Garcinia Atroviridis Research Articles

Volatile constituents of the fruit of Garcinia atroviridis and their antibacterial and anti‐inflammatory activities

ABSTRACTThe volatile constituents obtained by hydrodistillation of the fruit of Garcinia atroviridis were analysed by capillary GC and GC‐MS. Fifty‐six compounds representing 94.3% of the isolate were identified, among which sesquiterpenoids dominated. The most abundant components were (−)‐β‐caryophyllene (23.8%), β‐caryophyllene alcohol (15.6%) and α‐humulene (10.7%). The total volatiles and three of the constituents were assayed for antibacterial and anti‐inflammatory activities using the micro‐dilution assay and a cyclooxygenase (COX) inhibitor screening assay kit, respectively. The total volatiles and the three compounds showed stronger activity against Gram‐positive bacteria compared to the Gram‐negative bacteria tested. Regarding anti‐inflammatory activity, the samples tested showed selective inhibitory activity against COX‐2 compared to their activity against COX‐1. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Modulation of cell surface hydrophobicity and attachment of bacteria to abiotic surfaces and shrimp by Malaysian herb extracts.

The use of simple crude water extracts of common herbs to reduce bacterial attachment may be a cost-effective way to control bacterial foodborne pathogens, particularly in developing countries. The ability of water extracts of three common Malaysian herbs (Andrographis paniculata, Eurycoma longifolia, and Garcinia atroviridis) to modulate hydrophobicity and attachment to surfaces of five food-related bacterial strains (Bacillus cereus ATCC 14576, Escherichia coli ATCC 25922, Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 10145, Salmonella Enteritidis ATCC 13076, Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923) were determined. The bacterial attachment to hydrocarbon assay was used to determine bacterial hydrophobicity. Staining and direct microscopic counts were used to determine attachment of bacteria to glass and stainless steel. Plating on selective media was used to determine attachment of bacteria to shrimp. All extracts were capable of either significantly ( P < 0.05) increasing or decreasing bacterial surface hydrophobicity, depending on the herb extract and bacteria combination. Bacterial attachment to all surfaces was either significantly (P < 0.05) increased or decreased, depending on the herb extract and bacteria combination. Overall, hydrophobicity did not show a significant correlation (P > 0.05) to bacterial attachment. For specific combinations of bacteria, surface material, and plant extract, significant correlations (R > 0.80) between hydrophobicity and attachment were observed. The highest of these was observed for S. aureus attachment to stainless steel and glass after treatment with the E. longifolia extract (R = 0.99, P < 0.01). The crude water herb extracts in this study were shown to have the potential to modulate specific bacterial and surface interactions and may, with further work, be useful for the simple and practical control of foodborne pathogens.

UJI IN VITRO EKSTRAK AIR DAN ETANOL DARI BUAH ASAM GELUGUR, RIMPANG LENGKUAS, DAN KENCUR SEBAGAI INHIBITOR AKTIVITAS LIPASE PANKREAS

Asam gelugur fruits of Garcinia often used to reduce body weight. Lengkuas and kencur are traditional herbal that potential for antiobesity because they could reduce the level of phospholipids, triglycerides, and cholesterol. The aim of the research was to evaluate the potencies of these herbal as antiobesity by measurement of their water and ethanol extracts capabilities as in vitro inhibitor of pancreatic lipase activity. The water and ethanol extracts of asam gelugur fruits contained saponins and alkaliods, respectively. The water extract of lengkuas rhizomes contained alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, and quinones, while the ethanol extract contained alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, and steroids. The water extract of kencur rhizomes contained saponins and quinones, while the ethanolextract contained alkaloids, flavonoids, steroids, and quinones. The highest inhibitory effect of all extracts was obtained from the ethanol extract of asam gelugur fruits with value of 86.3% at 150 ppm. The highest inhibitory effect of lengkuas extracts was from the ethanol extract at 200 ppm (56.2%). The highestinhibitory effect of kencur was showed by the ethanol extract with the value 37.6% at 300 ppm. These values were higher than the inhibitory effect of the positive control (Xenical®) at 100 ppm (10.6%).

