Artillery Weapons Research Articles

Ways to improve reconnaissance in the interests of missile forces and artillery

The article describes the experience of creating automated control systems by foreign countries. Experience in controlling fire weapons and reconnaissance assets. The analysis of their interaction. Considered in detail the automated control system of field artillery of the United States of America Advanced Field Artillery Tactical Data System (AFTDS).
 This is an experience of creating a system of foreign countries. Experience in controlling fire weapons and reconnaissance assets. The analysis of their interaction. Considered in detail is the United States of America Advanced Field Artillery Tactical Data System (AFTDS). This is a multipurpose tactical information system of field artillery using mobile technology. It provides automated decision making for the functional subsystem, support for the ground forces and marines, as well as integrated operational units and united types of troops. The article describes the entire sector of the capabilities of this automated combat control system.
 The article also discusses ADLER (Artillerie Daten Lage and Einsatz Rechnerverbund) Germany’s automated field artillery control system. This automated field artillery control system provides all the field artillery control capabilities from the division to the gun (mortar, MLRS, reconnaissance equipment). The unified information network unites target detection facilities, combat (fire) and fire weapons control centers (points). it makes it possible not only to process the data, but also to control the detection mode and hit targets, including the evaluation of intermediate results. Integrated systems of reconnaissance, surveillance, target definitions and their destruction are considered by military experts of the leading, militarily, countries of the world as a critical element for achieving information superiority over the enemy.
 Analysis of the interaction of artillery reconnaissance forces and weapons and armaments of the leading military countries of the world provides an opportunity to study the development of weapons and military equipment to ensure the creation of an intelligence-information subsystem of artillery.

Control of Malfunctions and their Consequences in the Operation of the Heavy Artillery Weapons

Abstract At essential components in the composition of artillery weapons, it is important that during the manufacturing and repair processes, to identify, at an early stage, possible non-homogeneities / structural and joining discrepancies, which may lead to major defects and finally the occurrence of some damages in these weapons. Such phenomena can be traced and prevented by non-destructive control methods available to the actors involved. Suggestive in this regard are the methods of control with penetrating, electromagnetic, ultrasound and pressurizing liquids. Ignoring the consequences of the malfunctions can lead to a worsening of the technical condition of the artillery weapons and, implicitly, to their decommissioning.

ІНФОРМАЦІЙНІ ТЕХНОЛОГІЇ ІНТЕНСИФІКАЦІЇ І ПІДВИЩЕННЯ ЯКОСТІ КОМП’ЮТЕРИЗОВАНОГО НАВЧАННЯ

The article the shows problem of using multimedia complex in teaching students of military training Department of the artillery weapons and munitions, examples of multimedia elements: devices, actions, samples of artillery weapons and ammunition on the basis of which conclusions about the effectiveness of its application. Describes the General block diagram of elements of a multimedia training complex, and the material features of the used constituent partsRecommendations for the development, effective use and implementation of multimedia systems in educational process of students of the Department of military training of Sumy state University.

Effect of Orally Administered Glutathione Peroxidase Mimetic towards Glutathione and Malondialdehyde Blood Level and Otoacoustic Emissions Result in Soldiers with Acoustic Trauma Risk Caused by Howitzer 105 Artillery Weapon BLAST

