As-synthesized ZnO Research Articles

Preparation of Cu-doped ZnO nanoparticles via layered double hydroxide and application for dye-sensitized solar cells

It has been reported that doping ZnO with metal ions can alter the band gap and immensely enhance electron transport. In this regard, to increase the efficiency of cost-effective dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs), we synthesized Cu-doped ZnO nanocomposites from layered double hydroxide (LDH) precursors via a facile method. LDH layers were homogeneously doped with Cu ions, and mixed metal oxides (MMOs) were obtained after annealing. The morphology and optical and electrochemical properties of the as-synthesized Cu-doped ZnO nanocomposites were systematically studied. The introduction of Cu ions increases the specific surface area of ZnO and increases light absorption in the visible region. The Cu-doped ZnO MMOs were used as the photoanode of DSSCs, and the effect of the amount of the Cu dopant on the performance of the solar cells was studied. At the optimal doping weight percentage of Cu (0.25 wt%), the solar cell based on Cu-doped ZnO MMO and D149 dye achieved the highest short-circuit current of 7.12 mA cm−2 and the highest power conversion efficiency of 1.50%.

ZnO–SnO2 nanocubes for fluorescence sensing and dye degradation applications

ZnO–SnO2 nanocubes were used as promising material for efficient sensing of p-nitrophenol and faster photocatalytic degradations of dyes like methyl orange (MO), methylene Blue (MB) and acid orange 74 (AO74). ZnO–SnO2 nanocubes were prepared by the facile solution process at 50 °C using Zn(NO3)2·6H2O and SnCl2·2H2O as a precursor in the presence of ethylenediammine. The synthesized material was examined for its morphological, structural, crystalline, optical, vibrational, and compositional studies by using field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and photoluminescence spectroscopy. FESEM studies revealed the formation of well-defined ZnO–SnO2 nanocubes where the structural examinations revealed the formation of a crystalline tetragonal rutile phase for SnO2 with some crystal sites doped with Zn. The as-synthesized nanocubes were explored for their photocatalytic activities towards three different dye viz. MO, MB, and AO74. Practically, complete degradation of AO74 was seen within 4 minutes of photo-irradiation in the presence of 0.05 g ZnO–SnO2 nanocubes. However, 97.17% and 41.63% degradations were observed for MB and MO within 15 and 60 minutes, respectively. All the dye degradation processes followed the pseudo-first-order kinetic model. Moreover, the as-synthesized nanocubes were utilized to fabricate highly sensitive and selective fluorescent chemical sensor for the detection of p-nitrophenol (PNP). ZnO–SnO2 nanocubes showed a very low detection limit of 4.09 μM for the detection of PNP as calculated according to the 3σ IUPAC criteria. Further, the as-synthesized ZnO–SnO2 nanotubes were found to be highly selective for p-nitrophenol as compared to the other two isomers.

Synthesis and characterization of hexagonal zinc oxide nanorods for Eosin-Y dye sensitized solar cell

In the present article, vertically aligned, hexagonal ZnO nanorods (ZNRs) were deposited on fluoride doped tin oxide (FTO) coated glass substrate using hydrothermal route. The as-synthesized ZnO thin film was subsequently annealed at 300 °C and characterized with various characterization techniques such as X-ray diffraction (XRD), Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and UV–Vis-NIR spectroscopy. The hexagonal wurtzite crystal structure of ZnO thin film was confirmed by XRD pattern and the ZNRs were revealed from the SEM micrographs. The average diameter of ZNRs is 133 nm. Further, we have studied its dye sensitized solar cell performance by using Eosin-Y dye.

Characterization of water-repellent and corrosion-resistant superhydrophobic surfaces on galvanized steel