Antimicrobial activity of the aqueous extract of selected Malaysian herbs

Malaysia is rich in biodiversity encompassing a variety of herbs and shrubs with potential medicinal properties. Tinospira crispa (Patawali), Anacardium occidentale (Gajus),Garcinia atroviridis (Asam gelugor) and Hibiscus cannabinus (Kenaf) are some of the well-known local Malay herbs that have been studied for their medicinal applications. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the broad spectrum-antimicrobial effects of the aqueous extract of T. crispa, A. occidentale, H. cannabinus and G. atroviridis againstStaphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923 (Gram positive) and Escherichia coli ATCC 25922 (Gram negative) bacteria using the disc diffusion method. From the results obtained, all extracts were found to exhibit a similar inhibition zone of approximately 8.67-9.67 mm against both test organisms. Furthermore, the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimal bactericidal concentration (MBC) of the respective extract for both test organisms were similar; 227.27 mg/ml for T. crispa and A. occidentale, 113.64 mg/ml for H. cannabinus, and 56.82 mg/ml for G. atroviridis. In conclusion, the selected plants exhibited antimicrobial activity wherein the effectiveness (indicated by low MBC value) was in the sequence of G. atroviridis, H. cannabinus, T. crispa and A. occidentale. This findings support the traditional use of these plants in the treatment of bacterial infection. Key words: Antimicrobial activity, Tinospora crispa, Anacardium occidentale, Garcinia atroviridis; Hibiscus cannabinus, aqueous extract, Stapylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli.

A systematic review of the efficacy and safety of herbal medicines used in the treatment of obesity.

This review focuses on the efficacy and safety of effective herbal medicines in the management of obesity in humans and animals. PubMed, Scopus, Google Scholar, Web of Science, and IranMedex databases were searched up to December 30, 2008. The search terms were "obesity" and ("herbal medicine" or "plant", "plant medicinal" or "medicine traditional") without narrowing or limiting search elements. All of the human and animal studies on the effects of herbs with the key outcome of change in anthropometric measures such as body weight and waist-hip circumference, body fat, amount of food intake, and appetite were included. In vitro studies, reviews, and letters to editors were excluded. Of the publications identified in the initial database, 915 results were identified and reviewed, and a total of 77 studies were included (19 human and 58 animal studies). Studies with Cissus quadrangularis (CQ), Sambucus nigra, Asparagus officinalis, Garcinia atroviridis, ephedra and caffeine, Slimax (extract of several plants including Zingiber officinale and Bofutsushosan) showed a significant decrease in body weight. In 41 animal studies, significant weight loss or inhibition of weight gain was found. No significant adverse effects or mortality were observed except in studies with supplements containing ephedra, caffeine and Bofutsushosan. In conclusion, compounds containing ephedra, CQ, ginseng, bitter melon, and zingiber were found to be effective in the management of obesity. Attention to these natural compounds would open a new approach for novel therapeutic and more effective agents.

KEANEKARAGAMAN, PERSEBARAN, DAN POTENSI JENIS-JENIS Garcinia DI INDONESIA:

Indonesia has a high species richness of Garcinia (Garcinia spp.) and it is as a important basic materials for breeding of mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana). Based on examination of herbarium collections and literature study, there are 64 species of Garcinia encountered in Indonesia. Twenty-five of which occur in Kalimantan, 22 species in Sumatera and Sulawesi respectively, 17 species in Moluccas and Papua respectively, 8 species in Java, and 5 species in Lesser Sunda Island. Six species of those are as cultivation plants (Garcinia atroviridis, G. beccari, G. dulcis, G. mangostana, G. nigrolineata and G. parviflora), 58 species as the wild plants, 22 species as edible fruits, and 21 species as timber plants. Some members of Garcinia, e.i. G. malaccensis, G. picrorhiza and G. beccari are reported as rootstock potential species to be wedge-grafting by mangosteen (G. mangostana) seedlings.

KEANEKARAGAMAN, PERSEBARAN, DAN POTENSI JENIS-JENIS Garcinia DI INDONESIA

Indonesia has a high species richness of Garcinia (Garcinia spp.) and it is as a important basic materials for breeding of mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana). Based on examination of herbarium collections and literature study, there are 64 species of Garcinia encountered in Indonesia. Twenty-five of which occur in Kalimantan, 22 species in Sumatera and Sulawesi respectively, 17 species in Moluccas and Papua respectively, 8 species in Java, and 5 species in Lesser Sunda Island. Six species of those are as cultivation plants (Garcinia atroviridis, G. beccari, G. dulcis, G. mangostana, G. nigrolineata and G. parviflora), 58 species as the wild plants, 22 species as edible fruits, and 21 species as timber plants. Some members of Garcinia, e.i. G. malaccensis, G. picrorhiza and G. beccari are reported as rootstock potential species to be wedge-grafting by mangosteen (G. mangostana) seedlings.

Reduction of adipose tissue and body weight: effect of water soluble calcium hydroxycitrate in Garcinia atroviridis on the short term treatment of obese women in Thailand.

Fifty obese women with a body mass index (BMI) over 25 kg/m(2) were randomly allocated into two groups, 25 in each. Group 1, with a mean (+/-SEM) age of 40.0+/-2 years, received water soluble calcium hydroxycitrate (HCA) as Garcinia atroviridis. Group 2, with a mean age of 35.6+/-1.8 years, received placebo. All subjects were recommended a similar diet with 1000 Kcal/day. The trial lasted for 2 months. At baseline the means BMI of Group 1 and Group 2 were 27.5+/-0.2 kg/m(2) and 26.7+/-0.5 kg/m(2), respectively. Group 1 lost significantly more weight (2.8 vs. 1.4 kg, p<0.05) and at a greater rate than Group 2 throughout the study. The decrease in their body weight was due to a loss of fat storage as evidenced by a significant decrease in the triceps skin fold thickness. On a short-term basis, HCA in Garcinia atroviridis was an effective for weight management.