Excessive noise exposure may cause mechanical and metabolic (oxidative stress) to the inner ear structure (cochlea), resulting in acoustic trauma (TA). Oxidative stress which caused by increasing of free radical ROS/RNS in the organs of Corti, causing apoptosis and necrosis of cochlear hair cell. Oxidative stress was characterized by increasing of malondialdehyde (MDA), decreasing of glutathione peroxidase (GPx) enzyme, and abnormal otoacoustic emission value (refer). Defense mechanism toward oxidative stress was mediated by endogenous antioxidant enyzme (superoxide dismutase/SOD, catalase/CAT, and GPx). Cellular mechanism of glutation peroxidase mimetic was similar as GPx.    Aim of this study was to determine the impact of glutathione peroxidase mimetic to glutathione peroxidase and malondialdehyde level in blood, also otoacoustic emission value on soldiers with risk of TA due to explosion of Howitzer 105 artillery weapon. The design of this study was clinical trial pre and post design, randomized, double blind and placebo controlled, on 34 new recruit soldiers in Artillery Academy of Indonesian Army, during the soldiers were trained to firing Howitzer 105 artillery weapon, from 7th-10th July 2014 in Cimahi and Batujajar. Subjects were divided into 2 groups, the exposure group (group given treatment) and control group. Exposure group was given glutathione peroxidase mimetic (Ebselen SPI 1005) 200mg, orally once daily during the training, meanwhile control group was given. Malondialdehyde and Glutathione Peroxidase level in blood, pure tone audiometry and otoacoustic emission value (DPOAEs) was measured from those two groups, before and after firing training. The data was analyzed using parametric and non parametric, with Number Needed to Treat (NNT, 95%CI) and significance value (p<0.05).    The results of this study showed the number of acoustic trauma events in controle group based on pure tone audiometry test was 23.5%, exposure group was 0%, and based on DPOAEs test the controle group showed 47.1% abnormal/refer, exposure group showed 100% normally/pass, and this difference stastically significance (p<0.051). The group which was given Ebselen SPI 1005 showed increasing 82.4% erythrocyte GPx level (NNT, 95%CI=1.889 [1.159-3.016]; p=0.004), showed increasing 88.2% plasma GPx level (NNT, 95%CI=1.417 [0.970-1.775]; p<0.001), decreasing 100% erythrocyte MDA level (NNT, 95%CI = 2.125 [1.335-3.987]; p=0.01),  showed decreasing 94.1% plasma MDA level (NNT, 95%CI=2.125 [1.29-3.904]; p=0.01), and resulting 100% in normal/pass DPOAEs value (NNT, 95%CI = 2.125 [1.335-3.987]; p=0.01). This study concluded that giving Ebselen SPI 1005 to soldiers with risk of acoustic trauma during the firing Howitzer 105 artillery weapon, increasing GPx level in blood, decreasing MDA level in blood, and resulting normally DPOAEs value (pass)

Trends in the integration of elements of the space radionavigation system in the means to increase the accuracy of artillery munitions

The article deals with the main issues of implementation of the main trends in the development of artillery weapons. Its increase in the efficiency of the use of artillery shell fragmentation shells by introducing the latest technological developments in the means of correction of the trajectory. The situation that occurred during the Military Operation of the Joint Forces in the Donetsk and Luhansk Oblasts of Ukraine in 2014 required the use of not only light weapons but also more powerful weapons, namely artillery weapons, against illegal armed groups with high spectacular capabilities, maneuverability, clear control system. The experience of fighting in the area of modern military conflicts (the civil war in Syria) confirms the urgency of using high-precision weapons, namely high-precision artillery shells, since major hostilities occur in settlements.

大数据背景下某型火炮武器系统作战指挥平台构建的实践与思考

大数据背景下某型火炮武器系统作战指挥平台构建的实践与思考

Adaptive planning for the development of rocket and artillery weapons

The article presents the main requirements and approaches to adaptive planning that can be used in the military system. The typical structure of an adaptive plan for the development of rocket-artillery weapons samples is determined.The urgency of the use of adaptive planning in the interests of the development of samples of missile and artillery weapons of the military system is determined by the following:adaptive planning contributes to and complements the formation of a coherent picture of the solution of problem issues, a single vector of efforts for all components of the military system;in the context of military-political and military-technical transformations, which are conditioned by cooperation with NATO, adaptive planning is the most adequate instrument capable of coordinating the efforts of the authorities in solving problem issues.For the implementation of development measures for missile artillery weapons, an adaptive plan can become an important element in the planning system, which provides timely regulation of the military-purpose system.In order to plan activities for the development of missile and artillery weapons samples in the practice of the military-defense system, it is necessary:have a trained unit for adaptive planning with defined rights and responsibilities, with the task of solving specific problems;direct their activities to specific organizations and institutions;to take advantage of the strengths of the military system and the capabilities of the environment for the development of missile-artillery weapons samples;to set specific terms for the implementation of activities (works);have stable security;to create a methodical device for adaptive planning, to train staff, to establish internal communication that would allow them to respond promptly to changes in the conditions of the situation, to exchange information and bring it to all relevant organizations and employees, coordinate their actions and have feedback.Taking into account the requirements and approaches to adaptive planning of the military system, a typical structure of an adaptive plan for the development of missile-artillery weapons designs is based on the principles of adaptive planning (management). In general, the structure of the adaptive plan allows management in conjunction with the ability to take into account changes in the external and internal environment, which may cause the need for adjusting the plan already in the process of its implementation.The identified requirements and the presented structure of an adaptive plan for the development of missile-artillery armament samples are typical (basic) ones, which in the final implementation for the developers of the adaptive plan need to be clarified and corrected.

