Artificial Termination Of Pregnancy Research Articles

Definition of the Beginning of Life and Its Legal Significance

The article analyzes the positions of scientists, as well as the current legislation regarding the definition of the beginning of human life in the context of child conception and ensuring the right of human embryo for life. The problem has not only theoretical, but also important practical significance, as the grounds and limits of legal regulation of a number of relations depend on it. The definition of the beginning of life allows for optimal legal regulation, including the provision of legal guarantees to preserve the life of the human embryo. States independently decide on the establishment of prohibition on artificial termination of pregnancy or the time limits after which such a termination is prohibited. Attention is drawn to the development of assisted reproductive technologies, the emergence of the possibility to use cryopreserved embryos, which can be stored for a long time. There is a lack of development of this aspect in science and a small and heterogeneous judicial practice. According to the author, the use of cryopreserved embryos in resolving issues of inheritance of property, as well as after divorce, should be based on a contractual basis. Due to the fact that the legislation allows artificial termination of pregnancy up to a certain period, as well as on medical grounds, the best way to determine the legal capacity of the embryo (foetus) as conditional. Proposals are being made to improve the norms of civil law, including a proposal to call to inheritance for children born as a result of the use of the biomaterial of the testator for in vitro fertilization within six months after testator’s death and born alive after the opening of the inheritance.

Artificial termination of pregnancy — a threat to the safety of society

Based on a comprehensive analysis of theoretical research, regulatory regulation, as well as the established judicial practice in the field of artificial termination of pregnancy, recommendations are made to improve legislation in order to eliminate existing contradictions. In particular, it is proposed to take into account the opinion of the spouse when deciding on an artificial abortion. In order to minimize individual security threats associated with the widespread practice of abortion, it is proposed to take decisions involving the application of legal, socio-economic measures, as well as preventive measures. Attention is paid to the issue of the legal status of the embryo. It is proposed to consolidate at the legislative level the right to life before birth, and to exclude contradictions in determining the moment of its occurrence from a legal point of view, to consider the moment of official confirmation of pregnancy by medical diagnostic methods as the beginning of life.

THE RIGHT TO PATERNITY AND MATERNITY AS PERSONAL NON-PROPERTY RIGHTS

The relevance of the topic is due to the novelty of the topic, its importance for the development of family law science and legislation in this area. The article provides a systematic analysis of the right to fatherhood and motherhood as a personal non-property right. The author conducts a systematic analysis of such categories as «motherhood» and «fatherhood» in the modern science of family law in Ukraine. The author substantiates the need to enshrine in the current legislation a single legal definition of «paternity» and «maternity» in accordance with European standards. The author proposes to consider the right to paternity and maternity as a personal non-property right of women and men, regardless of their marital status. The author also proposes to enshrine at the legislative level the right of men to participate in the decision on artificial termination of pregnancy. In a detailed analysis of a woman’s right to motherhood, the author identifies and analyzes the constituent elements of such a right, namely: the right to pregnancy and health care during pregnancy, provision of health care during childbirth; the right to terminate pregnancy and rights after the birth of a child, in particular, certain social guarantees for women who have given birth to a child. At the same time, given the European vector of development of our country, the author proposes to reform certain provisions of legislation and to equalize the rights of men and women in this area. The author analyzes the changes that have occurred in the legislation of our State in the field of social guarantees for men and women after the birth of a child. At the same time, the article highlights several issues that need to be detailed and clarified by the legislator in the area of realization by men and women of their right to paternity and maternity with the help of assisted reproductive technologies.