Corrosion-resistant superhydrophobic surfaces were successfully fabricated on galvanized steel through a wet oxidation treatment and stearic acid modification. In this work, the formation mechanism of superhydrophobic surfaces and structures were characterized with contact angle meter, scanning electron microscope (SEM), X-ray diffractometer (XRD), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The surface properties of superhydrophobic and non-superhydrophobic surfaces were assessed by calculating surface free energy (γ) and work of adhesion (Wst). Moreover, the corrosion behavior and durability of superhydrophobic surfaces were examined in 3.5 wt% NaCl solution for up to 14 days. Superhydrophobic galvanized surfaces with WCAs of 168° (γ = 0.01 mN/m and 1.57 mN/m) and 162° (γ = 0.04 mN/m and Wst = 3.52 mN/m) were successfully obtained by modifying HCl etched surfaces with ethanolic stearic acid, with or without wet oxidation. According to the results, a zinc stearate layer on the surfaces effectively enhanced their corrosion resistance by numerous air pockets on the surfaces with hierarchical micro-/nanostructures that inhibited penetration by the NaCl solution. Moreover, superhydrophobic as-synthesized ZnO surface by wet oxidation had better corrosion durability than a superhydrophobic etched surface because of the strong physical and chemical bonding of stearic acid onto the as-synthesized ZnO nanorods.

Facile and fast preparation of Nano-rod ZnO for photocatalytic application under low intensity of UV light irradiation

Objective: This study aims to degrade the organic dyes in aqueous medium and low UV intensity by nano-rod ZnO. Methodology: The ZnO was prepared by a facile and fast method, as-synthesized ZnO was characterized by SEM,XRD, N2 adsorption/desorption isotherm, and diffuse reflectance UV-vis. The composition of samples before and after calcination steps was analyzed by XRD. The catalytic performance of ZnO was evaluated by the degradation of dyes in aqueous solution under a low UV light irradiation. Finding: the precursor was completely transformed to ZnO at 400 ◦C. The ZnO was nanorod structure with the crystalline phase of hexagonal wurtzite. The degradation efficiency of ZnO for Janus Green B in 10 min was 96.8%, it was 95.8% in 40 min for Congo Red. The reaction kinetic of photodegradation of dyes was followed by the first-order kinetic model and the photodegradation mechanism of ZnO for dyes was proposed. Application/Improvement: The facile and fast method was developed for the synthesis of nano-rod ZnO, it could be applied for practical application in wastewater treatment. Keywords: ZnO; dyes; photocatalyst; first-order kinetic; Nano-rod

ZnO as photocatalyst: An approach to waste water treatment

ZnO nanorods having uniform size have been synthesized using hydrothermal method. Different standard analytical techniques were employed to investigate the microscopic structure and optical properties of the prepared sample. The formation of the hexagonal wurtzite structure of ZnO was established by XRD and SEM analyses. UV-visible spectra of the as-synthesized ZnO show absorption band edge in UV region at 373 nm, corresponding to which the calculated band gap of ZnO nanorods is found to be 3.4 eV. Photodegradation of methylene blue (MB) using ZnO as photocatalyst have also been studied. Experiments revealed that ZnO nanorods with high aspect ratio can degrade 65% of initial concentration of MB in only 50 min.

Precursor- and Time-Dependent Morphological Evolution of ZnO Nanostructures for Comparative Photocatalytic Activity and Adsorption Dynamics with Methylene Blue Dye.

Diverse ZnO nanostructures were successfully fabricated at 700 °C by direct annealing of 1D Zn(II) coordination polymer precursors, namely, [Zn2(bpma)2(adc)2]n, [Zn2(bpea)2(adc)2]n, and {[Zn2(bpta)2(adc)2]·2H2O}n. The effect of sacrificial ligands present in the precursors as well as a variation in the retention time (6–24 h) during their synthesis resulted in 0D nanospheres, 1D microrods, and 3D polyhedra (with a diamond-like structure) of ZnO. The as-synthesized ZnO nanostructures were characterized by field-emission scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, X-ray diffractometry, diffuse reflectance spectroscopy, and Raman spectroscopy. The hexagonal crystal structure was confirmed for all the ZnO samples. A lattice spacing of 0.22 nm has been observed for nanospheres, whereas a lattice spacing of 0.26 nm has been observed for the polyhedra. Their Raman spectra confirm the wurtzite phase of ZnO. UV–vis spectra of ZnO nanostructures exhibit broad peaks in the range of 350–370 nm, and the band gap energies are found to be in the range of 3.02–3.20 eV. Based on the photoluminescence spectra photocatalytic activities of the as-synthesized ZnO nanostructures calcined for 12 h were tested with methylene blue (MB) as a contaminant in an aqueous solution. These results demonstrate that the photocatalytic efficiency of polyhedra is higher than those of nanospheres and microrods. The adsorption kinetics of MB dye by these nanostructures were studied by three different kinetic models—Elovich’s, intraparticle, and pseudo-second-order. The maximum rate of adsorption was observed with the intraparticle diffusion model.

