Breadfruit Research Articles

FORMULASI SEDIAAN GEL EKSTRAK DAUN SUKUN (Artocarpus altilis) SEBAGAI TERAPI LUKA SAYAT PADA KELINCI NEW ZEALAND WHITE

Breadfruit leaf (Artocarpus altilis) is a type of plant that has a single to oval leaf from the Moraceae family. There are secondary metabolites in breadfruit leaves (Artocarpus altilis), namely flavonoids, tannins, and saponins which are efficacious as a treatment for the wound healing process. This study aims to determine whether breadfruit leaf extract (Artocarpus altilis) can be formulated into a gel preparation and to determine the maximum concentration of breadfruit leaf extract (Artocarpus altilis) in wound healing. This study was an experimental study to determine the maximum concentration in healing cuts with varying concentrations of 6.25%, 12.5%, and 25% tested on 5 male rabbits with 3 treatment groups. Wound healing data were analyzed using One Way ANOVA (Analysis of Varian) and the physical evaluation of the gel preparation was analyzed descriptively. The results showed that breadfruit leaf extract (Artocarpus altilis) could be formulated into gel preparations and fulfilled the physical evaluation test for gel preparations. Statistical test results had a significant effect on wound healing in rabbits p=0.001 (p<0.05) and the maximum concentration in wound healing was a concentration of 25% with a healing time of 11 days.

IN SILICO IDENTIFICATION OF BREADFRUIT PLAN COMPOUNDS (Artocarpus atilis) AGAINST ANGIOTENSIN-CONVERTING ENZYME 2 AS A CANDIDATE MODEL OF COVID-19 INHIBITORS

The spread of COVID-19 has continued to grow rapidly worldwide. This disease is characterized by the presence of severe respiratory syndrome disorders in humans. The ACE2 receptor is the gateway for the COVID-19 virus to target cells, where it is expressed in airway epithelial and vascular endothelial cells. Breadfruit (Artocarpus altilis) contains active flavonoids. Flavonoid derivatives found in breadfruit include artonin-E, cycloaltilisin-7, cycloaltilisin, isocyclomorusin, cyclomorusin, cyclomulberrin, isocyclomulberrin, cyclocommunal, morusin, quercetin and artocarpin. This study aimed to determine the flavonoid derivative of breadfruit (Artocarpus altilis), which has the most effective potential against the ACE2 receptor, as a candidate inhibitor of the COVID-19 virus in silico. The results showed that of the eleven flavonoid derivatives of breadfruit (Artocarpus altilis) tested, 3 compounds gave the lowest binding affinity value, namely cycloaltilisin -8.79 kcal/mol, cyclomulberrin -8.95 kcal/mol, and artocarpin -9.30. kcal/mol compared to Chloroquine -7.67 kcal/mol and Hydroxychloroquine -7.22 kcal/mol. The predicted results of the Lipinski Rule of Five showed that the 3 compounds and the comparison drug met the Ro5 rule. The compounds cycloaltilisin, cyclomulberin, and artocarpine have antiviral activity, as indicated by the Pa value in the range of 0.5<Pa<0.7. Cycloaltilisin, cyclomulberin and artocarpine are the most effective compounds to be developed as candidates for COVID-19 inhibitors. Keywords: Breadfruit, ACE-2, Covid-19, In Silico

Synthesis of NiFe₂O₄ Magnetic Using Artocarpus altilis Leave Extract for Photocatalytic Degradation of Methylene Blue Dye and Antibacterial Applications

