Garcinia Atroviridis Research Articles

Assessment of Shelf-Life Stability and Bioactive Potency of HCA-Rich <i>Garcinia Atroviridis</i> Powder to Address Obesity and Metabolic Health

Assessment of Shelf-Life Stability and Bioactive Potency of HCA-Rich <i>Garcinia Atroviridis</i> Powder to Address Obesity and Metabolic Health

The Vulnerary Potential of Malaysian Traditional Vegetables as Antibacterial Agents of Fish Pathogens: A Preliminary Study

Controlling antibiotic use in aquaculture demands the development of more sustainable alternative treatments for bacterial diseases. Therefore, the present study aims to evaluate the in vitro antibacterial effects of ethanolic extracts derived from ten popular and commonly consumed Malaysian traditional vegetables against Aeromonas hydrophila, Aeromonas jandaei, Aeromonas sobria, and Edwardsiella tarda. Various parts of plants were assessed for their inhibitory activity using disc diffusion, minimum inhibitory concentration, and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) methods. The Persicaria odorata and Garcinia atroviridis extracts extracted using the maceration method showed a wide range of inhibitory effects, but others showed less activity. Aeromonas hydrophila was the most susceptible bacterial strain, with all plant extracts suppressing its growth, while A. sobria is the most resistant strain. The minimum inhibition concentration (MIC) value ranged from 0.39 to 100 mg/ml, and all tested bacteria’s MBC/MIC ratio was demonstrated to be bactericidal (MBC/MIC ratio <4). The findings of this study reveal the potential of P. odorata and G. atroviridis extracts as natural antibacterial agents that could be a safer and more effective alternative treatment in controlling bacterial infections in freshwater fish.

Leaf extract of Garcinia atroviridis promotes anti-heat stress and antioxidant effects in Caenorhabditis elegans.

Introduction: Garcinia atroviridis has been used for traditional medicines, healthy foods and tea. The chemical compositions and biological activities of fruit, stem bark and root have been widely studied. However, the phytochemical components and the biological activities in Garcinia atroviridis leaves (GAL) are limited. This research aims to study the phytochemical components and the stress resistance effects of GAL in Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans). Methods: To investigate the chemical components and antioxidant activities of GAL extract, the ethanol extract was characterized by liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (LC-QTOF MS) analysis and C. elegans was used to evaluate the effects of GAL extracts on longevity and stress resistance. Results and discussion: The results revealed that the ethanol extract of GAL possesses free radical scavenging activities. Furthermore, GAL extract increased the lifespan of C. elegans by 6.02%, 15.26%, and 12.75% at concentrations of 25, 50, and 100μg/mL, respectively. GAL extract exhibited improved stress resistance under conditions of heat and hydrogen peroxide-induced stress. The survival rates of GAL extract-treated worms were significantly higher than those of untreated worms, and GAL extract reduced reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation. Additionally, GAL extract treatment upregulated the expression of stress resistance-associated genes, including gst-4, sod-3, skn-1, and hsp16.2. GAL extract supplementation alleviated stress and enhanced longevity by inducing stress-related genes in C. elegans. The observed effects of GAL extracts may be attributed to the stimulation of oxidant enzymes mediated through DAF-16/FOXO and SKN-1/NRF2, as well as the enhancement of thermal defense in C. elegans. Collectively, this study provides the first evidence of the antioxidant activities of GAL and elucidates the underlying mechanisms of stress resistance.

