Artillery Research Articles

Развитие средств борьбы с бронетехникой на переднем крае обороны. Первая половина 1930-х гг. По материалам советской военной печати

In the article on the materials of the military press of the first half of the 1930s. the author analyzes the change in views on the fight against armored vehicles in the specified period. The author considers the main addition and alternatives to anti-tank guns, which were popular with military theorists considering the issues of countering armored vehicles at a distance of up to a kilometer. In the course of his work, the author considers proposals on the tactical and technical aspects of using various types of grenades against armored vehicles, mines, bi-calibre artillery system, heavy machine guns, automatic guns received from both foreign and domestic experts. As a result of the study, the author comes to the conclusion that in the USSR in the first half of the 1930s. the military leadership quickly came to the conclusion that anti-tank guns were needed to fight tanks, and grenades and mines could play a very limited role in the fight against armored vehicles. While outside the USSR, heavy machine guns, automatic guns, field artillery guns continued to be considered as anti-tank weapons. Thus, we can say that in the USSR the conceptual awareness of the vector of counteraction to armored vehicles occurred earlier than in Germany, France, the British Empire, the United States of America and Poland.

Исследование триботехнических характеристик подшипников скольжения артиллерийских орудий

Исследование триботехнических характеристик подшипников скольжения артиллерийских орудий

О дате модернизации Аккерманской крепости Франсуа Кауффером

One of the most famous periods in the construction history of the Akkerman Fortress is associated with the name of the French engineer in the Turkish service — François Kauffer. As a result of his activities, the medieval stronghold significantly changed its appearance in the last decade of the 18th century, adapting to the tasks of conducting a modern siege war with the help of heavy powder artillery. The dating of these large-scale works in Ackerman remained under question. Some new documentary sources with their detailed information made such dating possible. Kauffer fixed his presence in the fortress with an autograph on the wall of the citadel tower. Apparently, the modernization took place here in the spring and summer of 1796. Equally, the end of the works was marked by the tughra of the ruling Sultan Selim III, installed on the facade of the main gate. The date on Selim III’s tarih and the one in Kauffer’s autograph is 1796.

Numerical Simulation and Experimental Study of Internal Ballistics Parameters for Howitzer Field Guns

Howitzer Gun is a type of large-caliber artillery gun that typically utilizes a mixture of propellant grain shapes to control the burning inside the gun, and to impart the prescribed velocity to the projectile with the smallest mass of charge without exceeding the maximum allowable pressure. In this paper, a mathematical model has been developed to predict the main internal ballistic parameters i.e., Maximum Pressure (Max. P) and Muzzle Velocity (MV) for artillery howitzer guns. The propellant charge utilized is a single-base propellant using a mixture of dual-shape grain namely, tubular and multi-tubular seven-hole shapes. The mathematical model was solved numerically using the Runge-Kutta method in MATLAB environment for a 130 mm howitzer field gun which was chosen as a test case. The simulation results were obtained in terms of several plots showing the effect of grain shape and grain mixture ratio on the Max. P and MV along the gun barrel. Furthermore, the optimum mixture ratio gives a slightly reduced MV with a significant reduction in Max. P has been determined graphically and compared with experimental data taken from the test firing of the gun. The simulation results showed good agreement with the experimental ones (less than 10% numerical error). The proposed model can be used in the analysis and optimization of other similar gun systems taking into account the right input data for both guns, and propellants.

Building a model of the process of shooting a mobile armored target with directed fragmentation-beam shells in the form of a discrete-continuous stochastic system

This paper describes the process of shooting a mobile armored combat vehicle with directed fragmentation-beam shells as a discrete-continuous random process. Based on this approach, a stochastic model has been proposed in the form of a system of Kolmogorov-Chapman differential equations. A universal model of the process of defeating a moving armored target with directed fragmentation-beam shells has been built, which would provide preconditions for experimental studies into the effectiveness of various variants of the components of the artillery system for three-shot firing. The execution of an artillery task is considered as a set of certain procedures characterized by the average value of its duration. They are dependent on the firing phases involving a prospective automatic gun and the explosive destruction of fragmentation-beam shells while the explosive destruction of each shell case is characterized by the self-propagation of the reaction of explosive transformations based on tabular data on the target. An indicator of the functionality of various design options for fragmentation-beam shells is the probability of causing damage by «useful fragments» in the vulnerable compartments of a combat armored vehicle. Devising universal models for the process of shooting a moving armored vehicle forms preconditions for further full-time experiments in accordance with the design solutions defined as a result of modeling. It is possible to use the developed discrete-continuous stochastic model in other modeling tasks to determine the optimal value of defeat. As regards the practical application of discrete-continuous stochastic models, one can argue about the possibility of reducing the cost of performing design tasks related to weapons by 25 % and decreasing the likelihood of making mistakes at the stage of system engineering design

