Artisan Group Research Articles

Comparison of iris-fixed Artisan lens implantation with excimer laser in situ keratomileusis in correcting myopia between −9.00 and −19.50 diopters: A randomized study

Objective To compare Artisan lens implantation with laser in situ keratomileusis (LASIK) for the correction of myopia between −9.00 and −19.50 diopters. Design Prospective randomized clinical trial. Participants Ninety eyes of 61 consecutive patients were enrolled in the study. Intervention Forty-five eyes (50%) received Artisan lens, and 45 eyes (50%) received LASIK; the procedure assigned to each eye was randomized. Eighteen patients (29.5%) received Artisan lens in one eye and LASIK in the other. Main outcome measures Slit-lamp microscopy, manifest refraction, uncorrected and spectacle-corrected visual acuity, contrast sensitivity, and specular microscopy were performed before surgery, and 1, 3, 6, and 12 months after surgery. Patient satisfaction and preference were assessed by a subjective questionnaire. Results At 1 year, 43 eyes (95.6%) from the Artisan group and 41 eyes (91.1%) from the LASIK group were examined, the mean spherical equivalent refraction was −0.64 ± 0.8 diopter in the Artisan eyes and −0.87 ± 0.8 in the LASIK eyes. The uncorrected visual acuity was 20/20 or better in 9 Artisan eyes (20.9%) and 5 LASIK eyes (12.2%) and 20/40 or better in 38 Artisan eyes (88.4%) and 24 LASIK eyes (58.5%); no Artisan eyes and 5 LASIK eyes (12.2%) lost 2 or more Snellen lines of spectacle-corrected visual acuity. One Artisan eye (2.3%) and six LASIK eyes (14.6%) reported severe night glare; the Artisan lens was exchanged with a larger optic diameter lens. Mean endothelial cell loss at 1 year was 0.7 ± 1.1 cells/mm 2 in the Artisan eyes and 0.3 ± 0.9 cells/mm 2 in the LASIK eyes. Contrast sensitivity curve decreased by 2 or more lines in two Artisan (4.7%) and six LASIK eyes (14.6%). Of the 18 patients who received both surgeries, one in each eye, 13 patients (72.2%) preferred the Artisan procedure because of the better quality of vision. Conclusions In this study, Artisan lens implantation and LASIK were found to be similarly effective, stable, and reasonably safe for the correction of myopia between −9.00 and −19.50 diopters. Better uncorrected and spectacle-corrected visual acuity and contrast sensitivity, a lower enhancement rate, and exchangeability are the main advantages of Artisan lens implantation. Thirteen (72.2%) of the 18 patients who received the Artisan lens in one eye and LASIK in the other preferred the Artisan lens to the LASIK, mainly because of the better quality of vision.

The Material of Male Power

A skilled craftsman may be no more than a worker in relation to capital, but seen from within the working class he has been a king among men and lord of his household. As a high earner he preferred to see himself as the sole breadwinner, supporter of wife and children. As artisan he defined the unskilled workman as someone of inferior status, and would 'scarcely count him a brother and certainly not an equal' (Berg, 1979:121). For any socialist movement concerned with unity in the working class, the skilled craftsman is therefore a problem. For anyone concerned with the relationship of class and gender, and with the foundations of male power, skilled men provide a fertile field for study. Compositors in the printing trade are an artisan group that have long defeated the attempts of capital to weaken the tight grip on the labour process from which their strength derives. Now their occupation is undergoing a dramatic technological change initiated by employers. Introduction of the new computerized technology of photocomposition represents an attack on what remains of their control over their occupation and wipes out many of the aspects of the work which have served as criteria by which 'hot metal' composition for printing has been defined as a manual skill and a man's craft.' In this paper I look in some detail at the compositors' crisis, what has given rise to it and what it may lead to in future. Trying to understand it has led me to ask; questions in the context of socialist-feminist theory. These I discuss first, as preface to an account of key moments in the compositors' craft history. I then isolate the themes of skill and technology for further analysis, and conclude with the suggestion that there may be more to male power than 'patriarchal' relations.

The Entrepreneurial Reorganization of an Artisan Trade: The Bakers of Buenos Aires, 1770-1820

Although there have been numerous important contributions to the social history of colonial Spanish America published in recent years, these studies have generally ignored the artisan and semi-skilled working classes that were, numerically, the largest urban components of these societies. This article will examine one colonial artisan group, the bakers of Buenos Aires, during a period when the city and its hinterland experienced significant economic and political change, 1770-1820. At the beginning of the period, Buenos Aires was little more than a large village with a population of approximately 20,000 and an economy dominated by contraband trade. As part of a major reform of Spanish strategic and economic policy, Buenos Aires was selected in 1776 as the political capital of a new viceroyalty that included the vast region bordered by the Andes, the Atlantic and Brazil. The city's new political importance with a viceregal court, enlarged military garrisons and augmented bureaucracy stimulated both urban and regional economies and attracted large numbers of immigrants from the interior and from Europe. It is increasingly clear that these alterations in the city's economic life and social structure contributed to the political crisis that culminated in the independence period. Although this study will concentrate on a single occupational group, it is hoped that this effort to measure the responses of the bakers to the altered opportunities and challenges of the late colonial and early independence periods will also provide some new insights into the economic and political history of the region during this crucial period.