Penerapan Strategi Marketing MIX Manisan Asam Gelugur dalam Upaya Peningkatan Target Pendapatan Desa Dogang

This research was conducted with the aim of knowing about the marketing mix in an effort to increase revenue targets in the business of selling tamarind in the village of Dogang. This study uses a qualitative method with a type of method describing through previous research that is descriptive and objective in order to obtain a complete picture of something being studied. Marketing mix (marketing mix) is a combination or mixture of the entire marketing system where the variables that can be returned by the company to influence the reactions of potential customers. The main core of widely known marketing activities is the marketing mix, which includes the 4Ps (Product, Price, Place, Promotion). The four variables are a combination that has the same role and is a unit to support the company's success. Therefore product, price, place and promotion can be used by the company concerned to develop the company's basic strategy which can be used as a reference for the preparation of an effective marketing strategy.
 Keywords: Marketing mix strategy, Asam gelugur and revenue target

Antimalarial Potential of Phytochemical Compounds from Garcinia atroviridis Griff ex. T. Anders Targeting Multiple Proteins of Plasmodium falciparum 3D7: An In Silico Approach

Abstract Background: Plasmodium falciparum is a malaria-causing unicellular parasite with strain 3D7 (Pf3D7) being the most lethal. Currently, antimalarial resistance has been reported which necessitates the development of novel antimalarial drugs to combat the spread of malaria. Garcinia atroviridis Griff. ex T. Anders contains phytochemical compounds that are useful for various activities, including targeting Pf3D7 proteins. This study explored novel antimalarial drugs from G. atroviridis against several target proteins of Pf3D7 in silico. Methods: Phytocompounds from G. atroviridis were selected as ligands. After retrieval from the Protein Data Bank, the protein sequence was screened using BLASTp NCBI. Molecular docking analysis was performed on PyRx to compute binding affinity and identify the chemical interactions involved. The stability of the ligand-protein complex was evaluated using dynamic molecular approaches. Results: Our findings showed that quercetin has a high binding affinity with apicoplast DNA polymerase (−8.3 kcal/mol), glutamyl-tRNA synthetase (−7.5 kcal/mol), and plasmepsin X (−7.8 kcal/mol). Kaempferol had a high binding affinity for the cytochrome c2 domain-swapped dimer (−8.4 kcal/mol). Conclusion: Collectively, quercetin and kaempferol are potential antimalarial candidates which warrant further investigation using in vitro and in vivo designs.

Evaluation of Indonesian anti-obesity traditional plants: a systematic review and meta-analysis on pancreatic lipase inhibition activity

Research and publication discussing the performance of medicinal plants as anti-obesity have proliferated in recent years. In the view of ethnopharmacology, empiric evidence of Indonesian medicinal plants in the management of obesity is widely accepted. In an attempt to find an anti-obesity agent, it is evidenced that the disorder can be resolved through inhibition of pancreatic lipase since the mechanism allowed to retard the absorption of fat into cells. This current work aimed to screen Indonesian medicinal plants by using ethnopharmacology and meta-analysis approaches, emphasizing their ability to deal with obesity via pancreatic lipase inhibition. The study followed two stages, i.e. systematic review and meta-analysis. Firstly, articles in six scientific databases (Scopus, Science Direct, Proquest, Ebsco, Cengage Library and Emerald) were reviewed resulting in ten selected data according to inclusion and exclusion criteria. Furthermore, steps of the meta-analysis were performed on the selected data. The extraction of data in these articles collected a number of samples, average values and standard deviation of IC50. The values focused on IC50 of samples in inhibiting lipase activities performed by plant extracts and orlistat as control. In conclusion of this study, Moringa oleifera is the most potent medicinal plant as anti-obesity through inhibition of pancreatic lipase, then there were top ten anti-obesity medicinal plants as follows: i.e. kelor (Moringa oleifera) leaves, kemangi (Ocimum basilicum) leaves, asam jawa (Tamarindus indica) leaves, asam gelugur (Garcinia atroviridis) fruit, lengkuas (Alpinia galanga) rhizome, and kencur (Kaempferia galanga) rhizome, kumis kucing (Orthosipon aristatus) leaves, jambu biji leaves (Psidium guajava leavaes), serai wangi (Cymbopogon nardus) and kayu secang (Caesalpinia sappan)

An In Silico Study: Phytochemical Compounds Screening of Garcinia atroviridis Griff. ex T. Anders as Anti-DENV