Bioethical Problems of China’s Demographic Policy: Background and Present

The article is devoted to the study of bioethical problems of China’s demographic policy. One of the main instruments of birth control in the country for 30 years was artificial termination of pregnancy – abortion. Because of this, contradiction between the political course of the state and the traditional, rooted in society, moral principles and values arises. Population policy has become a harsh method of restricting the reproductive rights and freedom of private life of the Chinese population. The current situation determines relevance and necessity of studying China’s demographic policy from the point of view of bioethics. Thus, the article discusses background for approval of the policy “One family – one child”; the implications of this policy, such as the bioethical issues of medical termination of pregnancy and selective abortion in China; transformation of the traditional institution of the family; moral and ethical status of the second child; the problem of the prohibition of surrogate motherhood; gender imbalance; increase in illegal services in the field of medical and reproductive technologies. Bioethical aspects of modern Chinese demography; socio-cultural changes in Chinese society due to a long period of birth control policies are analyzed. The reasons for the low efficiency of modern state measures to stimulate childbearing are considered.

Restoration Treatment for Female Patients with Non-Bearing Pregnancy at the Early Terms of Gestation

The article presents the research materials devoted to the peculiarities of carrying out the rehabilitation treatment and rehabilitation of patients, after the artificial termination of pregnancy in the early stages. Methods and means of non-drug restorative treatment are described, practical recommendations for its practical application at different stages of rehabilitation are given.

Illegal Termination of Pregnancy: Evolution of Incrimination in the History of Serbian Criminal Legislation

Artificial termination of pregnancy is a phenomenon that has a legal, sociological, psychological, medical and even an economic and political dimension. Due to its many-layered complexity, a lot of attention has been paid to this issue in science. There are various factors that result in an abortion – it can be spontaneous, or artificial and violent; permissible and legal, or punishable and illegal. The regulations on permitted medical termination of pregnancy give women the right to terminate a pregnancy, but only under certain conditions and within limited deadlines, upon request, in a prescribed procedure, through a surgical intervention performed by a doctor. On the other hand, illegally performed abortions fall within the realm of criminal legislature and the science of criminal law. By regulating the procedure of permitted abortion, and especially by prescribing illegal miscarriage as a criminal offense, the lives, bodies and health of women are protected from the consequences of illegal and ignorant medical procedures on the body during pregnancy. Therefore, this paper provides an overview and an interpretation of the evolution of abortion from a legal, impartial point of view, as a criminal offense regulated by domestic criminal law from the Middle Ages to the present day.

Source analysis of religious sermons on the prevention of artificial termination of pregnancy

Source analysis of religious sermons on the prevention of artificial termination of pregnancy

Xe using the category of “social practice” to study the phenomenon of artiScial termination of pregnancy

The problem of artificial termination of pregnancy remains one of the unsolved problems of our time. The article presents the concept and structural feature of the phenomenon of artificial termination of pregnancy. The traditional approach to the study of the phenomenon, which is based on the category “society”, is considered. The insufficiency of this approach is explained: the limitation of the social aspect of the study of the phenomenon, an incomplete idea of the reasons for its spread. The article analyzes the approach to the study of social reality based on the category “social practice”, which appeared in sociology at the turn of the 1980. The analysis showed that this approach is aimed at studying not the phenomena themselves, but the repeated actions of individuals, the totality of which is a social practice. The article presents the stages of the formation of social practice, its signs, based on which the author came to the conclusion that the set of actions for termination of pregnancy, reproduced by individual individuals, is a social practice, which means that the proposed approach is possible to study the phenomenon of artificial termination of pregnancy. It will make it possible to trace the process of formation of the social practice of artificial termination of pregnancy, to determine its impact on the behavior of an individual and on social subjects; to identify a set of reasons that influence an individual’s decision to terminate pregnancy; which together will lead to the definition and development of more effective methods of regulating the practice of artificial termination of pregnancy.