Selective maintenance optimization for random phased-mission systems subject to random common cause failures

In both industrial and military fields, there is such a kind of complicated system termed as phased-mission system, which executes missions composed of several different phases in sequence. The structure, failure behavior, and working conditions of such a system may change from phase to phase. The duration of each phase of such a system involved is random and follows a probability distribution, and the system may suffer some events resulting in simultaneous failures of different elements with different probabilities. In order to guarantee such a system completes the phased-mission successfully, a selective maintenance model for random phased-mission systems subject to random common cause failures is proposed to optimally identify a subset of maintenance activities to be performed on some elements of the system. Thereinto, a novel analytic model is developed to estimate the probability of the maintained random phased-mission system successfully completing the phased-mission, and we compare it with a well-known Monte Carlo Simulation approach. Finally, the proposed selective maintenance model has been successfully applied to an artillery weapon system. Comparative analysis is carried out to compare the proposed model with the traditional ones, including selective maintenance models for deterministic phased-mission systems and deterministic single-phase mission systems. The results show that ignoring some mission properties (e.g. randomness and multiple phases) in selective maintenance optimization will lead to (1) incorrect system and mission modeling, (2) incorrect computation of the probability of the random phased-mission system successfully completing a mission, and/or (3) nonoptimal selective maintenance options.

On the Issue of the Possibility of Expanding the Regimes of Combat Use of Aircraft Artillery Weapons

Авиационное артиллерийское оружие можно отнести к тем системам, перспективы использования которых сохраняются на весь период существования армии с вооружением обычного типа, поэтому вопрос поиска наиболее эффективных путей проведения его модернизации остается на сегодняшний день актуальным. Неправильная организация режимов боевого применения авиационного артиллерийского оружия может привести к невыполнению полетного задания и даже потере собственного летательного аппарата. Оценка температурного поля авиационного артиллерийского оружия, в котором после прекращения стрельбы очередной боеприпас досылается в канал ствола, является важной составляющей при оценке его качественного и безопасного функционирования. В статье рассматривается модель теплового состояния системы «оружие - патрон», являющейся составной конструкцией сложной формы, при отстреле увеличенного количества выстрелов в очереди, очередей выстрелов, изменении временных интервалов между очередями выстрелов, аргументируется выбор метода конечных разностей для построения математической модели нагрева системы «оружие - патрон». Оценено влияние перерывов между очередями выстрелов на время достижения допустимых температур срабатывания взрывчатого вещества унитарного патрона, влияющие на безопасное применение авиационного артиллерийского оружия. Определено влияние высоты полета на возможность расширения диапазонов боевого применения авиационного артиллерийского оружия. Представлен анализ влияния увеличения боеприпасов в очереди и количества отстреливаемых очередей на вероятность поражение цели с помощью метода имитационного моделирования стрельбы определено влияние очереди увеличенной длины на рассеивание боеприпасов ударного действия при стрельбе по воздушной цели.

A Fire Sequencing Problem to Minimize the Total Weighted Firing Completion Time of the Artillery Weapons

A Fire Sequencing Problem to Minimize the Total Weighted Firing Completion Time of the Artillery Weapons

REGULATION OF BURNING SPEED FOR THE GRANULES OF HIGH ENERGY MATERIALS IN MILITARY FIELD (SINGLE-BASED PROPELLANT) USING ABSORPTION OF CAMPHOR METHODS

As launchers for artillery weapon, grains were used that have energy in military equipment (also known as the single-based propellant). Each type of artillery weapon has a special requirement for muzzle velocity and pressure in which for the ammunition used for weapon with long barrel and high power, the term "increasing the efficiency of propellant" means, it is extremely important to improve the muzzle velocity of the projectile while maintaining maximum pressure in the barrel. This article presents one of the key approaches to "increasing the efficiency of propellant" by regulation the grain velocity of the initial particles of propellant by absorbing camphor on their surfaces (phlegmatic propellant).

