Ascophyllum Research Articles

Evaluation of dietary supplementation of Ascophyllum nodosum and Lithothamnium calcareum as functional algae in F4+ Escherichia coli challenged piglets.

Despite progress in reducing antimicrobial use in the veterinary field, it is crucial to find alternatives to preserve effectiveness and limit antimicrobial resistance. In pig farming, pathogenic strains of E. coli are the main cause of gastrointestinal disorders and antibiotic use. In this field, algae represent an innovation in animal nutrition that aligns with livestock sustainability principles and provide a high content of functional molecules. The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of an innovative dietary combination of Ascophyllum nodosum and Lithothamnium calcareum, on growth, duodenum gene expression, jejunum intestinal morphology, and serum oxidative status in F4+ Escherichia coli challenged piglets. Forty-eight weaned pigs, aged 28 ± 2 days, were divided into two groups (n = 24 pigs/group): the control group was fed a commercial diet (CTRL), while the seaweeds group was fed a commercial diet supplemented with 1.5% A. nodosum and 0.5% L. calcareum for 27 days (ALGAE). After 13 days, 50% of animals in each group were challenged with a single dose of 108 CFU/dose of E. coli F4+, resulting in two infected groups (CTRL+ and ALGAE+, n = 12 pigs/group). Growth performance was assessed by measuring the individual body weight. At day 27, from six animals/group duodenum and jejunum sections were sampled for gene expression analysis via qRT-PCR and histological evaluation. The results indicated a significantly higher body weight in the ALGAE+ group compared to CTRL+ after 7 days post-challenge (p < 0.0001). Jejunum morphology revealed lower villus height, villus width and villus height/crypt depth ratio in CTRL+ compared to ALGAE+ (p < 0.05) suggesting a protective effect of seaweeds on gut health. In conclusion, algae mixture exerted a protective effect against intestinal damage from E. coli F4+ infection proposing A. nodosum and L. calcareum supplementation as interesting strategy to support animal growth, enhance health and reduce antibiotic treatments in weaned piglets.

Can arctic seaweed extracts be used as biological nematicides against potato cyst-forming nematode?

The study was aimed on the assessment of extracts from two arctic brown seaweeds Ascophyllum nodosum and Laminaria digitata as biological nematicides against phytoparasitic nematodes. Potato cyst-forming nematode Globodera rostochiensis Woll. was used as test organism. Seaweed extracts were got from Arkhangelsk Seaweed Factory LLC. Extracts of A. nodosum and L. digitata have been experimentally shown to have nematicidal properties against the dangerous potato pest G. rostochiensis. The addition of seaweed extracts to potato root diffusates slowed down nematode juvenile hatching process, affected the contents of cysts, reducing the reproductive potential of the plant-parasitic nematode. Research highlights the perspectives of using seaweed extracts in nematode-infested fields for control crop pests.

Estimation of seaweed extract and micronutrient potential to improve net returns by enhancing yield characters in tomato using correlation analysis

In recent days, seaweed extracts are being used as biostimulants in agriculture. Various studies define that it enhances the growth of horticultural crops, but there is still a dearth of information regarding their biostimulant effect on yield and net returns of tomatoes. Hence, this research aims to explore the efficacy of seaweed extract in conjunction with micronutrients to enhance tomato yield, ultimately maximizing the economic returns. A field experiment using a factorial randomized block design with three replications was carried out comprising two factors, factor A, i.e., 12 treatment combinations of Ascophyllum nodosum extract (0.2% and 0.4%), Zinc (0.2%), and Boron (0.2%) applied at 15, 30, and 45 days after transplanting as a foliar spray and factor B, i.e., two hybrid varieties of tomato viz., Tomato no. 575 (red) and Yellow Jubilee (yellow). As per the results obtained, the treatment T12 (Zn @ 0.2% + B @ 0.2% + ANSE @ 0.4%) significantly improved the plant average weight of fruit, number of fruits/plant, equitorial and polar diameter of fruit, yield/plant, average yield/ha and harvest duration for both the studied varieties V1 (Tomato no. 575) and V2 (Yellow Jubilee). Moreover, it positively increased the net returns of tomato crops by enhancing marketable yield to fetch better returns. All the studied yield traits showed a significant positive correlation with the economic traits. The findings indicate significant improvements in key yield parameters, including fruit size, weight, and overall plant health. Moreover, the economic assessment underscores the financial viability of adopting these enhanced agricultural practices.