Право на жизнь и возможность вмешательства в его осуществление: конституционно-правовой аспект

Introduction. The problems of realizing the right to life are relevant to varying degrees in all countries of the world. Their importance can hardly be overestimated, since the preservation of a full-fledged family, society and the state as a whole depends on their solution. The article examines the problems associated with abortion, surrogacy, the development of biotechnology, death penalty, and analyzes the legislative experience of various states and Russia in these areas. The purpose of the study is to conduct a comprehensive analysis of the problems arising in connection with the realization of the right to life and its possible restrictions. In the course of studying the problems, both general scientific and special legal methods were used: historical and dialectical methods, methods of analysis and synthesis, as well as the comparative legal method. Theoretical analysis. Russia (RSFSR) was the first country in the world to legislate in 1920 to allow abortion. According to the author, artificial termination of pregnancy solely at the request of a woman (without taking into account medical and social factors) causes irreparable harm to society, especially given the difficult demographic situation in modern Russia. In addition, this does not correspond to the guiding thesis of responsibility to future generations, enshrined in the preamble to the Constitution of the Russian Federation. In the context of realizing the right to life, each state faces a problem related to death penalty. Can a state, where the right to life is guaranteed, take the life of criminals? Apparently, each state should decide this issue based on the extent to which a particular crime poses a threat to society, a threat to life and health of people. Results. In our opinion, in countries with liberal legislation in relation to abortion, such as Russia, it is necessary to prohibit abortion at the request of a woman, since in this case the woman’s desire violates the right to life of an unborn child. The state should protect the right to life from the moment of conception, not birth, but this is a long process that should lead to an extensive interpretation of Part 2 of Art. 17 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation by the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation. In addition, Russia needs to pay attention to the legislative experience of Germany and France in relation to surrogacy. In these countries, the legislator has clearly substantiated why surrogacy is in fact a crime against the family. In these countries, surrogacy is criminalized. Also, with the development of biotechnology all over the world, the problems of IVF and cryopreservation of human embryos are acute. This problem can also be solved at the level of legislation by allowing IVF only to married couples (man and woman) who cannot give birth to a child, and by limiting the number of fertilized eggs to a minimum, so that later the issue of destroying unclaimed embryos is not resolved. In general, it seems that in a mature society that wants to develop and tries to prevent the destruction of its state, it is necessary to protect the right to life by all possible legislative methods.

Human rights and women's reproductive health in the countries of Latin America

The problem of induced termination of pregnancy has been a burning issue for mankind for centuries. An analysis of doctrine and legislation demonstrates that there is no consensus on this issue. The problem of induced termination of pregnancy is defined by ethical, religious, medical, social and legal aspects, which is also associated with the uncertainty of the legal status of the embryo. The aim of the study is to analyze the legislation of Latin American countries regarding the legal regulation of abortion, in order to verify its compliance with the fundamental rights - the right to life, the right to health and the right to inviolability. Special scientific methods were used in the research: comparative law, legal and technical methods. The relevance of the problem stems from the need to solve the controversial issue of legalization of artificial termination of pregnancy. The existence of disagreement lies in the lack of a unified approach in seeking to resolve this situation.

ARTIFICIAL TERMINATION OF PREGNANCY IN UKRAINE: BIOETHICAL, PHILOSOPHICAL AND RELIGIOUS ASPECTS

The aim: Is to study the levels of influence of the Christian spiritual tradition on the attitude of medical students to abortion, which necessitated a comparative analysis of Christian ethics and the main approaches of secular bioethics regarding artificial termination of pregnancy; analysis of the results of sociological research taking into account the peculiarities of religious self-identification of medical students. Materials and methods: The complex nature of the studied issue necessitated the application of interdisciplinary approaches, philosophical, general scientific and special sociological methods of collecting, processing and analyzing information. Certain differences between Christian moral guidelines and attitudes towards artificial termination of pregnancy were found in a questionnaire study conducted by a sociological group of the Bogomolets National Medical University (hereinafter - NMU) in 2020. The object of the study were first and sixth year students and postgraduate students of NMU (N = 375). Results: Based on a comparative analysis of the evaluative judgments of three groups of respondents (1 group - those who identified themselves as Christians; 2 group - those who are uncertain with their attitude towards religion; 3 group - those who consider themselves non-believers) regarding artificial termination of pregnancy, it was found that the attitude of medical students-believers towards this problem differs from the more liberal approaches of the respondents of the second and third groups, and, at the same time, has significant differences with Christian moral guidelines on this issue. Conclusions: A comparative analysis of the main approaches of secular bioethics and Christian ethics to the issue of artificial termination of pregnancy allows us to conclude that the Christian position is distinguished by the recognition of sacredness, inviolability of human life, inalienable dignity and value of human being from conception to the natural end of life. This determines the special importance of the Christian spiritual tradition in overcoming the manifestations of abortive mentality in contemporary Ukrainian society.

