Artificial Feeding Research Articles

Characterization of the gsdf gene in channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus): molecular cloning, tissue distribution, and expression patterns in the gonad after treatment with 17β-estradiol

The gonadal soma-derived factor (gsdf) gene was previously identified in a variety of fish and was found to be closely related to sexual differentiation and gonad development. In this study, gsdf was identified in channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) using a series of bioinformatics methods. Additionally, artificial compound feed containing 17β-estradiol (60 μg/g) was used to induce the sexual reversal of male catfish, and then gsdf expression was compared among XX females, XY females, and XY males at the age of 90 and 540 days after hatching. Synteny analysis revealed that gsdf genes were relatively conserved in bony fish. Tissue distribution analysis showed that this gene was highly expressed mainly in the testis (P < 0.01). After 17β-estradiol treatment, gsdf expression was inhibited in XY female channel catfish. Its expression differed significantly between XY females and XY males (P < 0.01) but not between XY and XX females. In situ hybridization showed that gsdf mRNA was expressed in Sertoli cells of the testis but not in the ovary of normal female channel catfish, and only a small amount was detected in the ovary of XY female channel catfish. Results of this study provide a foundation for further analysis of the molecular mechanism by which gsdf affects sex differentiation and maintenance in channel catfish.

Growth Performance of Clarias gariepinus in Paddy Rice Field in Kwadon, Gombe, Nigeria

In this scenario, a rice and fish farming system is merged, where the fish are farmed alongside or interchangeably with the rice. Integrated fish farming is a sequential linkage between two or more farming operations. However, occasionally the advancement of rice-fish farming has been ham-pered by changes in rice growing methods as well as the widespread use of insecticides and artifi-cial fertilizers. A cutting-edge agricultural technique where the primary crop is rice and fish fin-gerlings are used as a secondary source of income. By generating employment opportunities and ensuring food security, rice cum fish culture not only helps farmers who are living in poverty to earn more money but also increases the output of their paddy crops. This study aims to assess the performance of the fish as a result of the rice-fish culture. Kwadom, in the Yamaltu-Deba local government area of Gombe State, Nigeria, practiced rice-fish culture. The study used six (6) rice paddy fields with the labels "pond X and X1 received artificial feed, pond Y and Y1 received poultry dropping, and pond Z and Z1 serve as control." at twenty-one (21) days following plant-ing, local rice seedlings Jamila and improved rice seedlings Faro 44 were transferred into the paddies. Each pond received 5 g of Clarias gariepinus per fingerling. But only one treatment (X and X1) produced positive results for the rice variety faro 44, which managed to live. When compared to the other 2 treatments (poultry dropping and control), the fish output in treatment one (artificial feed) had an overall weight (g) of 54000 g, which is considerably greater. The study's high mean in faro 44 reading of 96264.73 g was observed. An analysis of resource use efficiency found that, with the exception of labour, irrigation, and insecticide, most resources in the rice-fish industry were underutilized by farmers. In order to improve food security and maintain sustained rural development, it is crucial that the government actively supports the integration of rice and fish farming.

A Study on Nitrogen and Phosphorus Budgets in a Polyculture System of Oreochromis niloticus, Aristichthys nobilis, and Cherax quadricarinatus

Polyculture is an effective way to achieve efficient utilization of nutrient resources in high-density intensive aquaculture systems. In order to study the optimal culture mode of Oreochromis niloticu, Aristichthys nobilis, and Cherax quadricarinatus, the budget of nitrogen and phosphorus in various polyculture systems (CH, CHC1, CHC2, CHC3) was studied with land-based enclosures. The results showed that all the three polyculture systems had higher total yields of cultured animals than the control group (two polyculture systems) (p &lt; 0.05). The co-cultured organisms absorbed artificial feed or organic matter (such as plankton and sediment) from the polyculture system to different degrees. Feed was the main input of nitrogen (98.22–98.33%) and phosphorus (99.43–99.56%) in all systems. Considering the N and P outputs, 46.64–64.58% and 81.60–84.79%, respectively, accumulated in the sediment, and 34.43–52.55% and 14.89–17.30% of the N and P outputs, respectively, were harvested by aquaculture organisms. The pollution production coefficients of TN and TP in the O. niloticus polyculture ponds were 5.35–6.26 g/m2 and 1.17–1.61 g/m2, respectively. The TN production coefficients of O. niloticus and the ternary polyculture groups (CHC1, CHC2, and CHC3) were lower than that of the control group (CH). The TP production coefficients showed the opposite pattern. The N and P utilization efficiencies in the group with the optimal ratio of O. niloticus, A. nobilis, and C. quadricarinatus (4, 0.15, and 3 ind/m2, respectively) were 2.56–12.82% and 6.62–11.03% higher, respectively, compared with those of the other groups. The N utilization efficiency was effectively improved in this group with the optimum stocking density for the polyculture systems, resulting in improved ecological efficiency and economic benefits.

