Widely known for her contributions to contemporary art theory and history. Johanna Drucker's scholarship has helped to shape the fields of artist's books, visual poetics. digital aesthetics, and the digital humanities. Drucker is also internationally recognized as a artist. trpographic poet, and write: A traueling retro spective, Druckworks: Forty Years of Books and Projects, was exhibited at Visual Studies Winkshop from February 7 to April 12, 2014. The following statement on her concepts of production and the future of the was commissioned fir this issue of Afterimage in connection with the Druckworks exhibition. Books are neither vehicles nor containers. They are time-based spatial media that structure meaning through an elaborate intertextual play of material and symbolic Features. They carry authority, and even as the claims for their extinction, replacement, or, at the very least, displacement from a privileged position within a larger ecology of media abound, the as a cultural icon retains its hold on the popular--and esoteric--imagination. The artist's book, that quintessentially twentieth-century form, drew its roots from longer histories of engagement of artists (illuminators, calligraphers, printers, doodlers, and writers) with the imaginative possibilities of the codex (as well as those of scrolls, tablets, wall paintings, and other inscribed and illuminated surfaces). The conceptual foundations on which the is brought into being affect its production. We could point to Geoffroy Tory, Aldus Manutius, the Alexis Master, or any of' the many known or anonymous creators of elaborate textual documents, and show how ideas of what a is as an orchestrated space, espace (suggesting virtual as well as literal space) of relations bring works into being in conformance with these models. As the models -change, so do the objects that instantiate them. William Blake, so often cited as the first book artist on account of his artist-driven enterprise, understood the as an artifact of printmaking, the output of his hand and those technical capacities he could bring directly to bear, without outsourcing any of the labor of production. And he understood it as a collection of image/texts, lines of hand-inscribed poetry containing glyphs other than letters, signaling graphicality as an integrating practice. These delimitations define the scope and scale of the work, setting its limits within the moment of its initial design. A book, any book, is an embodied argument for what: a is. Blake's intimate illuminations are a far cry, for instance, from the work of William Morris, the next most oft-cited early visionary of the as a self-consciously aesthetic artifact. His books were produced in accord with his understanding of hand-press printing a rid fine press publishing as intimately linked categories. But the Kelmscott Chaucer (1896), too big to read, too heavy to hold, is an image-icon to as monument, a kind of shrine to national cultural heritage entombed and enframed. And so it goes. Each aesthetic position within the modern period instantiates its concept of a differently; deliberately or not, so that the form may be read as an aspect of its value and meaning in the semiotics of the cultural system its history, legacy, and ideology The Russian avant-garde artists Look up an alternate model, rooted in the independent artists' productions of small journals and literary magazines so essential to the creation of modern literature. Their embrace of the potential of the multiple to circulate freely in an atomistic dispersal of aesthetic isotopes let loose into the culture is both remarkable and comprehensible in the media ecologies of the early 1910s. Successive innovations each build on precedent, and yet also imagine anew the potentialities of objects as conceptual and material spaces. The use of inexpensive equipment, meant for office use--the mimeos, dittos, and replicating machines with their fluids and liquids, drums and templates, paper plates and rubber blankets--saturated artistic circles and succeeded in permeating to the core of literary and graphic activity This was true in the early twentieth century and remained so until the copier and then nearly ubiquitous digital printers laser, inkjet, and so on) offered new instruments for self-publishing and independent expression. …