Paperboard Research Articles

Application of Waste Bovine Bone-derived Hydroxyapatite to Biodegradable Coatings for Paper-based Food Packaging

Hydroxyapatite (HAp) powder was produced by utilizing food waste bovine bones through alkaline treatment and calcination. The biodegradable coatings on paper-based food packaging that contained synthesized HAp were subsequently prepared and characterized. The slurry of 5 wt% of bovine bones synthesized HAp, 2 wt% of polyvinyl alcohol, and glycerol was coated on a grey back duplex board (GB) by dipping and spraying. The morphology, color, penetration strength, water and oil absorption, and biodegradability of the coated GB were observed. The color of the spray-coated GB was still slightly brighter (L*) than others due to its good coating ability before and after being heated at 800 W in a microwave oven for 1 minute. The penetration strength of coated GB was higher than that of noncoated GB after containing hot water. The coated GB had 8% water absorption, which was lower than that of the noncoated GB (10%), while oil absorption was nearly the same (3%). Moreover, the biodegradable properties of both coated GBs were not significantly different compared to the non-coated samples.

Development of Eco-friendly Handmade Paper and Paper Board from Soft Bamboo, Whole Banana & Pine Apple Leaves Fibre- Available in N.e. Region of India

The studies were carried out to established suitability of lingo-cellulosic raw materials namely Soft Bamboo (Dendrocalamus arundinacea), Banana (Musa Sapientum) & Pineapple (Ananas Comosus) for making pulps for handmade paper industry which are abundantly available in north eastern part of India. This should help in providing a cost effective, good quality cellulosic raw material as an alternate to cost prohibitive traditionally used cotton hosiery waste traditionally used for manufacturing good quality handmade paper & it’s products. This will help in improving the cost economics & competitiveness of the Indian paper industry in the global market besides addressing the problems of environment & global warming. The Studies thus carried out provide useful information about the nature of these raw materials, suitable pulping process to produce an eco-friendly handmade paper and board & converted products. The research work provides a good quality cost effective lingo-cellulosic raw material for handmade paper industries with a possibility of replacement of the expensive and traditionally used cotton hosiery waste. The paper thus produced using environmental friendly pulping and bleaching process is characterized for its strength properties like tensile, tear, bursting, folding endurance and other parameters. Further the study will be useful in providing opportunities for employment generation and income enhancement among the rural masses as well as addressing the bio-mass dumping.

Atmosphere Modification on Types of Packaging to Extend the Shelf life of Cabbage (Brassica oleracea)

Modification of types packaging of cabbage by using paper board, plastics bags of Polyethylene (PE) and Polypropylene (PP) with thickness of 0.08 mm and its combination with paper board were examined in order to determine the shelf life of cabbage. The experiment was carried out at Agricultural Product Technology Laboratory, Agricultural Faculty University of Mataram. Completely Randomized Design was applied and analyzed with Analysis of variance with Honestly Significantly Different at five per cent significant level. Cabbage was enclosed inside Paper board (19 x 18 x 16 cm), Polyethylene (PE), Polypropylene (PP) (20 x 30 cm), PE + paper board, and PP+ paperboard then stored for 0, 2, 4, 6 and 8 days at ambient temperature. Based on weight loss, decays percentage and organoleptic properties (texture and freshness level), PP and PE bags gave the best protection up to 8 days.

Trinseo reports compostable latex binder for recycled paper board, new depolymerization plant, bio PS for cutleries and fridges, ester-based TPU for footwear, and acrylic faux marble

On December 7, 2023, Trinseo, a specialty materials solutions provider, announced the launch of LIGOS™ BH 7340 SCE binder, the company's compostable first bio-hybrid binder for use in coated paper board products.