Black Soldier Fly (&lt;I&gt;Hermetia illucens&lt;/I&gt;) Oil Inclusion and its Effects on Growth Performances in Common Carp (&lt;I&gt;Cyprinus carpio&lt;/I&gt;)

Highlight Research Use of maggot oil as an addition to feed can increase the level of feed consumption of carp. The addition of maggot oil ( illucens) had a significant effect (P&lt;0.05) on TFC, FCR, FUE, SGR, and survival of common carp. The use of maggot oil can be an alternative to using feed that is more effective and economical. Abstract The demand for common carp (Cyprinus carpio) either its seed or consumption measures has increased every year. Fish growth can be increased by adding nutrients in the form of animal oil sources. An alternative ingredient that can be used to support fish growth with good nutritional content and relatively inexpensive is maggot oil or black soldier fly (H. illucens) oil. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of maggot oil (H. illucens) in artificial feed on the growth performance of common carp and to determine the best dose of maggot oil. This study used a complete randomized design (CRD) with four treatments and three replicates: A, B, C, and D with the addition of maggot oil doses of 0%, 10%, 15%, and 20%, respectively. The test fish used was a common carp fry measuring 3.59±0.06 cm, 0.79±0.05 g. Observation time was 30 days with a stocking density of 15 fish/aquarium. The results showed that the addition of maggot oil (H. illucens) had a significant effect (P&lt;0.05) on TFC, FCR, FUE, SGR, and survival. Based on the results of the study, the best dose was obtained in the addition of 15% maggot oil with value of TFC 10.57±0.26 g, FCR 1.52±0.03, FUE 65.43±1.54%, SGR 1.57±0.04%/day, and SR 95.56±3.85%. For further research, it is possible to use magot oil to increase carp production.

Digestive α-L-fucosidase activity in Rhodnius prolixus after blood feeding: effect of secretagogue and nutritional stimuli.

Introduction: Rhodnius prolixus (Hemiptera: Reduviidae) is an important vector of Trypanosoma cruzi, the causative agent of Chagas Disease. This insect is a model for the study of insect physiology, especially concerning the digestion of blood. Among the enzymes produced in the midgut of R. prolixus after blood feeding there is a α-L-fucosidase activity. There are very few studies on α-L-fucosidase of insects, and the role of R. prolixus α-L-fucosidase is still not clear. In this work, we tested if the mechanism for production of this enzyme is similar to the observed for proteases, a secretatogue mechanism that respond to the protein contents of the meal. Methods: We tested if specific proteins or sugars elicit this response, which may help to understand the nature of the physiological substrate for this enzyme. Results: In general, our results showed that the Anterior Midgut was the only midgut fraction that responds to the blood meal in terms of α-L-fucosidase production. Besides that, this response was not triggered by midgut distension or by ingestion of the blood cell fraction. Conversely, the enzyme was produced after feeding with the plasma fraction. However, the production of α-L-fucosidase was also triggered by different biochemical stimuli, as protein or fucoidan ingestion. Discussion: This suggested that the production of the enzyme in the anterior midgut was a general physiological response under control of different convergent signals. Besides that, the comparison between different treatments for artificial blood feeding showed that heparinated blood was the choice with minor side effects for the study of the midgut α-L-fucosidase, when compared to defibrinated or citrated blood.

