsequently not used. A comprehensive replacement of wet cleaning equipment for dry cleaning is considered. The wet method offers quenching with water (in this case, up to 1 % of the thermal efficiency of the TP-81 boiler unit is lost), followed by the use of drag pumps and the removal of ash and slag through the hydraulic ash removal channels to the ash dump. In the future, this ash cannot be used. During dry ash and slag removal, extinguishing with water is not used, but a pneumatic system for removing combustion products is used. Ash from gas cleaning plants through a system of pneumatic chamber pumps and intermediate hoppers is fed through ash pipelines to a silo warehouse. The use of this technology allows minimizing the harmful impact on the environment by reducing groundwater pollution with pulp, reducing the area of ​​​​ash dumps, reducing water consumption by the station, using ordinary types of steel in pipeline systems, and reducing the cost of equipment maintenance. Keywords: boiler, slag, ash and slag removal, dust preparation, hydraulic ash removal, fuel, coal, ash."

Optimizing the use of industrial wastes for sustainable spatial development within the framework of the eco-friendly concept


 
 
 Addressing the issue of using wastes as secondary raw materials allows solving the problems of greening the environment, ensures sustainable development of territories and, at the same time, increases the potential of construction companies, contributes to reducing the area of ash dumps from heat and electricity production plants (HEPPs) and state district electricity production plants (SDEPPs). In view of this, the study proposes an optimized scheme of recycling secondary raw materials, which implies defining the effective radii of these products transportation and creating a demand between the manufacturing and prospective consumption of wastes from HEPPs and SDEPPs. Such a scheme solves the problems associated with the reduction of the area of ash dumps of HEPPs and SDEPPs; tactical level of development of the construction sector due to expanding the range of building materials; improvement of the territorial distribution of construction enterprises; and enhancement of the quality of construction and installation work. At the operating level, it implies using innovative resource-saving design, product and material technologies; creating an efficient structure of material resources of the construction sector; reducing cost of construction and installation work, etc. To address the problem of using wastes from HEPPs and SDEPPs, the paper analyzes a model that accounts for the optimal capacity and specialization of the enterprise using secondary raw materials. The model provides for determining what types of materials and in what quantity should be produced by the enterprises included in the optimal plan, creating a rational scheme of recycling secondary raw materials that includes establishing the optimal radius of transportation. Moreover, with the help of the model, transport coefficients are obtained, and dependences showing the relationship between the transport costs and the optimal transportation distance for eachtype of construction product are composed. As a result of the calculations, optimized perspective schemes of recycling wastes from HEPPs and SDEPPs are created. The schemes involve defining the effective transportation radius, which is calculated as a weighted average volume of the freight transported. Furthermore, due to the usage of secondary raw materials, the balance of manufacturing and prospective consumption of the products considered is obtained.
 
 

Comprehensive assessment the conditionsof Ladyzhynska TPP hydrotechnical constructions inaccordancewith theirreconstruction

Purpose. The purpose of study is a predictive assessment of stress-strain state of the "DTEK Ladyzhynska TPP" ash dump and changes in the hydrodynamic and hydrogeochemical modes within its location area in conditions of the designed reconstruction. The methodology. Comprehensive assessment of changes in hydrodynamic and hydrogeochemical modes around the ash dump site and defining the hydrogeomechanical stability of enclosing dams is performed based on the results of numerical modeling of groundwater flow and transport, and stress-strain state using the MODFLOW, PHASE2, and GEOSTUDIO software. Findings. The forecast of changes in hydrodynamic and hydrogeochemical modes around the ash dump site in accordance with the accepted ash dump reconstruction scheme is carried out based on the identified regularities of their formation. An assessment of the hydrogeomechanical stability of the enclosing dams in conditions of designed building up the third storey of the ash dump was performed based on the results of numerical simulation of the stress-strain state. Measures to increase the stability of the ash dump's enclosing dams under reconstruction are justified. The originality. New data were obtained regarding the nature of changes in hydrodynamic and hydrogeochemical modes around the ash dump under the conditions of its reconstruction. Measures to ensure stability of the hydrotechnical construction are substantiated in consequence of a comprehensive study of the stress-strain state of the material making up the enclosing dams, considering the predicted moisturizing of dam massif and the seismicity of the territory. Practical implications. The results of the performed research form the basis for substantiating technical decisions regarding ensuring the stability of hydrotechnical constructions of energy-generating enterprises.