Exploratory Matching Model Search Algorithm (EMMSA) for Causal Analysis: Application to the Cardboard Industry

This paper aims to present a methodology for the application of matching methods in industry to measure causal effect size. Matching methods allow us to obtain treatment and control samples with their covariates as similar as possible. The matching techniques used are nearest, optimal, full, coarsened exact matching (CEM), and genetic. These methods have been widely used in medical, psychological, and economic sciences. The proposed methodology provides two algorithms to execute these methods and to conduct an exhaustive search for the best models. It uses three conditions to ensure, as far as possible, the balance of all covariates, the maximum number of units in the treatment and control groups, and the most significant causal effect sizes. These techniques are applied in the carton board industry, where the causal variable is downtime, and the outcome variable is waste generated. A dataset from the carton board industry is used, and the results are contrasted with an expert in this process. Meta-analysis techniques are used to integrate the results of different comparative studies, which could help to determine and prioritize where to reduce waste. Two machines were found to generate more waste in terms of standardized measures whose values are 0.52 and 0.53, representing 48.60 and 36.79 linear meters (LM) on average for each production order with a total downtime of more than 3000 s. In general, for all machines, the maximum average wastage for each production order is 24.98 LM and its confidence interval is [13.40;36.23] LM. The main contribution of this work is the use of causal methodology to estimate the effect of downtime on waste in an industry. Particularly relevant is the contribution of an algorithm that aims to obtain the best matching model for this application. Its advantages and disadvantages are evaluated, and future areas of research are outlined. We believe that this methodology can be applied to other industries and fields of knowledge.

The influence of creases on carton board package behavior during point loading

Abstract Carton board packages with different creases have been manufactured and loaded with point loads to see if there is a difference in point load behavior depending on crease. A carton board was creased in four different ways. The differences of the creases were judged according to appearance and residual moment. Three of the four creases showed divergent appearances. The residual moment was as expected lowest for the hardest creased sample and vice versa. The packages with the different creases were loaded with a point load. The registered force – displacement curves were analyzed according to stiffness and collapse load. No statistically significant difference could be seen in the collapse load of the package or in the stiffness measured, indicating that with a standard point load measurement it was hard to distinguish a difference in packaging behavior due to creasing. In future work it might be interesting to further study the average stiffness, since a trend of higher average stiffness for lower matrix channel depth exists in the measurements, however not statistically ensured. One possibility to discern possibly existing differences in the resistance of packaging to point load due to crease differences could be to study the interaction in more detail.

Paradeep Port Cartography

Abstract: Paradip Port is a natural, deep-water port on the East coast of India in Paradip, just 53 km from Jagatsinghpur city in Jagatsinghpur district of Odisha, India. It is situated at confluence of the Mahanadi river and the Bay of Bengal. ‘ The project detects the origin of paradeep port and the land pattern mouza selection in various revenue areas and growth of port from exports/area increment/climate effect/population growth & socio-economic impact due to expansion.’ hereby in this project , the intial setup zone of paradeep port is to be plot in revenue map by hand drafting and sketching over mouza map and topo map using the scale factor to denote the initial geographical settlement for the site selection, as the area is marked out then as per yearly growth basis the incremental chart and plans are to be prepared depicting addition of more areas,networks & affect on near by areas to see the bad/good impact on livelihood and development of market areas. The tracing and rubber sheeting of the industrial area is to be done using pins and hand sketching on paper board manually. As on the process initial and final map are plotted hence from study the Hereby in this project , the intial setup zone of paradeep port is to be plot in revenue map by hand drafting and sketching over mouza map and topo map using the scale factor to denote the initial geographical settlement for the site selection, as the area is marked out then as per yearly growth basis the incremental chart and plans are to be prepared depicting addition of more areas,networks & affect on near by areas to see the bad/good impact on livelihood and development of market areas. The tracing and rubber sheeting of the industrial area is to be done using pins and hand sketching on paper board manually. As on the process initial and final map are plotted hence from study the growth chart is to be prepared for growth of industry, climate change, social stability and future growth prediction.