LIMB AMPUTATIONS IN MILITARY PERSONNEL DUE TO ARTILLERY STRIKES IN THE AREA OF THE ANTITERRORIST OPERATION (ATO) IN EAST UKRAINE

The aim – to investigate and evaluate amputations of extremities due to the trikes of artillery against military personnel of the Armed Forces of Ukraine (AFU) within the area of the Antiterrorist Operation (ATO) in East Ukraine. 
 Patients and methods. All military personnel of the AFU within ATO was eligible for the study with diagnosis of limb amputations in the period from 01.06.2014 to 30.06.2016, and who were treated in hospitals of the Ministry of Defense of Ukraine. Among 7091 patients with injuries, 152 patients with limb amputations were identified.
 Results and discussion. Out of 152 patients, 73 (48%) amputations were due to artillery strikes or mine shelling, while other causes of amputation were identified in 79 (52%) of the wounded. Amputations of the middle 1/3 of the arm were more frequently diagnosed in the artillery injury group as compared to the group of another cause of amputation (p = 0.011). The use of artillery by the terrorists against the AFU resulted in more often in amputation of one limb, which was detected in 70 (96%) patients in this group, as compared with 65 (82%) patients in the group of another cause of amputation (p = 0.0093). Analyses of the number of amputated extremities revealed 1 (1.4%) patient with amputation of 2 lower extremities in the artillery fire group, which was 9 times less frequently observed as compared to 9 (11%) patients in the group of another cause of amputation (p = 0.019).
 Conclusions: The results of the study confirmed significant role of artillery strikes for the amputation of one limb. High-energy artillery weapons play a minor role in terms of amputations at the level of the middle 1/3 of the upper limb and amputation of the two lower limbs.

Određivanje pozicije akustičnih izvora korišćenjem metode diskretne raspodele verovatnoća podržane združenom detekcijom i procenom vremena nailaska signala

The localization of various acoustic sources in a battlefield (such as weapon rounds, mortars, rockets, mines, improvised explosive devices, vehicle-borne improvised explosive devices and airborne vehicles) nowadays has significant history. In acoustic source localization systems multiple sensors (such as microphones or microphone arrays), placed at known positions and networked, are used to detect signals emitted from the source and perform localization of the source. In this paper, Discrete Probability Density (DPD) method, as a method for position determination, has been used to estimate location of acoustic sources such as artillery weapons. Wavelet decomposition of the acoustic signal enables to emphasize N-wave in the time domain. Time of Arrival (TOA) estimation is realized by a statistical analysis of narrow time segment which hold N-wave. Based on the estimated TOA Time Difference of Arrival (TDOA) is calculated. TDOA presents relative time difference of arrival of the sound signal between pairs of sensors. Localization of the acoustic sources is performed by time difference estimation of acoustic signal arrivals using Discrete Probability Density method. A number of experiments with fire off mortar projectiles have been conducted in order to verify the performance of the proposed approach.

Launching dynamic analysis for truck mounted howitzer by using flexible multi-body techniques

The cornerstone of this article is to examine the integration possibility between artillery weapon systems and a special purpose generic hydraulic assistance control circuit in order to decrease the generated artilleries muzzle disturbances to the minimum level. The muzzle disturbance simulation of 122 mm caliber truck-mounted howitzer during firing is carried out in different calculation methods in terms of rigid and flexible components. Different element types are employed to build the best flexible model for such weapon system. Before launching dynamic simulations, modal analysis is accomplished to validate the numerical results accuracy of the generated flexible models by comparing them with the experimental snapshots. The muzzle disturbance simulations for such weapon system are demonstrated in both bandwidth and frequencies. In addition, sensitivity analyses for different design variables which affect the firing angle are completely examined. Finally, a future upgrade expectation of fully controlled muzzle disturbances for such weapon system is established. Complete problem formulation and system stability requirements are determined to specify accurately the required hydraulic responses in the future weapon.