The Green Depression: American Ecoliterature in the 1930s and 1940s by Matthew M. Lambert

<i>The Green Depression: American Ecoliterature in the 1930s and 1940s</i> by Matthew M. Lambert

MAIN DIRECTIONS OF RESEARCH ON THE USE OF TES ASH IN THE PRODUCTION OF BUILDING MATERIALS

Formulation of the problem. The basis of modern energy − various types of power plants, of which thermal power plants is about 40 %. The technology of electricity production at thermal power plants is harmful due to the generation of large amounts of waste. They account for more than 30 % of emissions of harmful substances from the total emissions of industrial enterprises. Increased demand for electricity causes an increase in their production, which leads to an increase in the amount of ash and slag waste and emissions of harmful substances into the atmosphere. The purpose of the article . In Ukraine, 160 thousand hectares out of 60 million hectares of total area are dumps of industrial waste, or as they are called by-products. About 8 million tons of ash and slag waste are generated in Ukraine every year, and their storage is accompanied by a number of extremely negative consequences for the environment and human health. With ash and slag dumps containing toxic elements polluting the ground water and underwater, require exclusion of large areas. The volume of already accumulated waste reaches more than 300 million tons and occupies huge areas of land. At the same time, almost all ash and slag dumps of Ukrainian coal-fired and thermal power plants are almost full, so more and more areas are needed to continue the work. Analysis of recent research and publications. According to European researchers, this type of waste disposal costs about 60 euros/ton. The average thermal power plant spends about 12…36 million euros a year just for the maintenance of ash dumps.

Survey monitoring of the enclosing dam № 1 of the «GRES Topar» LLP ash dump by the terrestrial laser scanning method

To determine the state of stability of the enclosing dam №1 of the ash dump of «GRES Topar» LLP, a geodetic monitoring project was developed. The methodology of geodetic observations is based on the use of ground-based laser scanning. An observation station was laid on the local section of the dam, which consists of 3 reference points and 5 working reference points. The displacement is determined by calculating the vector distance from the reference point to each working reference point. The vector distance is determined from each reference point in the same way. For control, a total station survey was carried out, made in non-reflective mode. The convergence of the results did not exceed 2 mm. Geodetic monitoring consisted of 3 series of observations. According to the data obtained, the stable condition of the hydraulic structure was revealed.

Protecting Black and African Americans from Disproportionate Coal Ash Exposure in Georgia

In 2019, an estimated 20% of the energy produced in Georgia came from coal power plants, producing a staggering 6 million tons of toxic coal ash byproducts (Nuclear Energy Institute 2020). The improper storage of this coal ash leads to chemicals leaching into the environment, poisoning the people who reside near the power plants and coal ash dump sites (Earth Justice 2018). Both in the nation and here in Georgia, Black and African American communities are disproportionately harmed by health issues caused by coal ash exposure due to living near coal power plants (Merem 2016, 1-16). To ensure equitable protection from coal ash across the community, we propose amending the Official Georgia Code to adopt HB431, which implements extensive requirements for obtaining coal ash site permits. We further propose incorporating fines for companies that violate HB431 and using fines to empower affected communities.

Phenotypic Responses of Some Functional Traits in Four Native Perennial Grass Species Grown on Fly Ash Dump and Native Soil.

Functional response traits of four perennial grass species (Imperata cylindrica, Cenchrus ciliaris, Sporobolus diander, and Cynodon dactylon) growing on the fly ash dump and referral site having native soil were evaluated with the objective of selecting species suitable for rapid development of vegetation cover on the fly ash dumps. All the four species showed spectacular plastic responses in functional traits of plants grown on the fly ash dump and are induced by habitat and hence are adaptive. The traits associated with the root system such as root length, spread, the volume of the substratum occupied by the root system, and root biomass showed greater plasticity than the traits of the shoot system such as shoot biomass, the mean number of tillers per clump, and mean height of tillers. For instance, for all the grass species, the ratio of root/shoot biomass was higher for fly ash grown plants as compared to that of plants grown in native soil. The highest ratio was recorded for C. dactylon (5.61 ± 2.36) and I. cylindrica (5.37 ± 2.36) whereas the lowest ratio was recorded for C. ciliaris (1.87 ± 0.44). This suggests greater allocation of resources to root than to shoot by the species for space exploitative growth that enables them to acquire nutrients from nutritionally poor and unfavorable substratum like fly ash dump. Such a strategy enables species to establish and regenerate on barren areas that include fly ash dumps. The higher root length, spread, biomass, and root/shoot ratio in plants of all the species grown on fly ash as compared to plants grown on the native soil substantiate that plasticity in functional traits enabled the species to adapt to stressed habitats. The plastic responses observed are specific to the trait, specific to the species, and specific to the environment. This is evident by the quantitative differences in the responses between traits within a species, between species, and between habitats. The phenotypic plasticity induced by the fly ash altered the relationships between functional traits of the plants. This is evident by the marked differences in the r-values for different character associations between plants grown on fly ash dump and native soil. The results suggest that all the four grass species evaluated can be used for the rapid development of vegetation cover on the fly ash dumps to mitigate environmental contamination.

