Arts Of Peace Research Articles

Sanity in Reconstruction Legislation

THE transition to the arts of peace presents to the statesmen and economists of America industrial problems more complex and varied than the transition, less than two years ago, to the arts of war. Our problem then was a single one. It was to concentrate the industries and resources of our country upon the work of supplying the materials needed, directly or indirectly, for war purposes. This, indeed, involved many phases. It required the creation of new facilities to produce instruments of modern warfare which we had not produced before. It required the increase of our existing war facilities, and the conversion of non-war industries into war industries. It necessitated the curtailment, sometimes the cessation, of non-war business, and the elimination of waste and unnecessary production, so that capital, labor and materials could be released to make things needed for the war. It required priorities in production and in transportation, so that war needs could be made and moved before non-war needs, and the more urgent war needs before those that were less urgent. But all these activities, and more besides, far-reaching and extraordinarily novel as they were, were only different avenues leading directly toward a single goal for which we aimed,-the mobilization of our resources, our capital and our labor, to the end that they should speedily produce the things necessary and helpful in winning the war, before producing things which did not contribute to that one great purpose. Now, with that purpose accomplished, the journey back to the basis of peace is begun, and there is no longer a single goal towards which we aim. Not alone from this country, but from every part of the earth, will come calls to labor, industry and capital for purposes as many as the ambition and the initiative of men and nations, free to strive for their varied commercial and industrial interests, can devise. On every side we hear measures suggested to aid us in our 323

The arts of Peace and the arts of War.

The arts of Peace and the arts of War.

The Teaching of Scientific Method and other Papers on Education

THIS book reproduces the chief contributions which Prof. Armstrong has made to the literature of education from 1884 to the present time, with the addition of a parody by another hand of that most parodied of music hall lyrics, “The Absent Minded Beggar.” I have been so constantly in touch with Prof. Armstrong, and occasionally so closely associated with him, that the book comes to me in no degree as a new work, and I have perforce read it from the point of view of one who regards the mode of presentation of the case rather than the merits of the case itself. Though the work is entitled “The Teaching of Scientific Method,” its scope is much wider, for it is an indictment of our educational system from top to bottom, and an indication of how education is to be set right in its relation to all the arts of peace and war. The Teaching of Scientific Method and other Papers on Education. By Henry E. Armstrong Pp. x + 476. (London: Macmillan and Co., Ltd., 1903.) Price 6s.

Social Condition of England during the Wars of the Roses

The social life of the inhabitants of England during the years of strife which brought about the destruction of the feudal nobility, gave to the middle class a new position in the State, and freed the serf from the shackles of bondage, has been for some time past a subject of peculiar interest to the student of English history. If we desire to gain an accurate knowledge of the social habits and customs prevalent during this period of political disturbance, we cannot do better than direct our attention towards that part of the country which was the least affected by the contest between the Houses of York and Lancaster, the eastern district of England, which since the days of King John had enjoyed a remarkable immunity from civil war. Here the powerful lords of the North and South found little support; the vast estates of the old feudal barons were broken up into numerous independent manors. Moreover the arts of peace, in the shape of the mysteries of trade, manufactures, and commerce, widely flourished among the inhabitants of these regions.

The Enfranchisement of Leaseholds, and the Taxation of Ground Rents, Chief Rents and kindred Charges on Land in England and Wales

The realm of England was claimed by the Conqueror and his successors on the throne. On the theory of possession by conquest, the feudal system of tenure was built and developed. The Sovereign granted land to his soldiers and favourites, or left it in possession of the ancient holders, at his own pleasure. In return, those who enjoyed the property undertook various obligations to the lord paramount, such as military services. The grants were at first made for the lifetime of the holders; but ere long the rights and duties were extended to the succeeding heirs. Landowners holding thus of the king conveyed portions of their estates to their retainers, in return for services to be rendered. These services were usually either of a military or an agricultural character. With the advance of time, the progress of civilization, and the development of the arts of peace, the latter mode of compensation for the use of land gradually superseded the former; and after the Restoration the feudal burdens were abrogated by law. Since the abolition of these uncertain incidents of land tenure, the obligations subsisting among the holders of the several rights and interests pertaining to lands and tenements have been reducible to a money standard, with at least an approximation to justice and accuracy.

Uganda

AT a special meeting of the Royal Geographical Society on the evening of November 3, Captain F. D. Lugard gave an account of the geographical aspects of his work in Uganda. The hall of the University of London was crowded, and although the issue of extra tickets was suspended, a large number of Fellows and their friends failed to get admittance. An excellent hand-map, by Mr. Ravenstein, enabled the audience to follow Captain Lugard's route. The first part of the paper was concerned with the journey from Mombasa along the Sabakhi river, an unnavigable stream, to Machako, the furthest station of the I. B. E. A. Company at that time, the district passed through being almost uninhabited, and supplies difficult to procure. The greater part of he paper related to Uganda and the other countries surrounding he Victoria Nyanza, where Captain Lugard was in comnand for two years. On the Kavirondo plateau, east of the lake, there is a promising field for European colonization. The plateau is crossed by the Equator, but at elevations of from 7000 to 8000 feet the climate is cool and exhilarating. It is possible, judging from experience in other places, that highlands close to the Equator are healthier for Europeans than those of similar mean climate lying nearer the tropics. Kavirondo is admirably adapted for grazing, and ranches similar to those of the west of America might be tried. From the pasture lands of this plateau the transition to the rich plantations of bananas and casava of Usoga and Uganda is very marked, and the unclothed natives of Kavirondo give place to the comfortably-dressed Waganda, a warlike people, but skilful in all the arts of peace.