Application of the method of analysis of hierarchies to assess the software of complexes of automation means

The article analyzes the current state of the methods for assessing the software of complexes of automation of fire control of artillery systems supplied to the artillery units of the Ground Forces of the Armed Forces of Ukraine. The actual problem of verification and certification of the developed samples of special software of such complexes is determined, which consists in the absence of established assessment procedures, a large subjective component in the existing methods for assessing software, the inconsistency of their norms in accordance with state and international standards. In the proposed conceptual model for assessing the quality of software, new metrics have been defined that will characterize special software that ensures the functioning of complexes of fire control automation systems for artillery subunits when they perform fire engagement tasks and which reflects the peculiarity of the use of artillery systems. To assess the proposed new metrics, the elements of their assessment and the mathematical apparatus for carrying out calculations are determined and substantiated. To determine the magnitude of the influence of indicators on the overall quality of software, a new approach is proposed, which consists in applying the method of analyzing hierarchies when determining the priority of indicators of elements, metrics, criteria and factors at each level of the hierarchy. The use of multicriteria analysis of the hierarchy analysis method ensures that the subjectivity of experts is avoided when assessing the quality of special software, it makes it possible to identify bottlenecks in the developed tactical and technical requirements for the software of the indicated complexes of automation tools for artillery systems and takes into account the mutual influence of indicators on the overall quality. A certain improved methodology, which more fully covers the software assessment process, will in the future be the basis for creating a quality assurance system for software of automation systems and forming a tool for their certification.

THE CHARACTERISTICS OF THE ROMANIAN INFANTRY DEFENCE ACCORDING TO THE LATEST INSTRUCTIONS USED DURING THE SECOND WORLD WAR

This article discusses the characteristics of the Romanian infantry defence during the last part of the Second World War according to the instructions received from the General Staff or various Higher Commands. It presents aspects relating to the role of the defence that regained its specific mission to hold its position to the last man or bullet. This article presents the tactical rules of an infantry division in a position of resistance, the arrangement of the battalions, the role of the heavy artillery units and the course of action when the enemy started the attack. At the same time, it also lists the differences between the instructions and directives relating to defence, given under the German influence between 1941- 1943 and the last ones during the war. Furthermore, it also defines the concept of fire plan with all the necessary firings to be delivered against an enemy, with the assessment of the role of the cooperation between the aviation and the artillery once the preparatory firing is started or its use against tanks.

АНАЛІЗ СТАНУ І ПЕРСПЕКТИВИ РОЗВИТКУ КОМПЛЕКСІВ ВИСОКОТОЧНОЇ ЗБРОЇ, В ТОМУ ЧИСЛІ І ВИСОКОТОЧНИХ БОЄПРИПАСІВ

This article provides an analysis of modern high-precision armament (artillery), is standing in service with Ukraine and USA. The main specifications of high-precision munitions, the principle of their action and application are given. Modern barrel artillery, with high firepower, rate of fire, maneuverability and the ability to solve a wide range of combat tasks, retains a leading position in the armament system of militarily advanced countries. High fire properties of barrel artillery are provided by constant improvement of all components of its subsystems. In terms of combat potential, the most modern artillery systems 2C19 (Ukraine), CAESAR (France), and PzH2000 (Germany) are 4-5 times higher than the artillery systems developed in the 1960s and 1980s. And yet, despite the obvious improvement in artillery, the number of guns involved, the consumption of shells and the time of the main combat missions still remain significant. Thus, to defeat the enemy’s battery at ranges from 15 to 20 km, you need to involve an artillery division (18 guns), and the cost will be 600-800 shells.The firing time is 6-8 minutes. Widespread introduction of the latest scientific and technical achievements in the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation has led to the emergence of qualitatively new means of armed strugg. First of all, we are talking about high-precision weapons, the mass use of which allows you to solve problems of operational and sometimes strategic nature. Keywords: high-precision armament, high0precision munitions, artillery systems, specifications, possibilities.