Antioxidant Gel from Brown Algae (Ascophyllum nodosum) and Binahong Leaves for Diabetic Wound Healing

Background: Diabetic wounds are difficult to treat, causing persistent infections and often leading to limb amputation. One convenient way to manage diabetic wounds is by applying wound dressings. This study aimed to develop a wound dressing in form of a gel containing brown algae and binahong leaf extract for diabetic wound dressings.Methods: This study was an experimental study conducted in the Organic Chemistry Laboratory of Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia from June to September 2022. As many as 33 mice induced by alloxan were divided into 9 groups consisting of application of brown algae extract gel, binahong lead extract gel and a mixture of brown algae, and binahong leaf extract gel with the concentration of 2.5%, 5%, and 10% respectively. All treatments were given within 7 days. Laboratory data collected included phytochemical screening, total phenolic compound, antioxidant activity and organoleptic test.Results: Brown algae and binahong leaf extracts had a high total phenolic content of 331.25 mg GAE/g and 207.01 mg GAE/g, respectively with antioxidant activity of IC50 = 327.33 µg/mL and 209.30 µg/mL, respectively. It was found that brown algae and binahong leaf extracts could accelerate wound closure in a diabetic mouse model. Gel formulation with 10% w/w brown algae extracts presented 91.66% of wound closure, two times greater than treatment with commercial drugs.Conclusion: The developed gel containing brown algae and binahong leaf extracts can be a promising wound dressing for healing diabetic wounds.

Silver Nanoparticles and Biostimulants Affect Chemical Constituents, Total Phenolics, Antioxidants, and Potential Antimicrobial Activities of Santolina chamaecyparissus

The beneficial application of silver nanoparticles and biostimulants to increase crop yield and quality is a long-term strategy to achieve desired agricultural productions that are resilient to various biotic and abiotic challenges. This project aimed to evaluate the individual effects of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs), Ascophyllum nodosum (SEW), and Spirulina platensis (SP) on the growth and physiological responses of Santolina chamaecyparissus. S. chamaecyparissus plants were exposed to AgNPs (20, 40, and 60 mg L−1), SWE (0.5% and 1%), and SP (1%, 2%, and 3%). The finding indicates that the light-harvesting efficiency and plant photochemical capacity are not affected by most treatments except for 60 mg L−1 AgNPs. Furthermore, the pattern of H2O2 levels in leaves was significantly higher after AgNP, SP, and SEW treatments. In parallel, total phenolic production was at least accompanied by a burst in H2O2 levels. However, higher antioxidant activity compared to the control, is shown by the higher free-DPPH-radical inhibition that goes completely smoothly with lower H2O2 levels. Thus, the results of the present study showed that biostimulants overall improved the antioxidant activity of S. chamaecyparissus and induced variable detectable amounts of phenolic compounds in response to the concentrations of each biostimulant.

Impact of Foliar-Applied Plant Extracts on Growth, Physiological and Yield Attributes of the Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.)

The current reliance on pesticides and synthetic fertilizers has been vital to sustain and increase agricultural production. The continuous, excessive use of these traditional practices has negatively affected consumer health and burdened the ecosystem. The use of plant extracts as a tool to minimize agrochemical inputs has been extensively investigated; these extracts have the ability to improve both plant growth and agricultural productivity. Therefore, this study was conducted to determine the effect of foliar plant extract application on potato growth, as well as on certain physiological and yield attributes. From four weeks after planting onwards, five healthy, equal-sized potato plants per treatment received various foliar plant extract applications. These extracts included brown seaweed Ascophyllum nodosum extract (ANE), aloe vera leaf extract (AVE), garlic bulb extract (GBE), and moringa leaf extract (MLE). The treatments were repeated weekly until harvesting. Application data regarding growth and physiological parameters were collected weekly. The pre-harvest foliar application of various plant extracts significantly enhanced (p ≤ 0.05) the plant growth, physiological, and yield attributes of potatoes. The best growth and yield responses were observed following ANE and MLE application. Plant extracts have shown beneficial effects on other crops as well, but further validation of these effects is still necessary in order to popularize and commercialize such applications.