An interactive programming learning environment supporting paper computing and immediate evaluation for making thinking visible and traceable

ABSTRACT Computer programming is essential nowadays but still challenging to learn due to its invisible thinking. Current programming environments are mostly designed for operating on computers directly to learn concrete programming, but this approach lacks the support for clarifying learners’ thinking processes. On the other hand, using paper and pens shows usability in developing creative thinking, but it cannot help verify learners’ thinking results due to its nature. To benefit from both paper and computers, we developed an interactive programming learning environment consisting of a paper board game, a computer system, and a digitalization mechanism. Learners can use the learning environment to draw down their thinking results and verify them by comparing them with the evaluation on the computer system immediately. Two experiments were conducted to compare this learning environment with paper board games and computer programming environments, respectively. The experimental results show that the subjects who learn in our environment can learn to program better than those who learn with the other two. The proposed environment is easy to prepare for learners in a classroom as their first step to programming learning. It can help learners cross over from paper board games for computational thinking to computer programming environments.

Visualisation of sulphur on single fibre level for pulping industry

In the pulp and paper industry, about 5 Mt/y chemithermomechanical pulp (CTMP) are produced globally from softwood chips for production of carton board grades. For tailor making CTMP for this purpose, wood chips are impregnated with aqueous sodium sulphite for sulphonation of the wood lignin. When lignin is sulphonated, the defibration of wood into pulp becomes more selective, resulting in enhanced pulp properties. On a microscopic fibre scale, however, one could strongly assume that the sulphonation of the wood structure is very uneven due to its macroscale size of wood chips. If this is the case and the sulphonation could be done significantly more evenly, the CTMP process could be more efficient and produce pulp even better suited for carton boards. Therefore, the present study aimed to develop a technique based on X-ray fluorescence microscopy imaging (µXRF) for quantifying the sulphur distribution on CTMP wood fibres. Firstly, the feasibility of µXRF imaging for sulphur homogeneity measurements in wood fibres needs investigation. Therefore, clarification of which spatial and spectral resolution that allows visualization of sulphur impregnation into single wood fibres is needed. Measurements of single fibre imaging were carried out at the Argonne National Laboratory’s Advanced Photon Source (APS) synchrotron facility. With a synchrotron beam using one micrometre scanning step, images of elemental mapping are acquired from CTMP samples diluted with non-sulphonated pulp under specified conditions. Since the measurements show significant differences between sulphonated and non-sulphonated fibres, and a significant peak concentration in the shell of the sulphonated fibres, the proposed technique is found to be feasible. The required spatial resolution of the µXRF imaging for an on-site CTMP sulphur homogeneity measurement setup is about 15 µm, and the homogeneity measured along the fibre shells is suggested to be used as the CTMP sulphonation measurement parameter.

How Strategic Engagement is Influenced by Personal Values: Insights from Arts Board Directors

This study addresses a gap in board director research by investigating how individual personal values influence board strategic engagement. The nature of board directors’ strategic engagement was examined qualitatively, using 65 in-depth interviews, content analysis, board meeting observations and board workshops. Using an interpretative lens, four differing individual personal characteristics were identified and labeled: ‘mission-driven’, ‘commanding’, ‘shape-shifting’, and ‘community-minded’. These concepts coincided with theory of personal value theory, used in previous studies linking managers (but not board directors) to behaviors. Practical implications provide insights into attracting, retaining and developing an appropriate mix of directors to enhance nonprofit board strategic engagement, boosting performance.

Determination of Physical and Mechanical Properties of Waste Paper Boards Supported by Wood Chips and Chopped E-glass Fiber

Today, legal regulations, along with social awareness, have made waste management a necessity. Depending on the type of waste, technological developments have enabled an increase in the number of approaches, e.g., reusing, recycling, and manufacturing of different products. In this study, low-density boards were produced using different proportions of office waste paper, wood chips, and chopped E-glass fiber. Waste paper and glass fiber formed the middle layer of the boards and wood chips comprised the surface layers. The density, water absorption, and thickness swelling properties of the boards were investigated. Among the mechanical properties, the modulus of rupture, modulus of elasticity, and internal bond strength were determined. The use of wastepaper led to a reduction in the modulus of rupture and modulus of elasticity of the boards. An increase in the glass fiber ratio contributed positively to the water absorption and thickness swelling properties, whereas it directly led to decreases in the internal bond strength, and the modulus of rupture and modulus of elasticity values. Nonetheless, the low-density boards were able to meet the minimum modulus of rupture and modulus of elasticity specified in ANSI 208.1 standards, while only one variation met the IB requirements.