Dengue virus (DENV) is still global problem and infecting millions of people a year. This virus belongs to Flavivirus and consists of the structural and non-structural proteins including envelop (E), capsid (C), NS2B/NS3, and NS5. Garcinia atroviridis Griff. ex T. Anders is traditional plant that has broad potential as antioxidant, antibacterial, and anti-cancer activities. However, the anti-DENV potential of this plant is uncertain. The objective of this research is to find out the potential of the phytochemical compounds of G. atroviridis as DENV antiviral drugs targeting E, C, NSB2/NS3, and NS5 proteins using molecular simulation approach. Sample retrieval was obtained from PubChem and RCSB PDB. Drug-likeness analysis has been assessed with Swiss ADME based on the pharmacology and pharmacokinetics aspects. Toxicity prediction was done by pkCSM webserver. PyRx was carried out to screen ligand-protein interaction virtually. Visualization of the best interaction was displayed by BIOVIA Discovery Studio. CABS-flex 2.0 version webserver was performed to predict stability interaction. Atroviridin was determined as the most promising as DENV antiviral to be tested by the wet laboratory approach.

Effect of Marinated Gelugur Acid (Garcinia atroviridis) on the Chemical and Organoleptic Quality of Rarit Beef

This study aims to determine the effect of using tamarind gelugur on the chemical and organoleptic quality of beef rarit. This research was conducted in September – December 2022 at the Research and Technology Laboratory, Faculty of Agriculture and Animal Production Laboratory, Faculty of Agriculture, Universitas Sumatera Utara. The design used in this study was Factorial RAL (Completely Randomized Design) with 4 treatments, namely factor 1, the concentration of gelugur acid (P0 = 0 ml, P1 = 30 ml, P2 = 60 ml, P3 = 90 ml) and factor 2, namely length of storage time (H1 = 4 days, H2 = 8 days) with 3 replications. The parameters used in this study were chemical quality tests, namely water content, fat content, and protein content and organoleptic tests, namely colour, scent, texture, and taste. The results showed that marinating beef using garcinia provides with a concentration of 30 ml, 60 ml, and 90 ml had a very significant effect on the chemical and organoleptic quality of garcinia atrovidis beef rarit with a storage time of 4 days at room temperature. The higher the concentration used, the better the chemical and organoleptic quality of the beef rarit.

Effects of Selected Plants Against Rice Weevil (Sitophilus oryzae)

Rice weevils (Sitophilus oryzae) have caused significant damage and losses in rice storage. The use of chemical pesticides to control them has had negative environmental effects and limited efficacy. To address this issue, natural plant-based insect-control alternatives were investigated. This study aimed to assess the effectiveness of (Pandanus amaryllifolius), kaffir lime leaves (Citrus hystrix), and “asam gelugor” (Garcinia atroviridis) in repelling, inhibiting feeding, and reducing the offspring of rice weevils. Plant samples were extracted using the soxhlet extraction method, and the crude extracts were concentrated using a rotary evaporator. The extract solutions were then tested for their effects on rice weevils. The results showed that pandan leaves were the most effective, with a repellency percentage of 46.67% and a better anti-progeny effect of 2.175%. Kaffir lime leaves had no effect on rice weevils, while asam keping only showed an anti-progeny effect of 6.525%. The study revealed that low concentrations (0.002 - 0.006 g/mL) of insecticides from pandan extracts could provide a repellency effect against rice weevils. Therefore, plant extracts from Pandanus can be used as botanical insecticides to manage S. oryzae infestations.