The green synthesis method is an economical and eco-friendly approach to synthesizing materials. This study effectively synthesized magnetic NiFe2O4 by Artocarpus altilis extract leave for the photocatalytic degradation of Methylene blue dye and exhibited antibacterial properties. The phytochemical compounds found in plants act as agents for reducing and stabilizing NiFe2O4. The synthesized NiFe2O4 was examined using X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDS), ultraviolet-visible diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (UV-DRS), and vibrating sample magnetometry (VSM). The variables in degradation include solution pH, dye concentration, catalyst dose, and irradiation time. The synthesized NiFe2O4 has a 12.4 nm crystallite size, a saturation magnetization (Ms) of 44.56 emu/g, and a band gap of 1.68 eV. The degradation efficiency of methylene blue dye was 98.2% under the following conditions: a solution pH of 10, a concentration of 10 mg/L, a dose of 0.1 g/L, and an irradiation time of 90 min. The degradation mechanism of Methylene blue dye may be accurately described by pseudo-first-order kinetics, with a kapp value of 0.0443 min-1. NiFe2O4 has high stability; after five degradation cycles, the degradation efficiency decreased by 4.45%. Additionally, NiFe2O4 demonstrates significant antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli bacteria.

Characterization of Alternative Starches and Its Effects on the In Vitro Dissolution of Capsules Containing Low Solubility Drugs (Ibuprofen and Nifedipine)

AbstractBiopharmaceutical applications of alternative starches (ASs), as excipients in capsules containing low solubility drugs (nifedipine and ibuprofen), from seeds of breadfruit (Artocarpus altilis), red‐jambo (Syzygium malaccense), jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam.), avocado (Persea americana), and yam rhizomes (Dioscorea spp.), are investigated. ASs are characterized by microscopic, thermal, and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis. Dissolution profiles are traced and compared to the official starch (from corn) – soluble in hot water, particle size (2–32 µm) and amylose/amylopectin ratio (0.29–0.33). Microscopy analysis shows AS granules with tetrahedral and spherical/rounded shapes (average size of 21.45 µm). The amylose/amylopectin ratios of AS are: breadfruit (0.29–0.37), red‐jambo (0.25–0.29), jackfruit (0.28–0.37), avocado (0.33–0.43), and yam rhizomes (0.37–0.47). AS presents crystallinity patterns of types A, B, and C. Thermal analysis shows mass loss with dehydration – 303 and 373 K (30 and 100 °C) and degradation 525 and 626 K (252 and 353 °C). The release of nifedipine (≥80%, in 20 min) and ibuprofen (≥60%, in 30 min) are similar or superior to corn starch. Only AS obtained from avocado seeds fails to release nifedipine. This study contributes to the quality control of medicine and alternative bioproducts.

Assessing the suitability of bread fruit flour for product development

Assessing the suitability of bread fruit flour for product development

Moraceae diversity in the Universitas Sumatera Utara’s arboretum

The arboretum of the Universitas Sumatera Utara (USU) is an area for collecting and conserving tree species in North Sumatra. One of dominant family found in USU Arboretum is Moraceae. The objective of this reserach was to determine Moraceae diversity in the USU Arboretum. The census approach of vegetation analysis was used to determine the identity and abundance of Moracea. The research found 9 (nine) Moraceae species belongs to two genera in the USU arboretum, those were Ficus microcarpa, Ficus elastic, Artocarpus heterophyllus, Ficus padana, Ficus fistulosa, Artocarpus altilis, Ficus benjamina, Ficus ampelas and Ficus hispida. The species with the highest density value (57.92%) is Ficus hispida. The diversity index, richness index, and species dominance index were all quite low in the research location, with values of 1.455, 1.226, and 0.370, respectively. Meanwhile, the species evenness index at the research location is 0.662, which is classified into moderate. To improve the diversity of Moraceae in the USU arboretum, species enrichment activities are needed.

The Carbon Stocks Estimation on Tangga Community Forests of Lombok Utara

Forests are one of the largest carbon dioxide absorbers, the forest's function as a carbon dioxide absorber causes an increase in greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, and carbon dioxide is stored in forest biomass. Forest development to increase carbon dioxide absorption can be carried out in state forest areas or private forests, which also include community forests. This research aims to estimate carbon stocks in the Tangga community forest (HKm) , in the Tangga HKm, Lombok utara, NTB. This research uses quantitative methods. The data collected is standing vegetation data. Standing vegetation data includes saplings, poles and trees by measuring diameter and height using purposive sampling collection techniques. Carbon stocks are estimated using the allometric equation formula. The total carbon reserves in the HKm Tangga obtained from each stand were 9.972,11 ton/ha. The highest carbon stock value is at the tree level with a value of 8.785,08 tons/ha, followed by the sapling level at 731,34 ton/ha, and the pole level at 455,69 tons/ha with the highest amount at the candlenut tree level (Aleurites moluccana) at 2.200,63 ton/ha and the lowest was the breadfruit (Artocarpus altilis) with a value of 1,96 ton/ha.