Plant extract-assisted biosynthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles and their antibacterial application

ZnO nanoparticles are multi-purposes materials that can be synthesized by several methods, including physical and chemical routes. A novel synthesis method of ZnO nanoparticles is the biological method using plant extracts as reducing and capping agents, such as the fruit extract of Averrhoa bilimbi. Plant extracts are superior agents for synthesizing nanoparticles because it provides essential phytochemical substances as reductor, capping agents, and free from toxicants. In this study, the effects of precursor concentrations and the amount of plant extract on the formation and morphology of nanoparticles were investigated. The characteristics of ZnO particles were studied by UV-Vis spectroscopy, XRD, FTIR, TEM, and DLS. The study showed that the formation of ZnO nanoparticles occurred after five hours reaction at 70°C, as indicated by color change of the solution. ZnO nanoparticle formation was confirmed by the maximum absorption at the wavelength of 372 nm and XRD analysis. FTIR analysis showed that the as-synthesized ZnO contained significant organic compounds on its surface, especially compared to commercial ZnO. Reduction reactions using A.bilimbi produce nanoparticles in the size from 35.4 to 59.5 nm with round shape and some agglomeration that were observed by TEM. The ZnO antibacterial property was tested against planktonic and biofilm Escherichia coli. The result showed that as-synthesized ZnO have comparable antibacterial antibiofilm property as the commercial ZnO nanoparticles at low concentration. Interestingly, this property was diminished when as-synthesized ZnO nanoparticles were used at high concentrations.

A facile controllable self-assembly of 3D elliptical ZnO microspheres from 1D nanowires for effective detection of acetone

3D elliptical ZnO microspheres self-assembled from 1D nanowires were synthesized via a facile solvothermal route. Their morphology and structures were characterized by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy and N2 adsorption-desorption techniques, and the gas-sensing properties were investigated. The results indicate that as-synthesized elliptical wool ball-like ZnO can be controlled by adjusting alkali concentrations and it exhibits enhanced sensitivity and high selectivity to acetone. Notably, the response to 10 and 100 ppm reached 14 and 36 respectively, which are 4 and 1.5 times as much as that of the nanorods-composed ZnO, implying wool ball-like ZnO microstructures can be served as sensor material for acetone detection.

A facile one-pot flash combustion synthesis of La@ZnO nanoparticles and their characterizations for optoelectronic and photocatalysis applications

The successful one pot flash combustion synthesis of ZnO nanoparticles (NPs) with a diverse LA (La@ZnO) content was achieved simply and economically. X-ray diffraction confirms the synthesis of ZnO with a hexagonal crystal system. The vibrational bands are positioned at 100, 332, 380, 438 and 583 cm−1 for pure and La@ZnO NPs. FESEM images exhibit roughly spherical and oval morphologies of pure ZnO with particles size 120 nm and La@ZnO NPs with particle sizes in the 46–74 nm range. The particle size of a La doped ZnO sample increases with increase in concentration from 1.0 % to 7.5 wt.% of La. The evaluated energy gap of La doped ZnO NPs decreased from 3.220 to 3.210 eV as the concentration of La varied from 1.0–7.5 wt.% as estimated by Kubelka–Munk theory. The photocatalytic analysis of the as-synthesized ZnO nanoparticles is maximized at La (1.0 wt.%) and the mechanism of photocatalytic decolourization reaction is discussed. The results suggest that the La-doped ZnO nanoparticles can be used in optoelectronic and photocatalytic applications.

In Situ Charge Transfer at the Ag@ZnO Photoelectrochemical Interface toward the High Photocatalytic Performance of H2 Evolution and RhB Degradation.