Studies on Growth and Yield Response of Jatropha curcas Plant on Fly Ash Amended Soil

ABSTRACT Fly Ash (FA) is usually considered unfavorable to plant growth and its disposal has become a serious environmental issue. However, some studies on revegetation on fly ash dumps showed some agricultural potential of the fly ash. The present study attempts to judiciously utilize the waste fly ash as a soil amendment and assess the feasibility of growth of energy plants viz. Jatropha on fly ash amended soil in varying percentages (0%, 5%, 10%, 20%). The study primarily focuses on growth and yield to judge the suitable content of fly ash favoring plant growth. Plastochron Index (PI) and plant morphological characteristics are used to assess the growth whereas, the yield is assesses based on biomass and other parameters estimated after completion of the experimental duration. The growth and yield assessment indicated better sustenance of Jatropha plant on soil amended with 10% fly ash

Reducing the Road Construction Anthropogenic Impact by Using Ash and Slag from Thermal Power Plans: Economist’s View

Industrial waste involvement in road construction projects is one of the most prospective areas for waste management industry development in Russia. The introduction and scaling up of this practice will simultaneously reduce the costs of both road construction and waste storage. In the article, the authors attempted to evaluate the economic potential of using industrial by-products (using the example of ash and slag waste) in the road construction industry as an embankment of a roadbed. As the result, it was revealed that the economic potential for utilizing ash and slag waste as a road embankment can be up to 7,9 million tons annually. At the same time, it will be economically feasible to involve ash and slag waste in road construction only if the ash dump is located at a distance of no more than 130–150 kilometer from the construction site. The study also discovers that depending on the ash dump and open pits with traditional resources location, the effect in reducing the building highways costs across the country can range from 104,70 million to 30 359,48 million rubles. The authors concluded that to reduce the anthropogenic impact of the road construction industry, the government should form a mechanism stimulating the use of industrial waste keeping technological capabilities and economic feasibility of the process. Based on foreign experience, the authors proposed to use the effective disposal radius mechanism, which preserves the principle of economic feasibility of using ash and slag waste in the road construction projects.

ПРИМЕНЕНИЕ ЗОЛЫ С ОТВАЛОВ ТЭЦ В ПРОИЗВОДСТВЕ ПОРТЛАНДЦЕМЕНТА

The article considers a technical solution for the introduction of pozzolan additives into the cement after grinding clinker. Such additives are the fly ash of the CHP and ash from the ash dump. The use of ash in the composition of cement reduces its cost and energy intensity of its production

Plant diversity and ecological potential of naturally colonizing vegetation for ecorestoration of fly ash disposal area

Fly ash dump has been noticed as one of the hazardous dumpsites on the earth, which pollutes our environment. Therefore, an affordable and effective approach for the restoration of fly ash dumps is urgently required worldwide. In this direction, to find out potential plant species through the assessment of naturally colonized vegetation is a basic criterion of ecological restoration. With the above vision, the present study was performed to identify potential colonizer plants of fly ash dumps for ecological restoration. The intensive field studies were made during 2019–2020 to gather naturally occurring plants from fly ash disposal area of Koradi Thermal Power Plant, Nagpur, Maharashtra, India. Therefore, naturally colonizing plants were assessed on the basis of their dominance, ability of improving the rhizospheric FA, and ecological significance for their ecorestoration potential. Acacia nilotica L., Acmella oleracea L., Bacopa monnieri L., Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers., Cyperus rotundus L., Dactyloctenium aegyptium L., Digitaria sanguinalis L., Trianthema portulacastrum L., Typha latifolia L. and Portulaca oleracea L. were recognized as potential plants for ecological restoration of FA dumps. Hence, the characteristics of above identified potential plant species can be used in ecological restoration of newly FA disposal areas.