Characterization of a New Fiber from Cyperus Dichrostachus A.Rich Plant

Natural fibers have been good substitute sources for swapping synthetic fibers and reinforcing polymer matrices because of their contributions in maintaining ecology, low energy requirement for processing, and maintaining sustainability issues. The aim of this study was to characterize a new fiber from Cyperus Dichrostachus A.Rich (CDA) plant. The CDA plant is a perennial nonwoody grass found in Ethiopian high lands and river basins. The fiber from this plant has a chemical composition of cellulose (60.27%), hemicellulose (22.72%), and lignin (16.59%) contents. It has a density of 1010 kg/m3 and good tenacity of 105.76 cN/Tex with low elongation of 4.88%. The thermal stability of Cyperus Dicrostachus A.Rich fiber (CDAF) was studied using TGA and DTG analyses and revealed that the cellulose degraded at a temperature of 377.1°C. Fourier transform-infrared spectroscopy analysis confirmed that CDAF is rich in cellulose content. Additionally, CDAF can play a vital role as a new reinforcement material and best alternative in bio composite industries. This will give competitive advantages when evaluated with other natural fibers and reveal that there are significant potential benefits in implementation of “cleaner production” in textile material production industries. Specifically, the replacement of synthetic fiber source with renewable biomass will reduce the environmental impact of these fibers. The future study will be focused on investigating the possible valorization route, especially in paper board, composite reinforcement, and bio composite applications.

Use of solid urban waste at the Technological Institute of Toluca

Solid Urban Waste (SUW) and Special Handling (EHW) generated in the Institution are handled in 200-liter plastic containers with the appropriate identification according to the type of waste and the race, placed in the buildings of each of the races; the waste is separated by the students following the criterion of the 4 Rs (Reduce, reduce, reuse and recycle). Reusable waste is used for students to make different products in the reuse workshop of the Institutional Environmental Program (IEP) such as paper pads, acetate pencil holders, pens, paper holder and paper board, among others for use by the Institution's population. With the organic waste (OR) compost is prepared in the composting center, which is used to fertilize the green areas. The recyclable waste is sold obtaining an economic benefit that allows the operation of the activities carried out by the (IEP). The (EHW) are concentrated in the “green point” to be sent to the “recyclers”. The alkaline batteries, the Institution collects them temporarily, giving the service to the population of the Toluca valley to be sent to confinement by the municipality of Toluca. The use of Solid Urban Waste allows to form a sustainable environmental culture in the population of the Institution, such as savings in the consumption of paper, financing in the operation of the (IEP) and supporting the economy of the students.Keyword: Solid waste, paper, composting, reuse, recyclable

Porous carbon derived from waste corrugated paper board using different activators

Porous carbon derived from waste corrugated paper board using different activators

The Determination of Optical Properties of Papers and a Paper Board

Annals of Chemical Science Research The Determination of Optical Properties of Papers and a Paper Board Katerina Chryssou* and Eugenia Lampi General Chemical State Laboratory, Β΄ Chemical Service of Athens, Greece *Corresponding author: Katerina Chryssou, General Chemical State Laboratory, Β΄ Chemical Service of Athens, An. Tsocha 16, 11521 Athens, Greece Submission: May 02, 2022;Published: May 20, 2022 DOI: 10.31031/ACSR.2022.03.000555 Volume3 Issue1May, 2022

Impact of Two Types of Board Games on Drug-Use Prevention in Adolescents at Senior High Schools