ОЦІНКА ЕФЕКТИВНОСТІ ЗАСОБІВ УРАЖЕННЯ І БОЄПРИПАСІВ З ВИКОРИСТАННЯМ УДАРНОГО ЯДРА

The development of high-precision ammunition, which operates on the principle of «discovered and destroyed armored vehicles» – is one of the areas of improving the arsenal of ammunition of the Armed Forces of Ukraine. In the development of these weapon of destruction there is the development of homing and self-aiming warheads, which can be equipped not only with artillery, jet, engineering ammunition, but also warheads of tactical and operational-tactical missiles, means of destroying strike unmanned aerial vehicles. Ammunition is optimized to hit a very wide range of targets (launchers, artillery systems, tanks and other armored vehicles) and allow to effectively conduct fire defeat of the enemy during various types of combat operations. The article considers the principle of operation, general design and classification of means of destruction and ammunition using a shock nucleus, which are currently used in the armies of advanced countries. The main characteristics and possibilities of application of these means of defeat are analyzed. Recommendations are being developed for the development of these weapons of destruction in the Armed Forces of Ukraine and the increase of their combat effectiveness, their use in the use of strike unmanned aerial vehicles or the use of these weapons of destruction as «kamikaze» drones. Keywords: projectile-forming charge, explosive, striking element, warhead, cumulative charge, cumulative facing, target coordinator, cumulative jet, self-aiming warhead, homing warheads.

СПОСІБ ПЕРЕВІРКИ ПАРАМЕТРІВ ГІДРОПНЕВМАТИЧНИХ НАКАТНИКІВ АРТИЛЕРІЙСЬКИХ ГАРМАТ

Technical maintenance of armament at this stage is one of the main artillery requirements. At the same time stable and correct work of hydraulic recoil mechanism is a necessary part of exploitation of this weapon type. According to the operational documentation requirements, cannon hydraulic recoil mechanism is verified during the preparation to the shooting and technical maintenance. It is obligatory to determine initial air pressure and liquid volumes inside the recuperator mechanism of recoil absorber and its approximation to all the norms outlined in the operational documentation. We consider the problems, related to preservation of necessary air pressure and liquid volumes while the shooting, to be very important in comparison with other actions. Their values deviations may cause changes of working parameters of recoil absorber and recuperator mechanism in particular and, consequently, it changes such significant operational parameters of hydraulic recoil mechanism as recoil velocity and length, velocity of recuperator mechanism, etc. Such conditions may lead to emergency situation, and a cannon may lose stability or constructive integrity. That is why the aim of the article is to develop efficient method to verify initial parameters of hydraulic recoil mechanism before the shooting as it will help to bring them to the norms outlined in the operational documentation in the shortest term. The resolution of this problem will contribute to further improvement of modes of exploitation of armament and military equipment. To enhance the level of maintenance of cannons, its recuperator mechanisms using multifunctional pneumatic device in relation to standard instruments that are necessary to verify hydraulic recoil mechanisms of the abovementioned artillery systems means to create the device of new construction with the use of modern light and strong materials as well as progressive technologies. In future it will lead to checking procedures simplification, reducing the execution time, increasing the efficiency of personnel operation and safety. Further research will deal with development of technique of determination of liquid in the recuperator without the use of its test graph. Keywords: hydraulic recoil mechanism, cannons, modes of exploitation.

Differentiation of military personnel for professional selection based on the results of the eye estimation study

The most important direction of the military doctrine of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation is the improvement of the events of manning military units. The degree of fitness of the soldier is currently being determined during professional selection events. The level of development of professionally important qualities is determined for the assessment of professional fitness. The following requirements are placed on the professions of such specialties as the gunner of the tank gun, and the gunner of the artillery gun: accurately determine the distance to the target, select the aiming point, correctly set the initial data on the sight scale. In turn, the scout must be able to navigate the terrain and determine the coordinates of the enemys target and objects, be able to conduct hidden observation. When selecting military personnel for these specialties, special attention should be paid to the individual properties of the eye estimation of candidates. The Eye estimation technique is a tool for differentiating military personnel depending on their ability to accurately recognize spatial intervals. The developed candidate differentiation scales allow determining the place of the subject (area number) among the entire population of candidates depending on the value of the primary indicator from one of 10 subgroups using the percentile scale and assessing the severity of a professionally important function using 10 wall scales (4 figures, 3 tables, bibliography: 8 refs).