Asam Gelugur-based Carbon Aerogels for Highly Recyclable Oil Adsorption

Rapid development of the oil industries and improper oil management caused a huge amount of oil pollutant released into the water environment. Oil pollutant is toxic and may harm aquatic biodiversity. The present work highlights the facile preparation of carbon aerogels based from Asam Gelugur (CA@Ga) for oil remediation from aqueous. Analysis on the structure of CA@Ga using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Energy Dispersive X-ray (EDX) and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), confirmed the successful preparation of CA@Ga through hydrothermal carbonization. The main parameters affecting the adsorption of oil such as the sorption time, pH and mass of sorbent were screened and oil adsorption studies revealed that the optimum conditions were at contact time of 3 minutes, pH of solution at 7 and the adsorbent mass of 2 g with the highest adsorption capacity of 0.82 + 0.01 g/g. CA@Ga displayed a good stability towards thermal treatment and exhibited good adsorption ability towards several types of oil. Recyclability study depicts that CA@Ga could be regenerated by simple physical treatments and retained a high sorption after 10 cycles with adsorption capacity of 0.80 + 0.01 g/g. Therefore, the prepared CA@Ga has potential in application of oil recovery and environmental protection.

The diversity and regional conservation status of wild edible fruit species in Sumatra, Indonesia

Abstract. Suwardi AB, Syamsuardi, Mukhtar E, Nurainas. 2023. The diversity and regional conservation status of wild edible fruit species in Sumatra, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 24: 3245-3257. Sumatra Island is recognized as the distribution center of tropical fruit species in Indonesia. However, increased human activity threatens the existence of edible wild fruit plants in nature. The study aims to assess the diversity and regional conservation status of wild edible fruit plant species in Sumatra, Indonesia. The study was conducted in four provinces: West Sumatra, Riau, Jambi, and Bengkulu. For the sampling, a modified line transect method was used. A total of 331 wild edible fruit plant species at four studied sites in Sumatra consisted of 73 families. The highest number of fruit plant species was recorded in West Sumatra Province, i.e., 176 species, followed by Jambi (172 species), Riau (121 species), and Bengkulu (76 species). The diversity of wild edible fruit plant species was higher in West Sumatra Province (3.85) but lower in Riau Province (3.25). Artocarpus integer (Thunb.) Merr., Baccaurea lanceolata (Miq.) Müll.Arg., Baccaurea macrocarpa (Miq.) Müll.Arg., Baccaurea polyneura Hook.f., Garcinia atroviridis Griff. ex T.Anderson, Garcinia xanthochymus Hook.fil. ex J.Anderson, Mangifera foetida Lour., Mangifera laurina Blume, Mangifera odorata Griff., and Pometia pinnata J.R.Forst. & G.Forst. were the most frequently recorded wild fruit plant species in all of the study area. However, 74 wild edible fruit plant species were recorded only in West Sumatra, 45 in Riau, 79 in Jambi, and 9 in Bengkulu. Among the 331 wild edible fruit species in the present study, 1 taxon was classified as endangered (0.30%), 9 taxa (2.72%) as vulnerable, 11 taxa (3.32%) as near threatened, and 139 taxa (41.99%) as least concern, and 171 taxa (51.67%) as Data Deficient.

Antibacterial activity of asam gelugur (Garcinia atroviridis Griff) fruit extract against foodborne pathogens and its effect on microbial population in raw chicken

Foodborne illness has a major impact on public health and is a major concern worldwide. The awareness about foodborne pathogens has increased among consumers because of their significant impact on public health. Moreover, research on safe natural plant products possessing antimicrobial activities against foodborne pathogens is vital because many consumers prefer natural compounds to synthetic ones. This study aimed to determine the antibacterial activity of Garcinia atroviridis Griff against foodborne pathogens and to evaluate the effect of the fruit extract in the microbial population in raw chicken meat at different concentrations and temperatures during storage. The antibacterial activity of G. atroviridis Griff was assessed using disc diffusion assay (DDA), minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC). The DDA results showed that the inhibition zone of the extract ranged from 6.50±0.50 to 11.00±0.00 mm. The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentrations (MBC) values of the extract ranged from 3.13 to 25.00 mg/mL and 6.25 to 25.00 mg/mL, respectively. G. atroviridis Griff maintained its antibacterial activity after being treated with different temperatures (4˚C, 25˚C, 60˚C and 80˚C) and various pH ranges (pH 3.0, 7.0, and 9.0). A 5.00% concentration of extract can reduce the microbial population in the raw chicken and maintain its microbiological quality with longer exposure within 21 days in storage conditions at chiller and freezer temperature. The findings showed that the asam gelugur extract might be used as a natural alternative preservative for reducing the microbial population in raw chicken and maintaining its microbiological quality during storage prior to cooking.