Applications of ash аnd slag waste in agriculture

Environmental pollution creates problems for health of people living in residential areas near pollution sources. Studies aimed at developing methods for investigating the impact of industrial facilities on the air is of interest. The purpose of this work is to analyze the methodology for assessing the risk of exposure of a technosphere object to the atmosphere. It was assumed that the enterprise in emergency mode emits pollutants through the source of emissions at the maximum single concentration of the substance exceeding the maximum permissible concentration. To calculate the impact on a human, various scenarios of an emergency situation are taken into account. These are constructing failure trees and using well-known health risk assessment techniques. The calculation took into account the wind rose for a specific enterprise location and wind speed projections obeying the normal distribution law. These assumptions allowed us to develop a method for calculating the risk of exceeding the concentration of a pollutant at a given point (x, y) during the year. Isolines of surface concentrations were built. Three toxic substances were taken for analysis. The method for calculating the dispersion of emissions of harmful (polluting) substances in the atmospheric airwas used; maps of the dispersion of isolines of pollutants in residential areas were constructed. When solving the inverse problem, emergency emission intensities at which excess of permissible concentrations occurred were determined. In the range of multiplicities exceeding the maximum single maximum permissible concentration from 1 to 5, the dependence was well approximated by a straight line. This technique can be used to determine the risk of diseases caused by carcinogenic and noncarcinogenic substances and minimize the risk of exposure to harmful substances. Ash and slag wastes are the source of negative impact on the environment. This area is studied by a number of researchers. The article aims to systematize the data on possible applications, accumulated practical experience of using ash and slag waste in agriculture both in Russia and abroad. The analysis showed that waste from the fuel and energy industry can be widely used in various areas of agriculture. It can be used as ameliorants, zeolite-based mineral fertilizers, pesticides and insecticides for treating horticultural crops, microfertilizers, as well as for soil remediation and land reclamation. The use of ash and slag waste in agriculture and other sectors of the national economy can reduce the ecological load on the environment. The number of overfilled ash dumps can be reduced, and there will be no need to build new ones.

Geochemical peculiarities of underground and surface waters in the area of influence of the ash dump of the Chita CHPP-1

As a result of filtration leaks from the ash dump, an envelope with a length of over 3 km up to the lake Kenon has been formed along the flow of groundwater bicarbonate-sulphate waters with a mineralization of more than 1.0 g / l, substandard in terms of drinking waters relative to the total mineralization, the magnitude of stiffness and the content of magnesium and silicon. Pollution of natural waters in the areas of disposal of ash dumps is a common problem of coal power plants and thermal power plants [1, 2]. In this regard, the Chita CHPP-1 is no exception. The purpose of this message is to show the change in the chemical characteristics of groundwater and surface water in the zone of influence of its hydraulic ash dump, based on the results of the work performed by the authors. The study was based on the results of hydrogeochemical studies of natural and man-made objects for 2002, 2008 and 2015. Samples were taken in the autumn-summer period (open water period), which, given the fairly stable hydrogeochemical regime within the annual cycle, is fairly representative.

ВЫСОКОТЕМПЕРАТУРНОЕ ВОССТАНОВЛЕНИЕ КАК СПОСОБ УТИЛИЗАЦИИ ЦЕННЫХ КОМПОНЕНТОВ,СОДЕРЖАЩИХСЯ В ЗОЛОШЛАКОВЫХ ОТХОДАХ

In order to study directions of utilization of ash and slag waste from Omsk thermal power plants, the authors analyzed existing technologies for the use of these wastes in the construction materials industry, road construction, zeolite synthesis, agriculture. Despite a fairly wide range of possibilities for industrial use of ash and slag waste, the actual utilization rates of ash placed in the ash dumps of Omsk thermal power plants are close to zero. The dry ash taken from the electrofilters finds its application in the production of building materials in the Omsk region. The analysis of the possibility of extracting valuable components from ash and slag by hydrochemical methods using aqueous solutions of acids and alkalis indicatesthe implementation of these methods mainly in laboratory practice. Taking into account the content of silicon dioxide in the ash of Omsk thermal power plants exceeding 50 %, the possibility of silicon reduction from silicon dioxide by carbon was analyzed. At the same time, it is emphasized that the transition to high-temperature methods of reducing can be considered as a new stage in the utilization of potentially valuable components contained in ash and slag waste.