THE BIOSTIMULATORY EFFECT OF BROWN ALGAE ASCOPHYLLUM NODOSUM ON GRAPEVINE

Currently, the global wine industry is facing numerous challenges related to climate change and the unpredictability of weather conditions. The administration of biostimulants derived from algae to grapevines brings a series of benefits that translate into increased and quality productions.Two biostimulators containing Ascophyllum nodosum were tested in a vineyard on Chasselas Dore grapes. The testing involved three foliar applications at a 0.5% concentration during the vegetative phase. The use of the products with algae led to increases in yield cu 33.3% (AN product) și 38.7% (AN-ME product). The application of the three foliar treatments with an vegetable biostimulant increased by 46.6 – 48.5% the process of photosynthetic assimilation in the vineyard. Also, the nutrient content in the plant (leaves and clusters) has recorded a significant increase.

Beneficial effects of an Ascophyllum nodosum extract on tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) during water stress

Beneficial effects of an Ascophyllum nodosum extract on tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) during water stress

Temporal patterns of fucoxanthin in four species of European marine brown macroalgae

Brown seaweeds are a rich source of carotenoids, particularly fucoxanthin, which has a wide range of potential health applications. Fucoxanthin fluctuates within and among seaweeds over time, frustrating efforts to utilise this resource. Thus, we require comprehensive analyses of long- and short-term concentrations across species in field conditions. Here, we used High Performance Liquid Chromatography to compare fucoxanthin content in four brown macroalgae, Ascophyllum nodosum, Fucus serratus, Fucus vesiculosus and Saccharina latissima, monthly for 1 year. F. serratus and F. vesiculosus had significantly higher fucoxanthin content (mg/g), which was highest in Spring (0.39 ± 0.04) and Autumn (0.45 ± 0.04) [mean (± SE)]. Two species, A. nodosum and F. serratus, were collected monthly at the same location for a further two non-consecutive years. For both A. nodosum and F. serratus, a significant interaction effect of seasons and years was identified, highlighting that there is variation in fucoxanthin content among and within species over time. We also show that fucoxanthin content differs significantly among months even within seasons. Therefore, it is not sufficient to assess fucoxanthin in single months to represent seasonality. We discuss how weather, nutrients and reproduction may have driven the seasonal variation, and reveal patterns of fucoxanthin concentration that can provide information concerning its availability for many important medical functions.

Biostimulatory Impacts of Seed Priming through Botanical Extracts on Crop Production: A Critical Review

Rapid human population increase, food scarcity, and climate change are some of the global challenges in the current scenario. Among these, climate change adversely impacts crop production by creating abiotic stresses such as drought, salinity, and metal toxicity. Seed emergence, the critical stage in crop development, is highly vulnerable to these abiotic stresses. Therefore, short-term approaches to increase seed germination and the initial growth of plants were investigated in advance as a solution. Seed priming is indeed a pre-sowing treatment of seeds. It is a technique used to enhance the germination and early growth of seeds by exposing them to controlled hydration and sometimes other treatments before planting. Seed priming considered a low-cost, eco-friendly, and sustainable technique to promote seed germination and the initial growth of plants. Though various priming methods are available, this review discusses only botanical extracts (both seaweed and plant extracts) used as priming agents in seed priming. Among the seaweed extracts, green and brown algae species such as Ascophyllum nodosum, Sargassum spp., and Ulva spp. enhanced the crop performances even under stress conditions. In addition, leaf extracts derived from drumstick (Moringa oleifera) and neem (Azadirachta indica) are widely used to increase the crop production under stress and non-stress environments. Furthermore, in this review discussed about priming mechanism, different extraction methods and bioextracts behavior under diverse agroecosystems are discussed in detail.