3D Printed gelatin film with Garcinia atroviridis extract.

Active packaging, such as edible film with antibacterial properties, can help extend the shelf life of food. The research aimed to develop a 3D printed gelatin edible film by using glycerol and Garcinia atroviridis extract (GAE). Mechanical properties of gelatin gel, physical, mechanical, and antimicrobial properties of edible film with glycerol and GAE were determined. Water solubility, total colour difference, and elongation of break of gelatin edible film increased as glycerol concentration increased (0-25% w/w), whereas tensile strength and Young's modulus value decreased from 26.5 to 4.64MPa and 3.04 to 0.13MPa, respectively. On the other hand, increasing GAE from 1 to 4% (w/w) increases elongation at break from 40.83 to 98.27%, while decreasing edible film tensile strength and gelatin gel hardness value from 8.94 to 6.21MPa and 1848.67 to 999.67g, respectively. Using 20% (w/w) glycerol and 4% (w/w) GAE, the best 3D printed film with low tensile strength (6.21MPa), high elongation at break (98.27%), and antibacterial activity against S. aureus with 7.23mm zone of inhibition was developed. It seems to have a great potentiality as an active packaging material for 3D printed gelatin edible film.

Physicochemical, textural, and sensory qualities of pectin/gelatin gummy jelly incorporated with Garcinia atroviridis and its consumer acceptability

The aim of this study was to utilize Garcinia atroviridis fruit purée, pectin from its rind, and gelatin extracted from Salmo salar skin to develop a gummy jelly product, and to investigate its effect on the physicochemical properties, texture, and sensory qualities of the gummy jelly, along with its consumer acceptability. The mixture design was used to optimize the formulation of gummy jelly, varying the amount of pectin (0.5–1.5%) and gelatin (8.5–9.5%). The optimized formulation for the G. atroviridis gummy jelly (GAGJ) consisted of pectin (1.42%) and gelatin (8.58%). The consumer acceptance of the GAGJ made by optimized formula exhibited a moderate sensory rating score (6.9–7.5) and showed no correlation in the acceptance and purchase decision of the product between Muslim and non-Muslim consumer, while age and occupation of the consumers significantly affected the acceptance and purchase decision of the product. GAGJ can also be considered as a product with considerable bioactive compounds and antioxidant activities (DPPH (0.29–0.30 mg ascorbic acid equivalent (AAE)/g dried sample), ABTS (0.45–0.47 mg AAE/g dried sample), and FRAP (0.39–0.41 mg AAE/g dried sample)) that providing health benefits.

Neuraminidase Inhibitor of Garcinia atroviridis L. Fruits and Leaves Using Partial Purification and Molecular Characterization.

Neuraminidase (NA) is an enzyme that prevents virions from aggregating within the host cell and promotes cell-to-cell spread by cleaving glycosidic linkages to sialic acid. The best-known neuraminidase is the viral neuraminidase, which present in the influenza virus. Thus, the development of anti-influenza drugs that inhibit NA has emerged as an important and intriguing approach in the treatment of influenza. Garcinia atroviridis L. (GA) dried fruits (GAF) are used commercially as seasoning and in beverages. The main objective of this study was to identify a new potential neuraminidase inhibitor from GA. A bioassay-guided fractionation method was applied to obtain the bioactive compounds leading to the identification of garcinia acid and naringenin. In an enzyme inhibition study, garcinia acid demonstrated the highest activity when compared to naringenin. Garcinia acid had the highest activity, with an IC50 of 17.34–17.53 µg/mL or 91.22–92.21 µM against Clostridium perfringens-NA, and 56.71–57.85 µg/mL or 298.32–304.31 µM against H1N1-NA. Based on molecular docking results, garcinia acid interacted with the triad arginine residues (Arg118, Arg292, and Arg371) of the viral neuraminidase, implying that this compound has the potential to act as a NA enzyme inhibitor.