Flavonoid (myricetin, quercetin, kaempferol, luteolin, and apigenin) content of edible tropical plants.

Studies were conducted on the flavonoids (myricetin, quercetin, kaempferol, luteolin, and apigenin) contents of 62 edible tropical plants. The highest total flavonoids content was in onion leaves (1497.5 mg/kg quercetin, 391.0 mg/kg luteolin, and 832.0 mg/kg kaempferol), followed by Semambu leaves (2041.0 mg/kg), bird chili (1663.0 mg/kg), black tea (1491.0 mg/kg), papaya shoots (1264.0 mg/kg), and guava (1128.5 mg/kg). The major flavonoid in these plant extracts is quercetin, followed by myricetin and kaempferol. Luteolin could be detected only in broccoli (74.5 mg/kg dry weight), green chili (33.0 mg/kg), bird chili (1035.0 mg/kg), onion leaves (391.0 mg/kg), belimbi fruit (202.0 mg/kg), belimbi leaves (464.5 mg/kg), French bean (11.0 mg/kg), carrot (37.5 mg/kg), white radish (9.0 mg/kg), local celery (80.5 mg/kg), limau purut leaves (30.5 mg/kg), and dried asam gelugur (107.5 mg/kg). Apigenin was found only in Chinese cabbage (187.0 mg/kg), bell pepper (272.0 mg/kg), garlic (217.0 mg/kg), belimbi fruit (458.0 mg/kg), French peas (176.0 mg/kg), snake gourd (42.4 mg/kg), guava (579.0 mg/kg), wolfberry leaves (547.0 mg/kg), local celery (338.5 mg/kg), daun turi (39.5 mg/kg), and kadok (34.5 mg/kg). In vegetables, quercetin glycosides predominate, but glycosides of kaempferol, luteolin, and apigenin are also present. Fruits contain almost exclusively quercetin glycosides, whereas kaempferol and myricetin glycosides are found only in trace quantities.

Antinematodal activity of some Malaysian plant extracts against the pine wood nematode,Bursaphelenchus xylophilus

Methanolic extracts of 79 Malaysian plants representing 42 families were assessed for antinematodal activity against Bursaphelenchus xylophilus using a fungal-feeding assay. Extracts of 27 plants from 19 families showed antinematodal activity, while 52 species were inactive. Five extracts (Sauropus androgynus, Eugenia polyantha, Areca catechu, Piper betle and Piper nigrum) exhibited very strong activity against Bursaphelenchus xylophilus at a minimum effective dose (MED) of 0·625 mg per ball. Strong antinematodal activity (MED: 1·25–2·5 mg per ball) was shown by the extracts of Spondias cyntherea, Codiageum variegatum, Euodia glabra and Cicca acida. Eleven extracts (Carica papaya, Ipomoea aquatica, Ocimum basilicum, Leea gigantea, Pithecellobium jiringa, Crypteronia paniculata, Myristica fragrans, Murraya koenigii, Leucaena leucocephala, Melastoma malabathricum and Morinda citrifolia) demonstrated moderate activity between MED of 5 and 10 mg per ball, and weak activity was observed in seven extracts (Ipomoea batatas, Cymbopogon citratus, Garcinia atroviridis, Psophocarpus tetragonolobus, Tamarindus indica, Allium odorum and Stenochalaena palustris). © 1997 SCI

Antimicrobial and Cytotoxic Properties of Some Malaysian Traditional Vegetables (Ulam)

Ethanol extracts of 19 Malaysian traditional vegetables (locally known as ‘ulam’) belonging to 15 families were screened for antimicrobial and cytotoxic activities. Both the disc diffusion (qualitative) and tube dilution (quantitative) assays were employed for the determination of antimicrobial activity against six pathogenic microorganisms, i.e. two Gram-positive bacteria (Bacillus cereus and Bacillus megaterium), two Gram-negative bacteria (Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa) and two fungi (Aspergillus ochraceous and Cryptococcus neoformans). Six extracts, i.e. Anacardium occidentale, Garcinia atroviridis, Averrhoa bilimbi, Polygonum minus, Diplazium esculentum and Etlingera elatior, showed antimicrobial with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum lethal concentration (MLC) values in the respective ranges of 100 ? 800 µg/ml and 400 ? 800 µg/ml. Seven extracts, i.e. Anacardium occidentale, Garcinia atroviridis, Sesbania grandiflora, Barringtonia racemosa, Polygonum minus, Kaempferia ...