Военно-техническое сотрудничество СССР и ЧСР в 30-е гг. XX в. (по воспоминаниям главного конструктора артиллерийских вооружений завода имени Кирова И.А. Маханова). Часть 2

Introduction. Memoirs of I.A. Makhanov, who in the 1930s was the chief designer of artillery weapons at the Kirov plant, contain unique data on the development of the military-technical thought and the defense sector of the USSR industry in the pre-war period. The published fragment of memoirs, first introduced into scientific circulation, supplements and corrects the ideas formed in historiography about the militarytechnical cooperation of the USSR and Czechoslovakia on the eve of World War II. Methods and materials. The preparation of the source text for publication is carried out taking into consideration the modern requirements of archaeography. The published fragment is provided with archaeographic notes which allow to reconstruct the history of creation and modification of the text by the author. The scientific commentary provides information about personalities, place names and specific terms mentioned in the text. Analysis. The author pointed out that despite the supply of the latest weapons from Czechoslovakia to Yugoslavia, Italy, Turkey, Latin America, the share of purchases by the USSR was 50% and had broad prospects for increasing. The German occupation of 1938 suspended and then interrupted military-technical cooperation between the countries. Nevertheless, the Czech side fulfilled all obligations to the USSR. Result. As the published fragment of I.A. Makhanov proves, in the 1930s Czech specialists willingly acquainted the Soviet delegation with the latest developments in artillery systems. At the same time, after the occupation of Czechoslovakia by Germany, none of these weapons were brought to a prototype. Plants “Skoda” and “Zbroevka” were engaged only in the production and modernization of old weapons. Thus, the data of I.A. Makhanova confirm the hypothesis of sabotage of work for Nazi Germany by Czech designers led by V. Gromadko.

Военно-техническое сотрудничество СССР и ЧСР в 30-е гг. XX в. (по воспоминаниям главного конструктора артиллерийских вооружений завода имени Кирова И.А. Маханова)

Introduction. Memoirs of I.A. Makhanov, who in the 1930s was the chief designer of artillery weapons at the Kirov plant, contain unique data on the development of the military-technical thought and the defense sector of the USSR industry in the pre-war period. The published fragment of memoirs, first introduced into scientific circulation, supplements and corrects the ideas formed in historiography about the military-technical cooperation of the USSR and Czechoslovakia on the eve of World War II. Methods and materials. The preparation of the source text for publication is carried out taking into consideration modern requirements of archaeography. The published fragment is provided with archaeographic notes which allow reconstructing the history of creation and modification of the text by the author. The scientific commentary provides information about personalities, place names and specific terms mentioned in the text. Analysis. The author pointed out that despite the supply of the latest weapons from Czechoslovakia to Yugoslavia, Italy, Turkey, Latin America, the share of purchases by the USSR was 50% and had broad prospects for increasing. The German occupation of 1938 suspended and then interrupted military-technical cooperation between the countries. Nevertheless, the Czech side fulfilled all obligations to the USSR. Results. As the published fragment of I.A. Makhanov proves, in the 1930s Czech specialists willingly acquainted the Soviet delegation with the latest developments in artillery systems. At the same time, after the occupation of Czechoslovakia by Germany, none of these weapons were brought to a prototype. “Skoda” and “Zbroevka” plants were engaged only in the production and modernization of old weapons. Thus, the data of I.A. Makhanov confirm the hypothesis of sabotage of work for Nazi Germany by Czech designers led by V. Gromadko.

Predicting modeling of the service properties of carrying systems in the articulated-vehicle-based self-propelled artillery systems

The work is devoted to the possibility and prospects of the use of articulated-vehicle-based self-propelled artillery systems in order to increase their effective firing rate abilities. The reasons for creating such systems are presented. A mathematical model and its description are given. The high convergence of the analytical and the experimental data shows the adequacy of the established mathematical model. The use of the articulated-vehicle construction in self-propelled artillery systems makes it possible to reduce the time between two shots by about 2.5 seconds. Work conditions of the crew are also substantially improved.