Antibacterial activity of ethanol extract of asam gelugur (Garcinia atroviridis) fruits from Southern Thailand

Antibacterial activity of ethanol extract of asam gelugur (Garcinia atroviridis) fruits from Southern Thailand

Cytotoxicity and Genotoxicity of Biogenic Silver Nanoparticles in A549 and BEAS-2B Cell Lines.

Introduction Biogenic silver nanoparticles (AgNPs-GA) were successfully synthesised using Garcinia atroviridis leaf extract as a reducing agent, which has ethnopharmacological claims against various diseases including cancer. Aim of the Study. Aim of the study is to discover whether AgNPs-GA has cytotoxic and genotoxic effects on cancerous (A549) and noncancerous (BEAS-2B) human lung cells. Materials and Methods The cytotoxicity profiles of AgNPs-GA were characterized by MTT assay, intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) assay, and DAPI and AOPI double staining, whilst genotoxicity was assessed using Comet Assay analysis. The level of silver ions (Ag+) and cellular uptake of AgNPs-GA were evaluated by ICP-OES and TEM analyses, respectively. Results A significant cytotoxic effect was observed by AgNPs-GA on both A549 and BEAS-2B cell lines, with IC50 values of 20–28 μg/ml and 12–35 μg/ml, respectively. The cytotoxicity profile of AgNPs-GA was also accompanied by a pronounced increase in ROS production, DNA damage, and apoptosis. Moreover, Ag+ was also detected in cells exposed to AgNPs-GA threefold higher compared to controls. In this study, AgNPs-GA were endocytosed within lysosomes, which may direct to secondary toxicity effects including oxidative stress, impairment of the cell membrane, DNA fragmentation, and cell death. Conclusions Taken together, novel toxicological-related mechanisms by AgNPs-GA were proposed involving the generation of ROS that causes DNA damage which led to programmed cell death in both A549 and BEAS-2B cells. Therefore, a combination of scientific assessments is constantly needed to ensure that the quality of biosynthesized nanoparticles is controlled and their safe development is promoted.

Percentage of Carcasses and Commercial Cuts of Spent Layer Ducks Fed Garcinia atroviridis Leaf Meal as Feed Additive in a Smallholder Farm

Percentage of Carcasses and Commercial Cuts of Spent Layer Ducks Fed Garcinia atroviridis Leaf Meal as Feed Additive in a Smallholder Farm

Physical and Chemical Qualities of Spent Layer Duck Meat Fed Diets Supplemented with Garcinia atroviridis Leaf Meal

Physical and Chemical Qualities of Spent Layer Duck Meat Fed Diets Supplemented with Garcinia atroviridis Leaf Meal

Review on Some Malaysian Traditional Medicinal Plants with Therapeutic Properties

There are many medicinal plants that have been used for thousands of years. These plants can now be found in herbal products and as part of the traditional Malaysian health care system because of their therapeutic efficacy. This paper discusses the use of ten medicinal plants in the traditional medicinal system of Malaysia and related scientific studies on their Pharmaceutical properties, which demonstrate their traditional uses. The plants viewed are Amaranthus spinosus L., Arundina graminifolia (D.Don) Hochr., Callicarpa arborea Roxb., Carica papaya L., Citrus grandis L., Coleus amboinicus Lour., Curcuma domestica Valeton., Psidium guajava L., Garcinia atroviridis Griff. ex T. Anders., and Zingiber officinale Rosc. All the plants mentioned in this paper have therapeutic properties, which explains and validates their uses in traditional medicine.