Comparison of breadfruit (Artocarpus altilis) fruit quality following a range of fruit fly disinfesting hot air treatments

ABSTRACT Breadfruit (Artocarpus altilis) is a tropical fruit tree that grows abundantly in many Pacific Islands and is an important starch source. Breadfruit is a fruit fly host and, therefore, requires high temperature forced air (HTFA) treatment before entering New Zealand, whereby the centre of the fruit is raised to 47.2°C and held for 20 min. Anecdotal evidence suggests that breadfruit can be damaged after HTFA treatment, particularly in the ‘hot-spot’ of an HTFA chamber, where the centre of breadfruit can experience higher temperatures for a longer time, while waiting for fruit in the ‘cold-spot’ to reach the target temperature/time conditions. Recent research suggests less severe hot air treatments were sufficient to eliminate fruit fly risk, but no data are available about whether these treatments improved fruit quality. This study assessed the fruit quality of two breadfruit cultivars following four hot air treatments, i.e. the current approved treatment compared with three less severe treatments. Breadfruit exposed to the less severe treatments had better fruit quality, but this was not statistically significant from the approved treatment. A less severe treatment would ensure that breadfruit can then tolerate temperature conditions in the ‘hot-spots’ of a commercial HTFA chamber.

Acceptance Analysis and Nutritional Content of Kluwih Seed Milk in Fulfilling Elderly Nutrition Intake

Kluwih seeds (Artocarpus communis) are a local food source that is still not widely used as a ready-to-eat food preparation. Kluwih seeds contain nutritional components such as protein, carbohydrates, fat, minerals and vitamins so that they can be used as a source of nutrients. The elderly are a group of people aged 60 years or over who currently need attention because the biological, physical and psychological aging that occurs in the elderly is feared to trigger inadequate food intake for the elderly so that adequate nutritional sources are needed. Kluwih seeds are a new inspiration to be processed into milk as a ready-to-eat food to meet the nutritional needs of the elderly. The aim of this research is to determine the acceptance of elderly people for kluwih seed milk and the percentage of nutritional content contained in kluwih seed milk. The research method used in this research is experimental. The samples in this study consisted of kluwih seed milk (P1), UHT milk (P2) and soy milk (P3). Acceptability analysis was carried out using scoring and hedonic test methods for taste, color and aroma parameters. Nutritional content analysis was carried out on the carbohydrate, protein and fat components of kluwih seed milk. Information on the acceptability of the elderly to kluwih seed milk was obtained from research subjects, namely 50 elderly panelists in 3 sample areas, namely Banjar Delod Padonan and Banjar Pengembungan, Pererenan Village and Banjar Negara, Sading Village, Mengwi District, Badung Regency, Bali. Based on the results of the hedonic test, elderly panelists in the sample area preferred kluwih seed milk (P1) over UHT milk (P2) and soy milk (P3), with the preferred characteristics of kluwih seed milk being yellowish white in color, very distinctive aroma, delicious and savory taste. The results of the nutritional content test show that kluwih seed milk contains 55.95% carbohydrates, 13.61% protein and 7.77% fat with a better nutritional ratio than UHT milk and soy milk.

Exploration and Investigation of Antifungal Activity of Plant Leaf Extracts on Growth of Scletorium rolfsii Sacc.