Designing an efficient hybrid structure photocatalyst for photocatalytic decomposition and hydrogen (H2) evolution has been considered a great choice to develop renewable technologies for clean energy production and environmental remediation. Enhanced charge transfer (CT) based on the interaction between a noble metal and a semiconductor is a crucial factor influencing the movement of photogenerated electron-hole pairs. Herein, we focus on the recent advances related to plasmon-enhanced noble metals and the semiconductor nature to drive the photocatalytic H2 production and photodegradation of the organic dye rhodamine B (RhB) under UV and visible light irradiation. Specifically, the combination of concerted catalysis and green nanoengineering strategies to design ZnO-based composite photocatalysts and their decoration with metallic Ag have been realized by the radio frequency (RF) sputtering technique at room temperature. This simultaneity enhances the interface coupling between Ag and ZnO and reduces the energy threshold. The creation of charge transfer in the heterojunction and Schottky barrier changes the photoelectronic properties of the as-synthesized Al-doped ZnO (AZO); afterward, these effects promote the migration, transportation, and separation of photoinduced charge carriers and enhance the light-harvesting efficiency. As a result, the as-synthesized AZO-20 hybrid nanostructure exhibits a photocurrent density of 2.5 mA/cm2 vs Ag/AgCl, which is improved by almost 12 times compared with that of bare ZnO (0.2 mA/cm2). The hydrogen evolution rates of AZO-20 were ∼38 and ∼24 μmol/h under UV and visible light exposure, which are almost five- and tenfold higher than those of pristine ZnO, respectively. Additionally, the RhB degradation efficacies of the obtained AZO-20 were greater than almost 97 and 82% under UV and visible light illumination, respectively. The achieved apparent rate constant for the photocatalytic RhB decomposition was 0.014 min-1, indicating that it is 14-fold than that in pristine ZnO (0.001 min-1). Heterostructure AZO photocatalysts possess excellent practical stability in the water-splitting reaction and photocatalytic RhB decomposition, posing as promising candidates in practical works for pollution and energy challenges.

Time-resolved fluorescence decay and Gaussian analysis of P3HT-derived $$\hbox {Ho}^{3+}$$- and $$\hbox {Tm}^{3+}$$-doped ZnO nanostructures

The fluorescence vibrational features of as-synthesized P3HT–ZnO: $$\hbox {Ho}^{3+}$$ and P3HT–ZnO: $$\hbox {Tm}^{3+}$$ thin films were investigated using Gaussian analysis. Relative to P3HT–ZnO: $$\hbox {Tm}^{3+}$$ film, detailed Gaussian analysis of the fluorescence spectra revealed weaker intensity exhibited in P3HT–ZnO: $$\hbox {Ho}^{3+}$$ film due to better charge transfer. Moreover, we comparatively present the Huang–Rhys factor and relaxation energy of the samples, which are calculated using relations derived from the Franck–Condon theory. Furthermore, P3HT–ZnO: $$\hbox {Ho}^{3+}$$ film exhibits lower relaxation energy as compared with P3HT–ZnO: $$\hbox {Tm}^{3+}$$ film, which implies better conjugation length. Finally, the singlet exciton lifetime of P3HT–ZnO: $$\hbox {Ho}^{3+}$$ sample was found to be shorter as compared with P3HT–ZnO: $$\hbox {Tm}^{3+}$$ , while the calculated exciton diffusion length was 6.4 and 10.3 nm, respectively.

Synthesis of ZnO/rGO nanocomposites by wet impregnation method for photocatalytic performance against RhB dye and 4-chlorophenol under UV light irradiation

ZnO nanoparticles, known as one of the potential materials for photocatalytic application, were synthesized by template/surfactant-free hydrothermal method and annealed at different temperatures. Annealing the ZnO at 400 °C modified the rod-like structures into irregular shaped structures. Further, using wet impregnation method ZnO/reduced graphene oxide (rGO) nanocomposites were prepared for various amounts of rGO. Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) analysis revealed that ZnO/rGO (6 mg) nanocomposites contain both ZnO and rGO nanoparticles. Optical band gap of the as-synthesized ZnO nanoparticles was slightly shifted from 3.09 to 3.02 eV in ZnO/rGO (6 mg) nanocomposites. Photoluminescence spectral analysis showed that the electron–hole pair recombination rate is effectively suppressed in the ZnO/rGO (6 mg) nanocomposites. Further, the photocurrent measurements revealed that ZnO (annealed at 400 °C) acquires a photocurrent of 2.8 μA/cm2 and is increased to 4.8 μA/cm2 for ZnO/rGO (6 mg) nanocomposites. UV light irradiation exhibited that ZnO nanoparticles annealed at 400 °C show 94% degradation efficiency against Rhodamine B dye for 120 min. Further, ZnO/rGO (6 mg) nanocomposites acquired degradation efficiency of 94% against Rhodamine B dye for 20 min with a better cycling stability up to five cycles.