Objective: A technology-assisted teaching tool with interactive features may improve the outcomes of illegal drug-use prevention strategies. This study explores augmented reality (AR) and paper board games incorporating a brief antidrug educational program for students without drug-use problems to increase their antidrug knowledge, attitude, life skills, subjective norms, perceived behavioral control, and intention to avoid using drugs. Materials and Methods: A total of 600 students were recruited, and 578 completed the intervention program and pre-and post-tests. The participants were randomly assigned to one of the following three groups: AR board game, paper board games, and comparison groups. The brief educational program consisted of two sessions. Generalized estimation equations were used to assess group differences in outcome variables. The paired t-tests were used to assess improvements in outcome variables of the two experimental groups. Results: The study found that the students who received the brief educational program featuring the AR board game was significantly different from the comparison group in outcome variables, including antidrug knowledge (P = 0.001), life skills (P = 0.004), subjective norms (P < 0.001), perceived behavioral control (P < 0.001), and intention (P = 0.02). The group with the paper board games also revealed similar findings as to the AR board game group in outcome variables, except for antidrug knowledge. There were no group differences in antidrug attitude between experimental and comparison groups. Conclusion: The results of this study support the efficacy of the two types of board games incorporated with a brief educational program. Results suggest that schools can adopt AR or paper board games as learning tools to assist in drug-use prevention programs and reduce the likelihood of students using illegal drugs.

Impact of Paper Board Industry Effluent Irrigation to Agroforestry System on Changes in Soil Quality

The study assessed the impact of paper board industry effluent irrigation on soil quality under agroforestry system. The agroforestry system was maintained at the Tamil Nadu Newsprint and Paper Limited (TNPL) - Unit II located at Mondipatti Village, Manaparai Taluk, Trichy district, Tamil Nadu. The site is situated at the intersection of latitude 10º 41' N and longitude 78º 26" E. The soil analysis were carried out for various quality parameter as per standard procedure. The results reveals that application paper board industry effluent were significantly influenced the organic carbon, Available P, and K. Hydraulic conductivity of surface soils was ranged from 2.02 to 4.39 cm h-1 with the mean value of 3.27 cm h-1. Infiltration rate was ranged from 6.6 to 52.5 cm h-1 with the mean value of 23.0 cm h-1. Among the micronutrients status zinc was recorded below the critical level whereas cupper, iron and manganese were recorded above the critical level. Microbial biomass carbon (MBC), Soil microbial population (Bacteria, Fungi and Actinomycetes) and enzyme activities (Urease and Phosphatase) were significantly higher when application with paper board industry effluents under agroforestry system. The activity of soil enzymes and MBC showed significant positive correlation with organic carbon, available water and pH. These findings reveal that paper board industry effluent act as an irrigation source and fertigation under agroforestry system.

Assessment and Mapping of Groundwater Quality for Irrigation in and Around Areas of Paper Board Industry

Water has become a scarce commodity due to its over exploitation as well as its pollution due to different reasons. For many important agricultural areas groundwater is the ultimate source of fresh water as surface water sources have been depleted. The quality of groundwater is important because it determines the suitability of water for drinking, and domestic and irrigation purposes. A survey was undertaken during the year 2020 to assess the quality of groundwater for irrigation in Mondipatti region of Tiruchirapalli district of Tamil Nadu. A totally 18 samples were collected from bench mark wells of (W1-W18) in and around the paper board industry and GPS locations of sampling points were recorded. The water samples were analyzed for various chemical properties viz., pH, EC, Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+ and K+; CO32-, HCO3-, Cl- and SO42-. The pH, EC, SAR and RSC in groundwater ranged from 7.6-8.4, 0.68-5.12 (dS m-1), 0.69-12.9 and -8.1 to 5.3 (meq L-1), respectively. The concentration of cations viz., Ca2+, Mg2+, K+ and Na+ varied from 1.7 to 10.8, 0.7 to 14.3, 0.009 to 0.931 and 2.8 to 39.2 meq L-1 with average of 5.4, 4.51, 0.190 and 9.24 meq L-1, respectively. The concentration of anions viz., carbonate, bicarbonates, chloride and sulphate varied from nil to 3.2, 3.2 to 9.6, 2.8 to 39.2 and 0.25 to 4.52 meq L-1 with average values of 0.64, 6.72, 11.88 and 1.31 meq L-1, respectively. The relative abundance of ions for most of the water samples were Na+ &gt; Ca2+ &gt; Mg2+ &gt; K+ for cations and Cl- &gt; HCO3-&gt; SO42- &gt; CO3- for anions. According to CSSRI water quality classification, 44.5, 44.5, 5.5 and 5.5 per cent of good, marginally saline, High SAR saline and Alkaline, respectively. Spatial variability maps of pH, EC, SAR and RSC of groundwater used for irrigation in and surrounding areas of paper board industry were also generated. As a result, it's critical to analyse groundwater quality not only for current use, but also as a future water source. Assessment and mapping of quality of groundwater may help the farmers in choice of crops and other agronomic management practices for getting profitable yields without affecting the soil health.