Botanical fungicides are fungicides derived from plants that produce chemical compounds that potentially inhibit microbial growth. These fungicides are safe because to its not harmful to humans and the environment. In the present study, the plant materials used often compete with plant materials used for food and medicine such as galangal rhizomes and betel leaves. Therefore, it is necessary to explore materials derived from plants that have not been widely utilized. So the research was conducted to determine the effect of leaf extracts from several plants on the growth of Sclerotium rolfsii Sacc. the fungus that causes wilt disease in plants and determines the level of antifungal activity. This research was conducted using a completely randomized design (CRD). The leaf extracts used were from the plants Muntingia calabura, Terminalia cattapa, Syzygium oleina, Morinda citrifolia, Dimocarpus longan, and Artocarpus altilis with concentrations of 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, and 0% as control. The data obtained were analyzed using variance analysis (ANOVA) with Duncan's New Multiple Range Test (DNMRT). The results showed that all treatments used could inhibit the growth of S. rolfsii Sacc because they were significantly different from the control. It was determined that antifungal activity in leaf extracts of M. calabura, T. cattapa, S. oleina, and D. longan was very strong, and also A. altilis had a strong antifungal activity, while M. citifolia had a moderate antifungal activity.

The nutritional aspects and food applications of Artocarpus altilis starch: A review

Artocarpus altilis is commonly referred to as breadfruit as it is similar to freshly baked bread. It is native to Malaysia, Southern Pacific, and the Caribbean and a mature breadfruit tree can yield between 400 and 2400 kg of breadfruit annually.​The amount of different minerals found in breadfruit varies greatly depending on the cultivar and growth area. These minerals include copper, magnesium, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, cobalt, iron, and manganese. It is abundant in calcium, vital minerals, and carbohydrates. It offers infection protection and is beneficial to heart health. It contains fatty acids that are omega 3 and 6. It is increasingly used as a food additive, regulating stability, texture, and sweetness. It is gluten-free, used in bakery products, and has anti-inflammatory, anti-malarial, and atherosclerotic properties. It is also used in value-added products like Murukku, noodles, and alcohol and is also used as bioplastics and coating materials. Therefore, drying and milling breadfruit into starch is one possible solution. In modern studies, some researcher uses many different methods to preserve or alter the properties of starch and flour via modification methods such as gamma-irradiation. This method is also called the cold-sterilization method and is non-toxic by nature that’s why most of the researchers prefer that method to increase the shelf-life of the flour/starch.

Visible-light response ZnO/CuCo2O4 nanocomposite: Vibrational, optical, structural, morphological, photocatalytic, and kinetic analyses

Compatible nanoparticle properties in photocatalytic applications are crucial. Within the scope of this investigation, we constructed a nanocomposite of ZnO and CuCo2O4 (ZnO/CuCo2O4) to boost the photocatalytic properties of ZnO by constructing ZnO/CuCo2O4 nanocomposite using Artocarpus altilis leaves extracts (AALE). Essential secondary metabolites contribute to the origin of weak bases and capping agents to form the spherical shape of ZnO/CuCo2O4. X-ray diffractometry (XRD), Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, ultraviolet–visible diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (UV–Vis DRS), scanning electron microscope - energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDX) are some of the techniques that are utilized for the validation of nanocomposite properties, such as vibrational, crystallinity, band gap, morphology, particle size, and elemental composition. The formation of ZnO/CuCo2O4 decreased the bandgap energy and enhanced the photocatalytic performance by 93.01 % under visible light irradiation for 2 h. ZnO/CuCo2O4 followed pseudo-second-order kinetic in the photodegradation of malachite green (MG). It is noted that the increase in photocatalytic characteristics can be brought about by the narrower band gap of ZnO and increased kinetic rate toward dye degradation. Radical species analysis was of utmost importance in acknowledging that holes (h+) were the most crucial species that were indispensable to MG degradation. The photodegradation efficiency of the recycled catalyst only declines by approximately 12 % after five cycles of consumption. This study demonstrates a compelling method using plant extracts to prepare visible-light response ZnO-based nanocomposites for better photocatalytic activity and stability.

Microcystis viridis NIES-102 Cyanobacteria Lectin (MVL) Interacts with SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein Receptor Binding Domains (RBDs) via Protein-Protein Interaction.