Effect of Ethanol on the Photovoltaic Performance of ZnO Based Dye Sensitized Solar Cells

In this study, ZnO particles were grown at different ethanol–water concentrations by using a simple hydrothermal method at 97°C. The changes in structure and morphology of particles were investigated by varying the ethanol concentration. Scanning electron microscope images indicated that ethanol concentration was the main factor affecting the morphology and size of the ZnO particles. X-ray diffractometer pattern showed that crystal structures of the ZnO particles changed with the change in ethanol concentration of the starting solution. Zinc hydroxide phases rather than zinc oxide phases were found in ethanol-rich solutions during hydrothermal synthesis. Photovoltaic properties of the as-synthesized ZnO nanocrystals, as photoanode materials, were tested in dye-sensitized solar cells. Dye-sensitized solar cells were fabricated using a natural black carrot dye, and the performances of these cells were investigated for the electrode materials produced at different ethanol–water concentrations. The best solar energy conversion was obtained with ZnO electrodes fabricated at 100% ethanol concentration.

Electronic and Optical Properties of Size-Controlled ZnO Nanoparticles Synthesized by a Facile Chemical Approach

Facile low-temperature chemical route for the synthesis of ZnO nanoparticles is reported in this paper. Morphologically uniform and spherical shape with an average particle size of 8.8 nm and wurtzite phase with the crystalline structure of as-synthesized ZnO nanoparticles were confirmed by X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM). The optical properties of ZnO nanoparticles were analyzed by UltraViolet Visible (UV-Vis) absorption and PhotoLuminescence (PL). The as-synthesized ZnO nanoparticles showed orange light-emitting properties when excited at 400 nm due to the well overlapping of electron and hole wave function across the compatible size of the particle of ZnO and the optical energy band gap of 3.5 eV due to quantum confinement. X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) and Ultraviolet Photoelectron Spectroscopy (UPS) were used for the elemental, molecular and energetic information of ZnO nanoparticles. UPS analysis depicted the energy level position of ZnO nanoparticles whereas XPS spectra showed the presence of constitute elementals with the stoichiometric atomic % of Zn and O. The elemental composition was also confirmed by the EDS analysis. The significant Raman shifts for as-synthesized ZnO nanoparticles in the typical Raman-active modes of vibration assigned to the wurtzite crystal nanostructure of ZnO.

Synthesis of ZnO and Cu-doped ZnO Nanocrystalline by Solution Combustion Method and Their Catalytic Effects on Thermal Behavior of KClO4

ABSTRACT Nanocrystalline ZnO and Cu-doped ZnO were synthesized by solution combustion method and characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), and X-ray photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS). Catalytic effects of as-synthesized ZnO and Cu-doped ZnO on thermal behavior of pure potassium perchlorate (KP) and KP/Al mixture were examined by Thermogravimetry-Differential Scanning Calorimetry (TG-DSC) analysis combining with SEM-EDS technique. Results showed that as-synthesized ZnO and Cu-doped ZnO both decreased melting and decomposition temperature of pure KP, and the catalytic activity of Cu-doped ZnO was higher than ZnO. Further, it was suggested that catalysts of ZnO and Cu-doped ZnO both promoted solid-state decomposition of KP before melting. In agreement with the catalytic effects on thermal behavior of pure KP, the addition of ZnO and Cu-doped ZnO not only significantly decreased the ignition temperature of KP/Al mixture, but also enhanced the total heat release of KP/Al. Solution combustion method is demonstrated to be an effective method to prepare metal oxide catalysts for catalyzing thermal decomposition of KP.