Nutritional Supplementation and Enhanced Antioxidant Function by Dietary Intake of Selenoneine and Other Selenium Compounds in Red Seabream Pagrus major

Selenoneine, 2-selenyl-Nα, Nα, Nα-trimethyl-L-histidine, is the major organic selenium compound in marine fish. To characterize biological antioxidant function of selenoneine in fish, the accumulation of selenoneine and other selenium compounds, i. e., sodium selenite and selenomethionine, in the muscle and other tissues of red seabream. We reared red seabream by feeding of 1% dry pellet containing of sodium selenite, selenomethionine, or selenoneine of body weight twice a day for 4 weeks. After that, we replaced to 1% of normal commercial dry pellet of body weight twice a day for 1 week from the selenium supplementation, and tissue distribution of total selenium was determined. Selenium supplementation with selenoneine, selenomethionine, and sodium selenite enhanced selenium accumulation in the white muscle, kidney, and hepatopancreas in comparison with the control group. By the dietary intake of selenoneine, total selenium concentrations were increased in the white muscle, heart, kidney, spleen, hepatopancreas, brain, and blood cells in a dose-dependent manner during the trials after 2 weeks. Dietary intake of selenoneine as well as sodium selenite and selenomethionine reduced oxidation–reduction potential (ORP). Selenoneine concentrations in the white muscle and blood cells were accumulated for 4 weeks by the selenoneine intake, whereas selenoneine concentration was not elevated by the intake of selenomethionine and sodium selenite, suggesting that tissue selenoneine levels might be derived from only selenoneine-containing diet. The uptake factor of selenoneine from the artificial feed containing selenoneine was calculated to be 0.0062 in the white muscle and 4.0 in the blood. The half-life of total selenium in the blood cells and white muscle were estimated to be 60 days in the white muscle and 30 days in the blood.

Comparative study of the gut microbiota in three captive Rhinopithecus species

BackgroundSnub-nosed monkeys are highly endangered primates and their population continues to decline with the habitat fragmentation. Artificial feeding and breeding is an important auxiliary conservation strategy. Studies have shown that changes and imbalances in the gut microbiota often cause gastrointestinal problems in captive snub-nosed monkeys. Here, we compare the gut microbiota composition, diversity, and predicted metabolic function of three endangered species of snub-nosed monkeys (Rhinopithecus bieti, R. brelichi, and R. roxellana) under the same captive conditions to further our understanding of the microbiota of these endangered primates and inform captive conservation strategies. 16 S rRNA gene sequencing was performed on fecal samples from 15 individuals (R. bieti N = 5, R. brelichi N = 5, R. roxellana N = 5).ResultsThe results showed that the three Rhinopithecus species shared 24.70% of their amplicon sequence variants (ASVs), indicating that the composition of the gut microbiota varied among the three Rhinopithecus species. The phyla Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes represented 69.74% and 18.45% of the core microbiota. In particular, analysis of microbiota diversity and predicted metabolic function revealed a profound impact of host species on the gut microbiota. At the genus level, significant enrichment of cellulolytic genera including Rikenellaceae RC9 gut group, Ruminococcus, Christensenellaceae R7 group, UCG 004 from Erysipelatoclostridiaceae, and UCG 002 and UCG 005 from Oscillospiraceae, and carbohydrate metabolism including propionate and butyrate metabolic pathways in the gut of R. bieti indicated that R. bieti potentially has a stronger ability to use plant fibers as energy substances. Bacteroides, unclassified Muribaculaceae, Treponema, and unclassified Eubacterium coprostanoligenes group were significantly enriched in R. brelichi. Prevotella 9, unclassified Lachnospiraceae, and unclassified UCG 010 from Oscillospirales UCG 010 were significantly enriched in R. roxellana. Among the predicted secondary metabolic pathways, the glycan biosynthesis and metabolism had significantly higher relative abundance in the gut of R. brelichi and R. roxellana than in the gut of R. bieti. The above results suggest that different Rhinopithecus species may have different strategies for carbohydrate metabolism. The Principal coordinate analysis (PCoA) and Unweighted pair-group method with arithmetic mean (UPGMA) clustering tree revealed fewer differences between the gut microbiota of R. brelichi and R. roxellana. Correspondingly, no differences were detected in the relative abundances of functional genes between the two Rhinopithecus species.ConclusionTaken together, the study highlights that host species have an effect on the composition and function of the gut microbiota of snub-nosed monkeys. Therefore, the host species should be considered when developing nutritional strategies and investigating the effects of niche on the gut microbiota of snub-nosed monkeys.

Biology and management of hemp russet mite (Acari: Eriophyidae).