A development of the Automatic Measuring System for internal pressure of the artillery

A development of the Automatic Measuring System for internal pressure of the artillery

МЕТОДИКА ОЦІНЮВАННЯ ВОЄННО-ЕКОНОМІЧНОЇ ЕФЕКТИВНОСТІ БОЙОВИХ КОМПЛЕКТІВ ПЕРСПЕКТИВНИХ АРТИЛЕРІЙСЬКИХ СИСТЕМ, ЩО СТВОРЮЮТЬСЯ (МОДЕРНІЗУЮТЬСЯ)

An analysis of military conflicts indicates a sharp increase in maneuvering capabilities, the number of armored targets and anti-weapon capabilities. This makes us look for the possibility of increasing the effectiveness of fire weapons. The existing means of destruction in the Armed Forces of Ukraine require a significant expenditure of ammunition and the use of a large number of fire weapons, for example, to suppress a platoon stronghold, which, as a rule, will include 3-4 infantry fighting vehicles and 1 tank must involve at least artillery division of 152 mm howitzers, with a consumption of 1,440 high-explosive fragmentation shells. In addition, in the course of the gradual transition of the Armed Forces of Ukraine to the standards of NATO member countries, bringing artillery caliber standards to these standards, the development (modernization) of artillery systems, there is a need to revise combat kits, which will be used to equip promising artillery systems (complexes). When substantiating the need for the formation of new combat kits for artillery systems that are being developed (modernized), their military-economic effectiveness is assessed. In connection with the foregoing, there is a need to develop a scientific and methodological apparatus, which will assess the feasibility of making changes to the combat kits of artillery systems. The article discusses a universal methodology for assessing the military-economic effectiveness of combat systems of promising artillery systems that are being developed (modernized). The developed methodology of military-economic evaluation of the effectiveness of combat kits allows you to take into account the economic component in the development (modernization) of artillery systems (complexes). Keywords: combat set, artillery system, military-economic efficiency.

ВИКОРИСТАННЯ ВІЙСЬКОВИХ СИСТЕМ ІМІТАЦІЙНОГО МОДЕЛЮВАННЯ ДЛЯ ВИЗНАЧЕННЯ ДОЦІЛЬНИХ ХАРАКТЕРИСТИК ПЕРСПЕКТИВНОГО АРТИЛЕРІЙСЬКОГО ОЗБРОЄННЯ

The article analyzes the application of simulation systems in the military sphere, the contribution of domestic and foreign scientists to its development. The problem of application of simulation systems in the development of promising models of artillery weapons as complex systems, taking into account the factors of the combat situation, is determined. The variant of hitting the object (target) with a mortar battery, modeling and experiments with different indicators of rate of fire and maneuverability are given. The method of simulation modeling using JCATS identifies the required technical characteristics of maneuverability and rate of fire of promising mortar systems, which must be taken into account in the design. Using regression analysis, the results of the forecast of the required rate of fire and maneuverability of promising mortar complexes are shown, which will provide the required effectiveness of hitting single targets in modern maneuverable combat operations with a probability of defeat of not less than 0.9. The simulation results are summarized in the table. The requirements that must be met when creating self-propelled mortar systems and technical solutions that can provide the required rate of fire. The ways of using the program of unified simulation of conflicts and tactics of combat operations in the IM JCATS system in scientific researches at formation of tactical and technical requirements and characteristics of samples of armament at development of new and modernization of existing are offered. Keywords: simulation modeling; tactical and technical requirements; tactical and technical characteristics; artillery armament; computer technology; simulation technology; combat effectiveness of the artillery system; combat effectiveness indicator; the probability of hitting the target; maneuverability; rate of fire.

ВИМОГИ ДО СУЧАСНИХ ОПТИКО-ЕЛЕКТРОННИХ СИСТЕМ БЕРЕГОВИХ САМОХІДНИХ АРТИЛЕРІЙСЬКИХ КОМПЛЕКСІВ ПРИ ЇХ АВТОНОМНОМУ БОЙОВОМУ ЗАСТОСУВАННІ ДЛЯ УРАЖЕННЯ НАДВОДНИХ ЦІЛЕЙ