The emergence of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) posed a major challenge to healthcare systems worldwide, especially as mutations in the culprit Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) complicated the development of vaccines and antiviral drugs. Therefore, the search for natural products with broad anti-SARS-CoV-2 capabilities is an important option for the prevention and treatment of similar infectious diseases. Lectins, which are widely recognized as antiviral agents, could contribute to the development of anti-SARS-CoV-2 drugs. This study evaluated the binding affinity of six lectins (including the cyanobacterial lectin from Microcystis viridis NIES-102 (MVL), and Jacalin, a lectin from the breadfruit, Artocarpus altilis) to the receptor binding domain (RBD) of the spike protein on the original (wild) SARS-CoV-2 and three of its mutants: Alpha, Delta, and Omicron. MVL and Jacalin showed distinct binding affinity to the RBDs of the four SARS-CoV-2 strains. The remaining four lectins (DB1, ConA, PHA-M and CSL3) showed no such binding affinity. Although the glycan specificities of MVL and Jacalin were different, they showed the same affinity for the spike protein RBDs of the four SARS-CoV-2 strains, in the order of effectiveness Alpha > Delta > original > Omicron. The verification of glycan-specific inhibition revealed that both lectins bind to RBDs by glycan-specific recognition, but, in addition, MVL binds to RBDs through protein-protein interactions.

Development of breadfruit flour (Artocarpus altilis) with the addition of gelatine as a potential edible film

The potential application of biodegradable films for food applications has gained interest as an alternative to synthetic plastic packaging. Breadfruit is a common starchy fruit in nature and due to its unique and wide availability, it can be good a source for developing biopolymers. This study aimed to develop packaging films made from unripe green breadfruit (Artocarpus altilis) flour with different concentrations of bovine gelatine. The ratios of gelatine and breadfruit flour (G:BF) were 0:5 (G0), 1:5 (G2), 2:5 (G4), 3: 5(G6), 4:5 (G8) and 5:5 (G10). The physical, mechanical and optical properties of these films were investigated. The findings of this study showed that the addition of bovine gelatine in flour solutions had significantly (P<0.05) improved the film thickness, tensile strength (TS), optical properties and water vapour permeability (WVP). Breadfruit film with no gelatine (control) showed the lowest WVP (P<0.05). Based on the Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) spectra, the chemical interaction of hydroxyl group from gelatine and the carboxyl group of breadfruit flour occurred. Therefore, gelatine helped to improve the water barrier and mechanical properties of the BF films as supported by the scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images. Further study to enhance film properties is necessary to apply the material to food products.

Karakterisasi Morfologi Sukun (Artocarpus altilis Forb.) Di Desa Ohoitahit Dan Danar Kepulauan Kei Kecil Kabupaten Maluku Tenggara

This study aims to characterize the morphology of breadfruit (Artocarpus Altilis Forb.) In Ohoitahit Village and Danar Kecil Kecil Kecil Southeast Maluku. The sampling method through two sample units, namely key informants and target plant accessions. Key informants are community leaders who have in -depth knowledge about the genetic diversity of breadfruit in the village that is used as a sample. Target plant accessions are a variety of varieties of identification of key informants. Withdrawal of samples for critical informants is carried out by snowball sampling methods, while target plant accessions are selected using accidental sampling methods (accidental sampling) or intentional sampling (purposive sampling). Data presentation using descriptive methods. The results showed a significant morphological diversity in breadfruit in the Kei Islands. There is a diversity of morphology in breadfruit based on 31 observation variables. In the character of the tree, there is diversity, among others, the tree's shape, the trunk's surface, the branching pattern, and the direction of growing. In the leaf character there is diversity, namely the color of the leaf, the tip of the leaf, the length of the leaf strands, and the width of the leaf strands, and on the tip of the leaf. Flower characters have a diversity that is, the color of male flowers, male flower positions, and female flower positions. Fruit character has diversity is the shape of the fruit, the texture of the fruit skin, the sap on the skin, the skin color of the fruit, the length of the fruit, the weight of the fruit, and the fruit yield.