Transfer of German Military Know-How and Technology to the Ottoman Military Factories at the beginning of the First World War

Supply of military weapons, equipment, spare parts and ammunition had always been of a crucial importance for the Ottoman Empire. This issue came to be a part of an international diplomacy from 19th century onwards when the Ottoman governments were forced into a position to choose allies from European Powers who were in rivalry in providing military materials. Many companies from France, England and Germany competed with each other in order to have the greatest share from the military supplies market in the Ottoman Empire. Such German companies as Krupp, and Rheinische Metallwaren und Maschinefabrik in Düsseldorf; French company Sxneider/Le Creusot; and British Armstrong/Vickers Company were among them. However, German weapon companies stood out in meeting the needs of the Ottoman military. In the reign of Abdulhamid II, the German company of Krupp came forward in selling artillery weapons in particular after the 1880's, and turned out to be the dominant power in the end of the century, while the other German companies dealt in the various other military materials such as rifles, ammunitions, spare parts, wagons, factory workbenches. Levazımat-ı Umumiye Dairesi (General Supplies Department) which functioned as attached to the Harbiye Nezareti (Ministry of War) during the early years of the 20th century was in charge of the supply and distribution of primary materials which were necessary for the provisioning of the army. This department was not only involved in the provisioning and equipment of the army during the WWI, but played an important role in procuring the technical equipment for the setting up and development of military factories as well as establishing connections and cooperation with Germany to this end, through its branches. It is possible to reach many correspondences about these cases in ATESE Archives which is attached to the General Staff. This study aims to provide some examples concerning the activities of the above-mentioned department and military factories and procuring the wartime equipment in particular, based on the primary sources.

Evaluating The Technical Resource Of Medium And Large Caliber Artillery Weaponry Using The Standard Objective Function

Abstract The technical resource of artillery weapons can be highlighted, in an original way, with the help of a function called by the author standard objective function. In this respect, an original mathematical model thereof was defined and is presented. Consistent with the values achieved in time by the standard objective function qualitative information on the technical resource assessment of artillery mouths is provided. The model developed enables qualitative assessments concerning normal operation or reaching the critical value of the mouth. The defining element of this approach is the diagnosis parameters.

English

Proof & Experimental Establishment (PXE) is the premier DRDO Artillery Firing Range located along east coast of Odisha, covering 50kms along coast and around 40kms into area with various Range Infrastructure built around 3 Firing Points to conduct Artillery weapon firing for fulfilling services requirement and R&D developmental activity. Ordnance factories, Public sector units and sister DRDO laboratories are primary users of this Firing Range. DGQA sentences the production lots based on results compiled by PXE. In order to fulfill the production target as well as various other DRDO, OFand PSU’s development trials, dedicated scientific and service community of PXE play untiring role by meticulously planning, executing various trials successfully. This special issue of Defence Science Journal on of futuristics development in Test & Evaluation of armamentscovers in total 9 technical papers that highlight primarily PXE R&D activity/developmental task for fulfilling dynamic evaluation of present and future Artillery Weapons. Defence Science Journal, Vol. 64, No. 6, November 2014, pp.497, DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.14429/dsj.64.8107

Monte Carlo Simulations of Weapon Effectiveness Using Pk Matrix and Carleton Damage Function

 Abstract—Carleton damage function has been commonly utilized to describe the weapon-target interaction in the weapon effectiveness analyses. This function is simplified from the actual weapon lethality data and these simplifications can affect the analysis results. This paper investigates the difference between results of Monte Carlo simulations to determine the probability of target damage that utilize the Carleton damage function and the results of the same simulations that utilize a non-simplified probability of kill (Pk) matrix. A problem of multiple shots of an unguided artillery weapon against an area target was chosen as a case study. Two sets of Monte Carlo simulations to determine the probability of damage on a target were performed for several numbers of shots and target sizes. The first set of simulations utilized the Pk matrix while the second set utilized the Carleton damage function. Statistical analyses were performed. It was suggested that there was difference between the results of two sets of simulations but the effect size was small.