The effect of foliar application of Ascophyllum nodosum (L.) Le Jol. seaweed extract on biochemical traits related to abiotic stresses in pistachio (Pistacia vera L. cv. Kaleh-Ghoochi)

BackgroundDue to the important economic role of pistachio (Pistacia vera L.) the cultivation of this valuable crop has been extended. Various abiotic stresses harm the growth and performance of pistachio. Seaweed extract containing various substances such as pseudo-hormones that stimulate growth, nutritional elements, and anti-stress substances can cause more resistance to abiotic stresses, and increase the quantity and the quality of the fruit. The present study was conducted to evaluate the effect of foliar application of Ascophyllum nodosum (L.) Le Jol. seaweed extract on some biochemical traits related to abiotic stress in Pistacia vera L. cv. Kaleh-Ghoochi. The first factor of foliar spraying treatment included A. nodosum seaweed extract at four levels (0, 1, 2, and 3 g/L), and the second factor was the time of spraying solution which was done at three times (1- at the beginning of pistachio kernel growth period at the end of June, 2- at the stage of full kernel development at the end of August, and 3- Spraying in both late June and August).ResultsThe results showed that all investigated traits were significant under the treatment of seaweed extract compared with the control. The seaweed extract concentrations had a significant effect on all traits except soluble carbohydrates, but the time of consumption of seaweed extract on soluble carbohydrates, protein, peroxidase, ascorbate peroxidase, and superoxide dismutase enzymes was significant, while had no significant effect on the rest of the traits. According to the interaction effect of time and concentration of consumption of seaweed extract, the highest values of the biochemical characters were as follows: total phenol content: 168.30 mg CAE/g DW, flavonoid content: mg CE/g DW, catalase: 12.66 µmol APX min− 1 mg− 1 protein, superoxide dismutase: 231.4 µmol APX min− 1 mg− 1 protein, and ascorbate peroxidase: 39.53 µmol APX min− 1 mg− 1 protein.ConclusionsBased on the results of this study, it seems that it is possible to use fertilizers containing A. nodosum seaweed extract with a concentration of 3 g/L in August to increase the tolerance of the pistachio cultivar “Kaleh-Ghoochi” to abiotic stresses.

Evaluating taste preference of different sources of Ascophyllum nodosum meal in dairy heifers

We evaluated the supplementation of different sources of the brown seaweed Ascophyllum nodosum (ASCO) meal on taste preference in dairy heifers during a sequential elimination experiment. Six organic certified Jersey heifers averaging (mean ± standard deviation) 16 ± 1.15 wk of age and 92 ± 9.88 kg of body weight at the beginning of the study were used. Treatments consisted of a ground corn-based concentrate mash without seaweed supplementation (control), or this same concentrate mash supplemented with 57 g/d of ASCO meal obtained from Acadian Seaplants (Acadian Kelp), North American Kelp (SeaLife Kelp), or Thorvin Inc. (Thorvin for Animals). The experiment was conducted with 1 heifer enrolled at a time for 11 d each (n = 66 d total) with the feeding regimens distributed as follows: d 0–2 (adaptation phase), d 3–6 (feeding segment 1), d 7–9 (feeding segment 2), and d 10–11 (feeding segment 3). During feeding segment 1 (d 3–6), the control diet was the most consumed treatment resulting in a total dry matter intake of 22.6 kg followed by Acadian, Thorvin, and SeaLife with 17.7, 13.2, and 11.0 kg, respectively. However, Acadian was selected as the most preferred treatment during feeding segment 1 for a total of 11 d, with control, Thorvin, and SeaLife totaling 8, 3, and 2 d, respectively. In the final ranking of treatments, when all 3 feeding segments were included in the evaluation, Acadian was selected as the first choice by 4 heifers with a ranking of 1.67 points, on a scale ranging from 1 (most preferred) to 4 (least preferred), followed by control (2.50 points), Thorvin (2.67 points), and SeaLife (3.17 points). Overall, the treatments containing Acadian and SeaLife were the most and least preferred, respectively, indicating that heifers were able to distinguish different sources of the same seaweed species based on a taste preference sequential elimination experiment.