Stabilization of o/w emulsion using breadfruit (Artocarpus altilis) starch modified by heat moisture treatment, acetic acid and combination of both

Abstract Exploration to utilize breadfruit (Artocarpus altilis) starch as stabilizer in food emulsion is increasing significantly. Breadfruit starch modification using octenyl succinic anhydride (OSA) has successfully investigated, however some methods are rarely been applied for breadfruit starch. Therefore, this research aimed to examine the ability of breadfruit starch which was modified using heat moisture treatment (HMT), acetic acid, and combination of both to stabilize oil-in-water (o/w) emulsion. The variables investigated were: 1) the addition of 2% of breadfruit starch modified by HMT, acetic acid and combination of both methods, and 2) the percentage of oil (25% and 40%). The stability of o/w emulsion was measured by the creaming index (CI), emulsifying activity (EA), observation of visible boundaries during storage and the size of droplets using light microscope. The results showed that the highest CI value (53.7%) was obtained in an emulsion with 25% oil stabilized by acetic acid modified starch. The higher the oil concentration in emulsion, the smaller the droplets produced. The most stable emulsion was the one prepared by addition of 40% oil and stabilize by 2% modified breadfruit starch using acetic acid. This emulsion has 33.33% CI value, 47.5% EA after 10 days of storage with evenly distributed droplets and almost uniform in size.

Effect Of Variations In Concentration And Length Of Soaking Leaf Extract Moringa (Moringa Oleifera) To Bioavaibility Content Nutrition And Response Antioxidant Flour Bucket (Artocarpus Communist) As Material Raw Making Biscuit MP-ASI

The Effect of Varying Concentrations and Soaking Time of Moringa Oleifera Leaf Extract on the Bioavailability of Nutritional Content and Antioxidant Response of Breadfruit Flour (Artocarpus Communis) as Raw Material for Making MP-ASI Biscuits. The first 2 years are characterized by very rapid physical and social development and growth which is influenced by food and nutritional intake. The aim is to analyze the effect of variations in concentration and soaking time of Moringa leaf extract on the bioavailability of nutritional content in making MP-ASI biscuits. The research used a multi-factor Completely Randomized Design (CRD). Factor x variation of Moringa leaf extract concentration 0%; 10%; 20% and 30% and the y factor is the soaking time for 6 hours; 12 hours and 18 hours, each treatment was repeated 3 times. Data Analysis Using Analysis of Variance (ANOVA). significant differences in treatment in DMRT analysis. The research results show that the treatment with a concentration of Moringa leaf extract of 30% with a soaking time of 18 hours because the average shows an increase in the antioxidant response and good nutritional content, the antioxidant response is 77.51 ppm (strong), vitamin A 356.08 μg/100, iron (Fe) 9.03 mgFe/ 100. For protein, carbohydrates, fat, water and ash, the best results were obtained from a combination treatment of 30% Moringa leaf extract with a soaking time of 6 hours, namely, 10.13% protein, 41.43% carbohydrates, 8.71% fat, 4.95% water and 1.64% ash. There is an influence of variations in concentration and soaking time on the response of antioxidants, protein, carbohydrates, fat, in MP-ASI biscuits as shown by the ρ value 0.000 < α 0.05.

Antioxidant Properties and Antibacterial Activity of Breadfruit (Artocarpus altilis) Bark and Leaf Extract against Staphylococcus Aureus and Escherichia Coli