Hemp is rapidly becoming a crop of global agricultural importance, and one of the more serious pests of this crop is hemp russet mite (HRM) Aculops cannabicola (Acari: Eriophyidae). Significant knowledge gaps presently exist regarding critical aspects of pest biology, quantification of crop damage, and efficacy of pesticides. Here we assessed the role of cannabidiol (CBD) on HRM performance, efficacy of sulfur treatments in field trials, and effect of hot water immersion with and without surfactants in reducing HRM counts on hemp cuttings. We found that HRM fecundity was reduced on a high-CBD cultivar compared with a low-CBD cultivar in detached leaf assays. In contrast, HRM fecundity and survival were not impacted when reared on high-CBD diet in artificial feeding assays. This suggests that cannabinoids other than CBD may aid in reduction of mite populations on the high-CBD cultivar. Sulfur sprays reduced HRM populations by up to 98% with the greatest effects seen in plants receiving dual applications, one during the vegetative period in July and the second at the initiation of flowering in August. Yields of plants treated with sulfur increased by up to 33%, and there was a further increase in cannabinoid production by up to 45% relative to untreated plants. Hot water immersion treatments with and without surfactant solution reduced HRM on infested hemp cuttings, and no phytotoxicity was observed. This study provides novel approaches to mitigating HRM at multiple stages in hemp production.

Disruption of serotonin biosynthesis increases resistance to striped stem borer without changing innate defense response in rice.

Striped stem borer (SSB) is one of the most damaging pests in rice production worldwide. Previously, we preliminarily demonstrated that indica rice Jiazhe LM, an OsT5H (encoding tryptamine-5-hydroxylase) knockout mutant deficient in serotonin, had increased resistance to SSB as compared with its wildtype parent Jiazhe B. However, the full scenario of SSB resistance and the underlying mechanism remain unknown. In this study, we first demonstrated that the OsT5H knockout could generally increase rice resistance to SSB and then proved that the OsT5H knockout does not disrupt the innate defense response of rice plants to SSB infestation, that is, OsT5H knockout mutations neither had significant effect on the transcriptional response of defense genes upon SSB infestation, nor the profile of defense related metabolites and plant hormones, such as lignin, salicylic acid, jasmonic acid, and abscisic acid, nor the activity of reactive oxygen species(ROS) scavenging enzymes and the ROS contents. We then demonstrated that supplementation of serotonin promoted SSB growth and performance in artificial diet feeding experiments. We observed that SSB larvae feeding on Jiazhe B had serotonin 1.72- to 2.30-fold that of those feeding on Jiazhe LM at the whole body level, and more than 3.31 and 1.84 times in the hemolymph and head, respectively. Further studies showed that the expression of genes involved in serotonin biosynthesis and transport was ~88.1% greater in SSB larvae feeding on Jiahze LM than those feeding on Jiazhe B. These observations indicated that SSB increases serotonin synthesis when feeding on serotonin deficient rice but is unable to fully compensate the dietary serotonin deficiency. Put together, the present study strongly suggests that it is the deficiency of serotonin, not the secondary effect of OsT5H knockout on innate defense response confers the SSB resistance in rice, which implies that reducing serotonin level, particularly through inhibition of its inductive synthesis upon SSB damage, could be an efficient strategy for breeding SSB resistant varieties.

Comparison between breastfeeding and artificial feeding among infants with acute gastroenteritis in Al-Azizyia General Hospital

A cross-sectional study was performed in Al-Azizyia general hospital in Wasit province for a sample of one hundred ten cases which was conveniently collected from the words and the outpatient clinic throughout July, August, and September 2020. All mothers were chosen and aged from 18 to 41 years old. 110 cases of infants of both sexes were included, their ages range from 1 to 12 months. By using the questionnaire data concerning, acute gastroenteritis, age of the infants, the sex of the infant, residency, type of feeding, level of education of mother, mother age, the job of father, and the job of mother. We found that 85 (77.2 %) of the collected sample were found to be non-beast-fed infants, while the rest of the sample 25 (22.7 %), breast-fed infants. Most of our patients were from rural areas 60(54.5 %) and the rest from urban areas 50 (45.4 %). Most of our patients were male 71 (64.5 %) and the rest were females (35.5 %). The infants below six months of age 61 (55.4 %) are more than those above six months 49 (44.5 %). The age of mothers between 20, and 30 years old 73 (66.36 %) is more than that of mothers aged above 30 to 37 years (25.45 %) which is more than that of mothers aged below 20 to 9 (8.18 %). Most of the mothers were housewives 105 (95.4 %) and the rest were workers 5 (4.6 %). Most of the fathers were unemployed 87 (79.1 %) and the rest were employed 23 (20.9 %). Mothers with a primary level of education are 80 (72.7 % are more than the mothers with a secondary level 24 (21.8 %) which is more than those with a higher level 6 (5.4 %).