Technology comparison for sequential extraction of fucoidan and sodium alginate from Ascophyllum nodosum using a glycerol and choline chloride solvent

Brown algae are the main source of polysaccharides such as fucoidan and alginate, which can be used to develop a wide range of bioactive and polymer materials. In this study, sodium alginate and fucoidan were sequentially extracted using thermochemical, microwave, ultrasonic and sub critical water treatments of untreated and ethanol-pre-treated brown algae, Ascophyllum nodosum. Extraction was achieved using a solvent solution consisting of a 1:2 M ratio of choline chloride to glycerol (ChGl) in 70% water (w/w) for initial treatment to extract fucoidan, followed by Na2CO3 treatments for alginate extraction. Microwave extraction was shown to be the most advantageous treatment for alginate extraction, with the greatest biomass extracted (46.2%), purity (33.43% combined mannuronic and guluronic acid content), and molecular weight, whilst indicating an increased bioactive capacity associated with co-extracted polyphenolic content. However, using ChGl for fucoidan extraction resulted in a large fraction of the solvent remaining within the fucoidan. This is evidenced by up to 39% of the fucoidan consisting of glycerol. The extracted alginate has the potential as a bioactive polysaccharide, whilst the fucoidan would require further purification.

Ascophyllum nodosum and Spirulina platensis affect plant growth, yield, concentration of hormones in the leaves and nematode communities in the rhizosphere of cucumber plants

ABSTRACT Increased concerns about residues in vegetables and soil contamination necessitate the use of safer and eco-friendly fertilisers and pesticides. The present study investigated effects of applying Ascophyllum nodosum extract (SW) and Spirulina platensis (SP) on in vitro plant morphogenesis of Hybrid Beit Alpha F1 cucumbers, followed by an evaluation of their effects on plant growth, fruit yield and rhizosphere inhabiting nematodes under greenhouse conditions. Treatments in the greenhouse trial consisted of soil drenching with Spirulina platensis at: 1000 mg l−1 (SP2) and 2000 mg l−1 (SP4); with Ascophyllum nodosum (v:v%) at: 0.25% (SW0.25), 0.5% (SW0.5) and 0.75% (SW0.75); and a control where seedlings were treated with neither seaweed or Spirulina (Control: C). In the greenhouse trial, both biostimulants improved the growth of the cucumbers; plant height, biomass (SW only), leaf chlorophyll, fruit firmness (SW only), fruit length, fruit diameter and fruit total soluble solids, compared with the control. SW0.25 resulted in the highest overall positive effects on the cucumbers with enhancement of plant growth and yield parameters. Application of Ascophyllum nodosum and Spirulina platensis significantly influenced the endogenous IAA hormonal concentration in the cucumber leaves. In addition, the tested biostimulants influenced the relative abundance of major nematode taxa in the cucumber rhizosphere: percentages of free-living nematodes (FLN%) and bacterivores and fungivores (BF%). The results of the study indicated opportunities for developing strategies for sustainable organic production of cucumbers using safe biostimulants to replace the traditional use of chemical inputs.

Phaeoviruses Present in Cultured and Natural Kelp Species, Saccharina latissima and Laminaria hyperborea (Phaeophyceae, Laminariales), in Norway.

Phaeoviruses (Phycodnaviridae) are large icosahedral viruses in the phylum Nucleocytoviricota with dsDNA genomes ranging from 160 to 560 kb, infecting multicellular brown algae (Phaeophyceae). The phaeoviral host range is broader than expected, not only infecting algae from the Ectocarpales but also from the Laminariales order. However, despite phaeoviral infections being reported globally, Norwegian kelp species have not been screened. A molecular analysis of cultured and wild samples of two economically important kelp species in Norway (Saccharina latissima and Laminaria hyperborea) revealed that phaeoviruses are recurrently present along the Norwegian coast. We found the viral prevalence in S. latissima to be significantly higher at the present time compared to four years ago. We also observed regional differences within older samples, in which infections were significantly lower in northern areas than in the south or the fjords. Moreover, up to three different viral sequences were found in the same algal individual, one of which does not belong to the Phaeovirus genus and has never been reported before. This master variant therefore represents a putative new member of an unclassified phycodnavirus genus.