This study comprehensively investigated the antioxidant properties and antibacterial activity of breadfruit (Artocarpus altilis) bark and leaf extract against two common bacterial strains, Staphylococcus aureus, and Escherichia coli. The objective was to assess the potential therapeutic applications of breadfruit extract in combating bacterial infections caused by these organisms. The researchers employed an experimental research design, utilizing controlled experiments to evaluate the effects of breadfruit extract on the target bacteria. Both the bark and leaf parts of the breadfruit plant were examined in the study. The extracts were subjected to analysis to identify and quantify the presence of beneficial compounds. The analysis revealed the presence of various compounds, including but not limited to Phenolic Acid and Flavonoids, which are known for their potential health benefits and antioxidant properties. These compounds were found to be present in relatively high concentrations, suggesting the potential of breadfruit extract as a source of natural antioxidants. In terms of antibacterial activity, the breadfruit leaf extract exhibited promising results by demonstrating significant inhibitory effects against both Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. In contrast, the bark extract showed limited effectiveness against Escherichia coli but displayed some inhibitory activity against Staphylococcus aureus. These findings suggest that breadfruit extract may have potential as a natural antimicrobial agent, particularly in combating Staphylococcus aureus infections.

Therapeutic effects of Artocarpus communis J.R.Forst. & G.Forst. seeds on letrozole-induced polycystic ovary syndrome wistar rats

BackgroundHerbal extracts are an effective treatment for polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) and have been shown to improve insulin resistance, hyperandrogenism, sex hormones, ovulation, and PCOS symptoms. Artocarpus communis seed's potential effects on polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) have not been studied. PurposeThis research aims to investigate the beneficial effects of Artocarpus communis seeds on PCOS induced by letrozole in Wistar rats. MethodsTo induce PCOS, female Wistar rats weighing between 160 g to 250 g were administered letrozole (1 mg/kg) for 21 days. Subsequently, for 12 days, the rats were given the Artocarpus communis seed methanol extract, and its hexane, DCM, ethyl acetate and aqueous fractions (100 mg/kg body weight) and Clomiphene citrate (1 mg/kg body weight), a standard medication. Luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), and estradiol levels were assessed using ELISA, and the expression of P53, insulin receptor substrate (IRS), type 2 17-HSD (17-HSD), fat mass and obesity-associated (FTO), and 11a-hydroxylase/17,20-desmolase (CYP11a) genes were investigated. The data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA, and a significance threshold of p < 0.05 was set for Dunnett's Multiple Comparison Test. ResultsAdministration of the methanol extract of Artocarpus communis seed and its Hexane fraction led to a decrease in LH level and an increase in FSH and estradiol levels in the PCOS-induced animals. Furthermore, methanol extract, DCM, and ethyl acetate fraction normalize the expression of P53, insulin receptor substrate (IRS), type 2 17-HSD (17-HSD), fat mass and obesity-associated (FTO), and 11a-hydroxylase/17,20-desmolase (CYP11a) genes in PCOS rats cervix. ConclusionArtocarpus communis seed exhibited ameliorative effects on polycystic ovary conditions in Wistar rats, suggesting its potential use in the management of PCOS.

Predicting the suitable cultivation areas of breadfruit crops Artocarpus altilis (Moraceae) under future climate scenarios in Central Java, Indonesia.

Artocarpus altilis, commonly known as breadfruit, is a potential crop adapted to a wide variety of climates and widely spread, including in Indonesia. However, information on how this species can adapt to climate change, in particular in Central Java, is still limited. In Indonesia, Central Java is the center for cultivation areas for many crop species to support the 145 million people living on Java Island. One of the potential crops being developed in Central Java is breadfruit. To assess the suitable cultivation areas for breadfruit, species distribution modeling (SDM) was used to predict the current and future (2050-2070) distribution of breadfruit. Two climate change scenarios, including optimistic RCP2.6 and pessimistic RCP8.5 models, were considered to represent future climate change impacts. Based on the results for both optimistic and pessimistic scenarios, the breadfruit's suitable cultivation areas will expand eastward. Implementing a mitigation climate change scenario and limiting the temperature increase to only 1°C under RCP2.6 will provide 270.967 km2 more of suitable cultivation areas for breadfruit in 2050 and 133.296 km2 in 2070. To conclude, this study provides important information on the status and potential cultivation areas for breadfruit, mainly in the Southeast Asia region. The identification of suitable areas will guide land conservation for breadfruit to support food security in this region.