Exploring the potential links between gut microbiota composition and natural populations management in wild boar (Sus scrofa)

We surveyed wild boar (Sus scrofa) populations using 16S rRNA gene analysis of the gut microbiota in fresh faeces taken from 88 animals hunted in 16 hunting estates. The wild boar is a very convenient model system to explore how environmental factors including game management, food availability, disease prevalence, and behaviour may affect different biological components of wild individuals with potential implications in management and conservation. We tested the hypotheses that diet (according to stable carbon isotopes analyses), gender (i.e., animal behaviour studying males and females), and both health (analyses of serum samples to detect exposure to several diseases) and form statutes (i.e., thoracic circumference in adults) are reflected in changes in the intestinal microbiota. We focused on a gut functional biomarker index combining Oscillospiraceae and Ruminococcaceae vs. Enterobacteriaceae. We found that gender and the estate (population) were explanatory variables (c.a. 28% of the variance), albeit a high degree of overlapping among individuals was observed. The individuals with higher abundance of Enterobacteriaceae showed a gut microbiota with low diversity, mostly in males. Significant statistical differences for thoracic circumference were not found between males and females. Interestingly, the thoracic circumference was significantly and inversely related to the relative abundance of Enterobacteriaceae in males. Overall, we found that diet, gender, and form status were major factors that could be related to the composition and diversity of the gut microbiota. A high variability was observed in the biomarker index for populations with natural diet (rich in C3 plants). Although, we noticed a marginally significant negative trend between the index (higher abundance of Enterobacteriaceae) and the continuous feeding of C4 plants (i.e., supplementary maize) in the diet of males. This result suggests that continuous artificial feeding in hunting estates could be one of the factors negatively influencing the gut microbiota and the form status of wild boars that deserves further investigations.

Forced feeding of convicts: problems of theory and practice

The problematic issues of legislative consolidation and application of forced feeding to convicts who refuse to take food in institutions of execution of punishment are considered.&#x0D; An analysis of domestic and international legislation in the field of treatment of convicts, prohibition of torture and other cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment and punishment, principles of medical ethics and deontology regarding the admissibility of forced feeding of persons who have declared a hunger strike was carried out.&#x0D; Special attention is paid to the analysis of the decisions of the European Court of Human Rights against Ukraine, which found a violation of Article 3 of the Convention on the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms in the context of the treatment of convicts during their forced feeding, which was classified as torture.&#x0D; Emphasis has been placed on the fact that the Convention on the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms in itself does not prohibit forced feeding, the purpose of which is to save the life of a specific person who is in custody and who deliberately refuses to eat. At the same time, it has been emphasized the need to comply with the requirements established by the European Court of Human Rights regarding the implementation of this procedure.&#x0D; It has been proposed to abandon and prohibit the forced feeding of a mentally healthy and capable person who has declared a hunger strike, contrary to his informed and voluntary refusal, in the form in which it currently exists, replacing it with artificial feeding (supportive therapy) with the express or necessarily implied consent of the person.

Comparison of fermentation procedures Lemna sp. On artificial feed

Comparison of fermentation procedures Lemna sp. On artificial feed

THE IMPORTANT OF BREAST FEEDING OF A NEW BORN INFANT

This paper is focus on the important of breastfeeding of a new born Infant , breastfeeding the new baby to have faster growth and get perfect nutrition that will protect the baby from disease , the earliest experience of new born infant is a great importance to the total growth and development. This particularly true on the way children obtain their foods the chemical structure of human milk facilitate digestion, metabolism efficient utilization of nutrients which in turn encourage excellent growth in infant. Anemia is less likely in well breastfeed infant that those who practice artificial feeding.