Applications of seaweed extracts in agriculture: An Australian perspective

AbstractSociety depends on food production. However, agricultural productivity is greatly challenged by extreme climate events and volatility. Seaweed extracts (SWE) have a key role in food production and their use is central to improving agricultural productivity by increasing crop tolerance to stress, improving the efficiency of plant nutrient use, and by contributing to sustainable farm practices. The benefits of SWE to crops have previously been reviewed in the context of the northern hemisphere, but not since 2015 in Australia – specific to its crops and unique stressors. This review is focused on the scientific progress since 2015 and insights from Australian research related to: (i) SWE-stimulated plant responses, (ii) field research on SWE, (iii) optimising the use of SWE in agriculture. The review considers the effects of SWE (made from Durvillaea potatorum and Ascophyllum nodosum) in the field, across crops, seasons, regions, and farming systems in Australia, and research conducted in the laboratory under controlled conditions on model and crop plants at the molecular, cellular, and physiological levels. The results from the review highlight the role of SWE in plant priming responses in laboratory experiments and its association with improved plant tolerance in the field. The review discusses the field effects related to production and fruit quality. The uniqueness of the Australian research is the inclusion of the same SWE in laboratory and field research, and the characterisation of plant responses under challenged and un-challenged conditions. This information provides deeper insights into the actions of SWE and enables growers and agronomists to optimize their field application in Australian agriculture.

Sequential extraction of fucoidan, laminarin, mannitol, alginate and protein from brown macroalgae Ascophyllum nodosum and Fucus vesiculosus

The study involves development of a green biorefinery process for obtaining fucoidan, laminarin, mannitol, alginate and protein from dry and fresh Fucus vesiculosus and Ascophyllum nodosum using hydrochloric acid and a green extraction solvent. After the extraction of fucoidan which was the targeted biomolecule, an extract and by-product (residual biomass) were obtained. The extract was passed through an ultrafiltration membrane, where fucoidan was obtained in the ultrafiltration retentate while ultrafiltration permeate was analysed for laminarin and mannitol. The residual biomass was used for obtaining alginate using ultrasound (20 kHz, 64 % amplitude and 32 min, optimum parameters for alginate extraction based on our previous study). All the samples, showed good results for alginate, laminarin and mannitol, indicating that the by-products can be utilised using this green extraction process. The comparison of both dry and fresh seaweed is relevant from an industry perspective, as fresh seaweed can directly be used for extraction, avoiding drying which adds significantly to the cost of the process. Life cycle impact assessment of the complete seaweed value chain has been carried out to identify the energy demand and key environmental hotspots. This biorefinery process can be used by industry to improve their processes and utilise the by-products generated efficiently.

Phytochemical compounds with promising biological activities from Ascophyllum nodosum extracts using microwave-assisted extraction

Phytochemical-rich antioxidant extracts were obtained from Ascophyllum nodosum (AN) using microwave-assisted extraction (MAE). Critical extraction factors such as time, pressure, and ethanol concentration were optimized by response surface methodology with a circumscribed central composite design. Under the optimal MAE conditions (3 min, 10.4 bar, 46.8 % ethanol), the maximum recovery of phytochemical compounds (polyphenols and fucoxanthin) with improved antioxidant activity from AN was obtained. In addition, the optimized AN extract showed significant biological activities as it was able to scavenge reactive oxygen and nitrogen species, inhibit central nervous system-related enzymes, and exhibit cytotoxic activity against different cancer cell lines. In addition, the optimized AN extract showed antimicrobial, and anti-quorum sensing activities, indicating that this extract could offer direct and indirect protection against infection by pathogenic microorganisms. This work demonstrated that the sustainably obtained AN extract could be an emerging, non-toxic, and natural ingredient with potential to be included in different applications.