Evaluation of food packaging paper for microbial load and storage effect on the microbial activity of paper

AbstractPaper and paper board are an ideal choice of packaging material due to their biodegradability. They are safer than commonly used plastic packaging materials. But due to the presence of carbon sources like cellulose and starch in paper, various pathogenic and non‐pathogenic microbes can grow well in them. The migration of microorganisms or their spores from paper to food may cause serious health hazards. Taking consumer concerns into picture, the regulatory authorities should come up for food packaging standards with regard to microbial limits of paper used in food packaging. This study pinpoints the correct approach, that is, the disintegration method in comparison to direct plating in evaluating the microbial load of 14 different samples of paper by demonstrating the limitations of methods that were eliminated. The samples were also tested for storage effect on microbial load and found to have significant reduction in bacterial load during storage at 4°C, but for fungi, it remained nearly unchanged. Further identification of predominating microbes was performed, and conclusions have been drawn on the presence of harmful and harmless species in the samples of paper. It was found that all the identified fungi are mycotoxin producing and may lead to illness of the consumer. Unlike fungi, dominating bacterial strains were found to be non‐harmful for food packaging purposes and ultimately for human use. Overall, there is an immediate need to set microbial limit standards in food packaging paper and paperboard in order to supply safe and hygiene food to consumers.

Fabrication and Characterization of Transparent and Uniform Cellulose/Polyethylene Composite Films from Used Disposable Paper Cups by the "One-Pot Method".

Disposable paper cups are usually composed of high-grade paper board and an inner polyethylene coatings and are extensively used in daily life. However, most disposable paper cups are only used for a short time and then incinerated or accumulated in landfill at the end of their service due to the difficulty in separating the components, leading to a serious threat to our ecosystem. Therefore, developing a facile and green method to recycle and reuse disposable paper cups is vital. By using ionic liquid 1-allyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride (AmimCl) as a solvent, transparent and homogenous cellulose/polyethylene composite films were successfully prepared from used bamboo-based disposable paper cups through the “one-pot method”, without any pre-treatment. It was found that there was a transformation of cellulose I to II after the dissolution and regeneration processes, and the crystallinity degree of the regenerated cellulose-based materials decreased significantly, resulting in a change in thermal properties. Meanwhile, compared to traditional pure cellulose films, the composite films possessed good UV-shielding properties and hydrophobicity. Moreover, they also displayed good mechanical properties. Additionally, the size of the ground PE coatings displayed obvious effects on the structures and properties of the composite films, where the CPE100 (sieved with 100–200 mesh) possessed the most homogeneous texture and the highest tensile strength (82 Mpa), higher than that of commercial polyethylene film (9–12 MPa), showing superiority as packaging or wrapping materials. Consequently, the goals to fabricate uniform cellulose/polyethylene composite films and valorize the solid waste from disposable paper cups were simultaneously achieved by a facile and green “one-pot method”.