Effect of different feed pellet on growth rate and survival levels of tilapia seeds (Oreochromis niloticus)

Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus, Linnaeus, 1758) is a dominant commodity in the Indonesian freshwater fishery industry, and its growth relies on feed. Pellet are feed that is processed through a factory mechanism or human intervention, based on the cultivators’ needs. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to determine the effect of pelleted feed with varying protein content on growth and survival of tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) fry. This was conducted from April 2022 to June 2022, in Tasiwalie Village, Suppa District, Pinrang Regency. The test animals used were tilapia aged 30 days, and feed include omega-3, Hi-Pro-vite 781, and Prima feed 500 grams each. An experimental method was employed using a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with three treatment and replications, where treatment A, B, and C were Prima Feed (39 – 41%), Hi-Pro Vite (protein 31 – 33%), and Omega feed (protein 13 – 16%), respectively. Artificial feed was given at a dose of 5%/body weight 3 times a day. Also, water quality management was carried out by measuring temperature, dissolved oxygen, pH, and ammonia. The results showed that different feed affected protein retention with the highest average value of 43.23%, the highest average fat retention of 48.56%, absolute weight growth of 1.58 g, absolute length growth of 2.33 cm, daily specific weight growth rate of 3.75%, daily specific length growth rate of 5.56%, and feed utilization efficiency 70.60%. Furthermore, the best growth was obtained in treatment A, involving Prime Feed from 39 – 41%. This study showed that the percentage of protein had a significant effect on growth and survival of tilapia. Therefore, the feed industry is needed to formulate requirements based on tilapia fish, to increase production.Keywords:TilapiaFeedGrowthSurvival

Cottonseed Meal Protein Hydrolysate Improves the Growth Performance of Chinese Mitten Crab (Eriocheir sinensis) by Promoting the Muscle Growth and Molting Performance.

Growth retardation and prolonged marketing cycle have been noticed in the practical aquaculture of Chinese mitten crab (Eriocheir sinensis) fed with artificial feed. Plant protein hydrolysates contain a large number of small peptides and free amino acids, which can improve the growth performance of aquatic animals. However, the potential mechanisms are still not well elucidated. In this research, the influences of cottonseed meal protein hydrolysate (CPH) on the growth, feed utilization, muscle growth, and molting performance were investigated in E. sinensis. A total of 240 crabs (mean body weight 37.32 ± 0.38 g) were individually randomly distributed to six diets supplemented with 0%, 0.2%, 0.4%, 0.8%, 1.6%, and 3.2% of CPH for 12 weeks. These findings indicated that the addition of CPH at 0.4% significantly increased the survival rate, body protein gain, apparent protein utilization, trypsin and pepsin activities, and the methyl farnesoate content. When the dose reached 0.8%, the weight growth ratio, meat yield, ecdysone concentration, and the transcription of the ecdysteroid receptor all significantly increased, while the transcriptions of both myostatin and molt-inhibiting hormone significantly decreased. When CPH was added at 1.6%-3.2%, the feed conversion ratio, body crude protein content, Na+/K+-ATPase activity, and the molting ratio were all significantly improved, while the opposite was true for the transcription of the transforming growth factor-β type I receptor. The investigation results indicated that when added above 0.4%, CPH could stimulate the growth performance of E. sinensis and promote the muscle growth and molting performance.

Artificial Feeding of Ornithodoros fonsecai and O. brasiliensis (Acari: Argasidae) and Investigation of the Transstadial Perpetuation of Anaplasma marginale.

Anaplasma marginale is a Gram-negative, obligate intraerythrocytic bacterium that causes bovine anaplasmosis. While hard ticks of the genera Dermacentor and Rhipicephalus can be biological vectors, transmitting this pathogen via saliva during blood meals, blood-sucking insects, and fomites play a role as mechanical vectors. Little is known about the interaction between Anaplasma marginale and Argasidae ticks. Among soft ticks, Ornithodoros fonsecai (Labruna and Venzal) and Ornithodoros brasiliensis Aragão inhabit environments surrounding localities where many cases of bovine anaplasmosis have been reported. Ticks of the species O. fonsecai parasitize bats, while O. brasiliensis can parasitize different vertebrate species. Therefore, the present study aimed to feed third-instar nymphs artificially (N3) of O. fonsecai and O. brasiliensis using blood samples obtained from a calf naturally infected with A. marginale and rabbit blood added to A. marginale-containing bovine erythrocytes, to investigate the ability of these nymphs to acquire, infect and transstadially perpetuate this agent. For the artificial feeding system, adapted chambers and parafilm membranes were used. Nymphs of both tick species were submitted to different replications weighed before and after each feeding. Blood samples and molted ticks were submitted to DNA extraction, quantitative real-time PCR for the msp1β gene to detect A. marginale DNA, while a semi-nested polymerase chain reaction for the msp1α gene was performed for genotyping. Using calf blood naturally infected with A. marginale, among the three artificial feeding replications performed with O. fonsecai and O. brasiliensis nymphs, the DNA of A. marginale was detected in both nymphs after 30-50 days of molting. For artificial feeding with rabbit blood added to bovine erythrocytes containing A. marginale, the DNA of this pathogen was also detected in both nymph species. As for the assay for the msp1α gene, strains were found Is9; 78 24-2; 25; 23; α; and β. It was concluded that nymphs (N3) of O. fonsecai and O. brasiliensis could feed artificially through a parafilm membrane using blood from calves and rabbits infected by A. marginale. The DNA of A. marginale was detected in nymphs fed artificially of both tick species studied after molt. However, further studies are needed to confirm transstadial perpetuation in other instars and their host transmission capacity.