Nano-silicone and Ascophyllum nodosum-based biostimulant down-regulates the negative effect of in vitro induced-salinity in Rosa damascena

BackgroundRosa damascena is extensively cultivated in various regions of Iran due to its aesthetic attributes, medicinal qualities, and essential oil production. This study investigated the efficacy of Ascophyllum nodosum extract (AnE) at concentrations of 0, 2, and 3 g L− 1 and Nano-silicon (nSiO2) at concentrations of 0, 50, and 100 mg L− 1 in ameliorating the impact of salinity on two genotypes of Damask rose (‘Chaharfasl’ and ‘Kashan’) under in vitro culture conditions. Additionally, various physio-chemical characteristics of R. damascena explants were assessed.ResultsThe findings revealed that exposure to 100 mM NaCl resulted in a substantial reduction in the Relative Water Content (RWC), Membrane Stability Index (MSI), leaf pigments (Chlorophyll b, Chlorophyll a, total Chlorophyll, and carotenoids), chlorophyll fluorescence parameters, and protein content in both genotypes when compared to control conditions. Salinity induced a significant increase in the parameter F0 and a decrease in the parameter Fv/Fm compared to the control conditions in both genotypes. Nonetheless, the genotype Kashan treated with 3 g L− 1 AnE + 100 mg L− 1 nSiO2 exhibited the maximum Fm value under control conditions, with a significant difference compared to other treatments. Furthermore, salinity caused a considerable reduction in Fm in both ‘Kashan’ and ‘Chaharfasl’ by 22% and 17%, respectively, when compared to the control condition. ‘Kashan’ displayed the maximum Fv/Fm compared to the other genotype. The maximum levels of Malondialdehyde (MAD) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) were also observed in explants affected by salinity. The combination of 3 g L− 1 AnE + 100 mg L− 1 nSiO2, followed by 2 g L− 1 AnE + 100 mg L− 1 nSiO2, exhibited substantial positive effects. Salinity also led to an increase in proline content and the activity of peroxidase (POD), superoxide dismutase (SOD), guaiacol peroxidase (GPX), and catalase (CAT) in both genotypes. The activity of these enzymes was further enhanced when AnE was applied at concentrations of 2 and 3 g L− 1 in combination with 100 mg L− 1 nSiO2.ConclusionsThe ‘Kashan’ genotype displayed greater tolerance to salinity by enhancing water balance, maintaining membrane integrity, and augmenting the activity of antioxidant enzymes compared to ‘Chaharfasl’. The utilization of nSiO2 and AnE biostimulants demonstrated potential benefits for R. damascena, both under salinity and control conditions. These findings hold substantial importance for researchers, policymakers, and farmers, offering valuable insights into the development of salinity-tolerant crop varieties.

Commercial algae in the White and Black Seas of the Russia coastal zones: stocks, chemical composition, structure, properties of polysaccharides, rational use

Aim: To analyze published data on the distribution, stocks of brown and red algae in the White and Black Seas, as well as on the chemical structure and properties of polysaccharides and their use. Evaluate the effectiveness of chemical-technological research and its results.Methods used: In preparing the review, science-metric methods of literature analysis from the databases of the RSCI, Scopus were used, as well as our own published research results, which used the methods of IR spectroscopy, carbon‑13 nuclear magnetic resonance (13С-NMR) and standard methodsResult: A review of the scientific literature on the distribution, stocks and use of algae in the White and Black Seas of the coastal zones of Russia are presented. Data on the study of the chemical composition, technological properties and chemical structure of polysaccharides from the White Sea brown algae — Fucus vesiculosus and Ascophyllum nodosum, as well as Gongolaria barbata, Ericaria crinita — Black Sea and red algae A. plicata of the White Sea and 2 species — Coccotylus brodiei and Phyllophora crispa of the Black Sea.Novelty: Alginates from Cystoseira have been shown to contain about 35% L-guluronic acid. The chemical structure of the polysaccharide from Phyllophora crispa has been confirmed as kappa-omega-carrageenan. The prospect of using A. plicata residues after agar extraction and their processing as secondary raw materials to obtain microcrystalline cellulose, nanocellulose or amino acid hydrolyzate was shown.Practical significance: The presented data on the distribution of algae stocks and the recommended yield (RY), their chemical composition, as well as the structure and properties of polysaccharides can be used to draw up recommendations for regulating fisheries and planning production.