UNCERTAIN GROUP DECISION-MAKING WITH INDUCED AGGREGATION OPERATORS AND EUCLIDEAN DISTANCE

In this paper, we present the induced uncertain Euclidean ordered weighted averaging distance (IUEOWAD) operator. It is an extension of the OWA operator that uses the main characteristics of the induced OWA (IOWA), the Euclidean distance and uncertain information represented by interval numbers. The main advantage of this operator is that it is able to consider complex attitudinal characters of the decision-maker by using order-inducing variables in the aggregation of the Euclidean distance. Moreover, it is able to deal with uncertain environments where the information is very imprecise and can be assessed with interval numbers. We study some of its main properties and particular cases such as the uncertain maximum distance, the uncertain minimum distance, the uncertain normalized Euclidean distance (UNED), the uncertain weighted Euclidean distance (UWED) and the uncertain Euclidean ordered weighted averaging distance (UEOWAD) operator. We also apply this aggregation operator to a group decision-making problem regarding the selection new artillery weapons under uncertainty.

A ballistics module as a part of the fire control system

This article presents a ballistics module as a part of the fire control system of weapons for fire support (mortars, artillery weapons and rocket launchers). The software is open with the prominence of autonomy work. It can be modulated and adapted on the user demand. Moreover, it is independent of the hardware base. Introduction: The fire control system is based on a ballistic module (BM) which determines the firing data for each weapon tool in the battery. Ballistic calculations, for the given position of the target in relation to the position of tools in the given weather conditions, determine firing data (elevation, direction, timing and locating devices) so that the missile seems to cause the desired effect. This paper gives the basic information about the features the BM performs and the manner of their implementation in the fire control system without going into algorithmic solution procedures. Ballistic problem in the fire control system: Ballistic calculation is based on a trajectory calculation of all kinds of projectiles (current, time-fuze, illuminating, smoke, with conventional propulsion, rocket, with built-in gas generator, etc.). Instead of previous solutions, where a trajectory calculation of the fire control system was done by approximate methods, in this BM the trajectory calculation is made by the same model with the same data as for a weapon and ammunition in the process of creating a firing table. The data used in the fire control system are made simultaneously with the preparation of firing tables for a particular tool and associated ammunition,. A modified model of particle, standardized at the NATO level, is also used. Taking into account the meteorological situation, before the trajectory calculation is done, a relative position of the target in relation to the position of the tool should be determined. A selection or loading check is carried out (possibility of reaching a given target) as well as the point at which the fuse is activated. The initial elevation of the tools that is used for calculating the trajectory to the end point should also be determined. The calculation is repeated until the final point of the trajectory coincides with a specific point by a projectile. During the preparation phase of fire, after all input parameters have been defined, the calculation is activated by the appropriate command. As an output from the BM, the initial firing data for the battery are determined: - Type of projectile, type of fuse, angle, distance table, locating devices and timing device (or the flight time); - Information and data: ordinate trajectory, angle of fall, terminal velocity, probable error of range and probable error of deflection. The demands placed on the ballistic module: In order to perform the functions of fire, the BM should provide, in addition to determining the elements for target practice, the solution to the following tasks: - Check the possibility to fire; - Correction and transfer of fire; - Group shooting, and - Planned fire. Ballistic testing of module: All ballistic modules (ballistic model, ballistic data, ballistic module software and the hardware that they will be implemented on) should meet the established requirements. The ballistic testing of the module is done in several stages, using a ballistic computer (BC) simulation model, the entire artillery system simulation program and the computer embedded in the target system. The ballistic computer simulation model allows input of all projected input data and displaying all the results of calculations in a batch and interactive mode. The ballistic model and ballistic data are tested by comparing them with the verification data obtained from simulation programs or parts of programs used for creating firing tables. Conclusion: Modern combat conditions impose increasing the efficiency and effectiveness of artillery fire by increasing the speed of response and shooting accuracy. The approximate methods used in the first stage of artillery computers inevitably caused inaccuracy of such data as well as a number of corrections, which increased the time required for firing at goal. In accordance with international standards, a module for calculating firing elements in the fire control system must be implemented by the same trajectory model and with the same ballistic data for the weapon and ammunition as well as in the procedure for the preparation of firing tables. Technological advances in hardware implementation ensure the implementation of such software. From the above mentioned reasons, the realized ballistic BM module shows the following benefits of the fire control system: significant increase of the speed, accuracy and efficiency of artillery fire, reduction of the number of persons required to perform its functions and a higher technological level.