Structural, optical and photoconductivity studies of ZnO bicones synthesized by seed-mediated method

ZnO bicones (BC) have been synthesized by a seed-mediated method using polyethylene glycol (PEG) and triethylamine (TEA). As-synthesized ZnO BC has been characterized by X-ray diffraction method (XRD), UV–visible absorption spectroscopy, Photoluminescence spectroscopy (PL), Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) and Time-dependent Photoconductivity study. XRD pattern of ZnO BC shows hexagonal wurtzite phase structure. The UV–visible absorption spectrum of ZnO BC shows two absorption band edges at 302 nm and 370 nm due to its diameter and length. The PL spectrum of ZnO BC shows rich zinc interstitial defects due to the presence of an intense peak at 423 nm. The FTIR spectrum of ZnO BC confirms the presence of TEA and PEG. SEM and TEM images of ZnO nanostructures confirm the bicones structure as well as the size of the ZnO BC. Photoconductivity study shows that the time-dependent rise and decay curves of ZnO BC has very high photosensitivity in vacuum medium compared to its air medium due to the presence of hydrocarbon functional groups and oxygen deficiency atmosphere.

One-pot synthesis of cerium doped 3D ZnO nano-flowers modified on glassy carbon electrode as portable electro-chemical sensing platform for sensitive detection of methotrexate as an anticancer drug

• Cerium doped ZnO nano-flowers were characterized by XRD, SEM and EDX. • Ce 3+ -ZnO nano-flowers was used for modified glassy carbon electrode. • This modified electrode was used for the determination of methotrexate. Ce-doped ZnO catalysts were synthesized for the first time with simplistic hydrothermal method and characterized by XRD, SEM and EDX. The impact of cerium amount (0, 6 and 12%) on the structure and morphology of Ce-doped ZnO catalyst was investigated. According to the findings, the as-synthesized Ce-doped ZnO has nano-flower structures, big pore volumes and high surface area. In addition, an electro-chemical sensor has been constructed based on Ce-doped ZnO nano-flowers modified-glassy carbon electrode. Electro-chemical detection of methotrexate that is used as an anticancer medicine is conducted by the modified electrode. Electro-chemical methods for examining electro-chemical behaviors of methotrexate on the modified electrode surfaces have been chronoamperometry, cyclic voltammetry, and differential pulse voltammetry. This research findings demonstrated the synergetic impact of Ce-doped ZnO nano-flowers on the oxidation of methotrexate via declining oxidation over-potential and enhancing oxidation peak current. When instrumental and experimental conditions have been optimized, the suggested electro-chemical sensor has been used to measure methotrexate in the range between 0.01–500.0 μM with a detection limit of 6.3 nM. Sensitiveness and functionality of the suggested electro-chemical sensor toward methotrexate have been explored by analyzing pharmaceutical ampoules, which was accompanied by acceptable outcomes.

High proportion ZnO/CuO nanocomposites: Synthesis, structural and optical properties, and their photocatalytic behavior

High proportion ZnO/CuO nanocomposites synthesize through sol-gel method acquire structure, morphology, optical, and catalytic properties of the nanocomposites were examined with several characterization techniques. X-ray diffraction and Raman spectroscopy confirmed the formation of two-phase nanocomposites (ZnO- hexagonal wurtzite /CuO-Monoclinic) and stress was detected in the crystalline lattice of ZnO. Nanocomposites with semi-spheroidal shape were observed using scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. Optical and photoluminescence studies show the existence of defects in the nanocomposites. Photocatalytic activity of the as-synthesized ZnO, CuO nanoparticles and ZnO/CuO nanocomposites were studied by the photodegradation of methylene blue (MB) under visible radiation. Besides, it was possible observed that the surface modification and the coupling of nanomaterials influenced photocatalysis. The results indicate that an increase in the ZnO content can improve the efficiency; however a modification in the form of incorporating the zinc oxide on copper oxide generates an increase of three times on photocatalytic activity.

Study of acoustic and thermodynamic factors of synthesized ZnO-water nanofluid by ultrasonic technique

This paper is focused on acoustic and thermodynamic factors of as-synthesized ZnO nanoparticles (NPs) dispersed in water as base fluid. NPs were characterized by means of powder XRD, SEM, PSA and UV. Ultrasonic studies were performed by nanofluid interferometer provides information on understanding the molecular behavior and intermolecular interactions, which have been interpreted with respect to change in concentration of solute at different temperatures (30–80 °C). The experimental data was used to explore adiabatic compressibility (β), bulk modulus (K), intermolecular free path length (L), impedance (Z) and Thermal Conductivity (K) of nanofluids was predicted by using ultrasonic velocity.