The article analyzes the application of simulation systems in the military sphere, the contribution of domestic and foreign scientists to its development. The problem of application of simulation systems in the development of promising models of artillery weapons as complex systems, taking into account the factors of the combat situation, is determined. The variant of hitting the object (target) with a mortar battery, modeling and experiments with different indicators of rate of fire and maneuverability are given. The method of simulation modeling using JCATS identifies the required technical characteristics of maneuverability and rate of fire of promising mortar systems, which must be taken into account in the design. Using regression analysis, the results of the forecast of the required rate of fire and maneuverability of promising mortar complexes are shown, which will provide the required effectiveness of hitting single targets in modern maneuverable combat operations with a probability of defeat of not less than 0.9. The simulation results are summarized in the table. The requirements that must be met when creating self-propelled mortar systems and technical solutions that can provide the required rate of fire. The ways of using the program of unified simulation of conflicts and tactics of combat operations in the IM JCATS system in scientific researches at formation of tactical and technical requirements and characteristics of samples of armament at development of new and modernization of existing are offered. Keywords: simulation modeling; tactical and technical requirements; tactical and technical characteristics; artillery armament; computer technology; simulation technology; combat effectiveness of the artillery system; combat effectiveness indicator; the probability of hitting the target; maneuverability; rate of fire.

Artillery Supported by Infantry: The Royal Artillery at the Battle of Monmouth Courthouse

This paper analyzes three questions concerning the Royal Artillery at the Battle of Monmouth Courthouse: how many artillery pieces were used during the battle, which units were employed, and what role the Royal Artillery played in relationship to its parent organizations, the British Army and the British Board of Ordnance. Each of these topics have been seldom discussed, especially in connection to the narrative of the Battle of Monmouth. It is hoped that these inquiries can provide some clarity on the Royal Artillery’s part in the battle, and might spark new efforts of research by future scholars of the American Revolutionary War. In examining these points, careful attention was made in discussing the overall structure of the Royal Artillery and offering a comparison/contrast with its opponent: the Continental Artillery. The main primary source consulted in this discussion was the official Papers of Brigadier-General James Pattison, commander of Royal Artillery forces in North America. These research endeavors resulted in a concrete number of guns used during the Monmouth campaign, some strong indications for the particular units employed, as well as some new insights concerning the traditional interpretation of the battle that may require future analysis.

MODERN BELIGERATIVE RELIEF (ON THE EXAMPLE OF YAVORIV MILITARY TRAINING GROUND OF LVIV REGION)

The author establishes the types of relief created for military purposes (beligerative) and analyzes its morphology. The territory of the Yavoriv military training ground in the Lviv region, the largest in Ukraine training complex of various types and kinds of troops, was chosen as an example. The military training ground was established in the 30s of the twentieth century. In the past, Polish infantry, German tank divisions, Soviet troops, and nowadays Ukrainian and international ground and air forces trained here. The area of the landfill is 361.5 km2. It occupies an advantageous position in the terrain, as it is located on an elevated part of the Roztochchya Upland, where the Main European watershed passes. Loose sediments are widespread in the territory, which contribute to the creation of deep and elongated forms of beligerative relief. These are mainly quaternary alluvial sands and detritus of native rocks, aeolian and diluvial loess and sandy loams, alluvial sediments. We consider the beligerative relief as an integral part of the field military fortification. The research was performed on the base of interpretation of large-scale space images, aerial photographs and field studies. The modern beligerative relief observed at the Yavoriv military training ground was classified into positive and negative forms depending on the method of military activity. Positive forms include: 1) hills of command posts for control and surveillance, 2) hills of tank or cannon fortifications, 3) micro-hills of protection against small arms, 4) bunkers (wooden-earth defense points), 5) high-altitude targets and firing positions. Negative forms are as follows: 1) trenches of the defense line and the course of connections; 2) open structures for the protection of personnel: individual trenches, pairs, for several infantry, as well as for shooting lying down, kneeling, standing; 3) trenches for the protection of equipment and heavy artillery weapons; 4) closed structures for personnel protection: dugouts, bunkers, cracks, dugouts; 5) excavations from ruptures of artillery shells. There are more negative forms in the modern military relief. Analysis of space images from different times (1980–1990, 2000–2005, 2015–2019) and modern field observations allowed us to trace the dynamics of beligerative relief forms. The formation of new and most widespread forms occurs in the mid-80 of the twentieth century. At the end of the XX and at the beginning of the XXI century, the existing forms decline, steamrolled by exogenous processes, and new ones do not appear. New forms have been appeared since 2015, but only in small local areas. The place they appear are characterized by a significant anthropogenic transformation of the terrain, the development of exogenous processes, such as soil dispersal, desertification, erosion, oozing. Key words: beligerative (military) relief; Yavoriv military training ground (Ukraine); morphological classification.