Umjetno mlijeko za novorođenu siročad divljih životinja

Milk is a very complex nutrient and differs significantly between species. Monotreme and Marsupial milk contains only trace amounts of lactose, whereas in Eutherian species, lactose is the predominant saccharide. Within the Eutheria, the composition varies from 8.5% in Indian rhinoceros to 63.8% in Grey seal in concentration; from 0.3% in Indian rhinoceros to 9.3% in elephants in total fat; from 1.2% in Indian rhinoceros to 12.8% in Fin whale in total protein; and finally from 0.8% in Great panda to 6.5% in Indian rhinoceros in lactose. Milk components change during lactation and, especially in Marsupials, this should be considered in artificial feeding. Other factors to be taken into account are the amino acid panel, whey and casein fractions, iron and immunological components. In wildlife nursing, we often come across orphaned neonates that require artificial feeding. However, there are no specific formulas for each wildlife baby. The aim of this review is to compare which artificial milk replacer is best suited for selected species of wildlife neonates.

Polarization in public attitudes toward end-of-life decisions in Israel - A cross-sectional study.

End-of-life (EoL) processes are a complex socio-normative and ethical phenomenon. This study aimed to generate a database of public opinion in Israel concerning EoL processes and decisions and to identify differences in attitudes across subgroups in the population, particularly based on experience as a family caregiver of a dying patient. This cross-sectional study was performed in late March 2022. The study utilized an online sample of 605 adults over the age of 50 including those who accompanied a loved one to their death in the last 3 years. Participants were requested to provide their opinions and attitudes on several aspects of EoL decisions, including truth-telling, medically assisted dying, EoL procedures, pre-death actions, and family caregivers' engagement. While only 27% and ∼30% of participants support artificial respiration or feeding (respectively) of terminally ill patients, 66% support analgesic treatment, even at the risk of shortening life. The data show an association between religiosity and agreement with life-extending procedures. For example, while 83% of seculars support medically assisted dying, only 59% and 26% of traditional and religious respondents support it. However, no statistically significant differences were observed in support of family involvement in EoL process in any sociodemographic variable. The results of this study suggest that the Israeli public is relatively polarized on several issues about EoL processes, specifically patient autonomy and medically assisted dying. Yet, at the same time, there is a consensus among the Israeli public about certain EoL elements, particularly the importance of family caregivers in the EoL decision-making process.

PERFORMANCE OF K-MEANS CLUSTERING AND KNN CLASSIFIER IN FISH FEED SELLER DETERMINATION MODELS

Feed is a crucial variable because it can determine the success of fish farming. Farmers can use two types of artificial feed, namely alternative feed and pellets. Many cultivators need pellets as the main food for the fish they are cultivating because the pellets contain a composition that has been adjusted to their needs based on the type and age of the fish. However, currently, cultivators are facing problem, namely the high price of fish pellets on the market. Therefore, an analysis of the classification of the selection of fish feed sellers is needed according to several criteria like the number of types of feed, price, order, delivery, payment, availability of discounts, and the number of assessments. This study conducted a predictive analysis to determine the criteria for selecting fish feed sellers in Kendal Regency by utilizing the K-Means Clustering and KNN Classifier methods in the classification method. This research aims to compare the fish feed seller classification method where the pattern of fish feed seller is identified by K-Means Clustering and KNN Classifier, and then the researcher conducts performance appraisal and evaluation. The results of this study are decision-making patterns to help formulate strategies for cultivators and other interested parties. For verifying the method used, measurements were made to obtain an accuracy value where K-Means was 98.6% and KNN was 86.7%.The results of this study indicate that the K-Means Clustering and KNN Classifier methods can classify the selection of freshwater fish feed sellers in Kendal Regency.