CHARACTERISTIC OF MICROBIOCENOSIS OF THE GENITAL TRACT IN WOMEN OF FERTILIZED AGE OF THE REPUBLIC OF UZBEKISTAN

The article provides relevant data on the features of the microbiocenosis of the genital tract of women of fertile (childbearing) age. It is known that the microbiocenosis of the reproductive tract begins to form in a newborn girl 3-4 hours after birth, and throughout the neonatal period it is similar to the microbiocenosis of a woman of reproductive age. The key role in maintaining the health and normal functioning of the microbiocenosis of the female reproductive sphere belongs to lactobacilli, as the main component of the vaginal microflora. Microbiological disorders in this biotope usually lead to the development of chronic diseases of the pelvic organs. Based on recent studies on the relationship between the disturbance of the vaginal microflora with intestinal dysbiosis and chronic diseases of the nasopharyngeal biotope, it is relevant to study the quantitative and qualitative composition of the microflora of the reproductive tract, especially in pregnant women and after abortion (artificial termination of pregnancy) of women of fertile age in Uzbekistan.

FETAL ANATOMY OF THE STRUCTURES OF THE BUTTLE REGION IN THE HUMAN FETUS

In the scientific literature, there are reports on the compression of the nerves of the sacral plexus of the pelvic area or above the gluteal fold in different age periods of a person's life. However, not enough attention is paid by morphologists to the options for the exit of the pudendal, superior and inferior gluteal neurovascular bundles and the sciatic nerve from the pelvic cavity in the perinatal period of human ontogenesis. To perform therapeutic and diagnostic manipulations, as well as surgical interventions in the gluteal region, accurate information is required about the projection-syntopic relationships of the pudendal, superior and lower gluteal neurovascular bundles and the sciatic nerve in human fetuses of different age groups. The study was carried out on 34 preparations of human fetuses, 186.0-310.0 mm parietococcygeal length. The material was fixed in a 7% formalin solution for two weeks, after which the topographic anatomical features of the muscles, blood vessels and nerves of the gluteal region in fetuses of 6-8 months were studied by fine dissection under the control of a binocular loupe. Human fetal preparations were received after artificial termination of pregnancy, which were carried out for social and medical reasons on the basis of district and city maternity hospitals. In 63.24% of the examined fetuses of 6-8 months, the projection of the superior gluteal vessels corresponds to the point located on the border between the upper and middle third osteocetabular line, less often (33.82% of observations) - downward (by 1.5-4, 3 mm) and medially (2.0-4.5 mm) from the specified point, and as an exception (only 3%) - 5.0-5.5 mm laterally from this point. The superior sciatic nerve is located 1.0-3.8 mm lateral to the vessels of the same name. In 75.01% of cases, the lower gluteal vessels leave the pelvis medially (by 2.0-4.7 mm) and down (by 1.5-4.2 mm) from the middle of the osteo-hump line. In 17.64% of observations, the projection of the lower gluteal vessels corresponds to the middle of the osteo-hump line, and in 7.35% of the fetuses, the projection of these vessels is determined 2.5-3.4 mm outward from the point located in the middle of the osteo-hump line. The sciatic nerve leaves the pelvis mainly (75% of observations) medially (2.0-5.4 mm) from the middle of the hump-acetabular line, and in 25% of cases the projection of the sciatic nerve corresponds to the middle of this line.

Клініко-статистичний аналіз особливостей репродуктивного здоров’я жінок при повторних невдалих спробах застосування допоміжних репродуктивних технологій

The objective: to conduct a clinical and statistical analysis of the characteristics of the somatic and reproductive history in women with repeated unsuccessful attempts of assisted reproductive technologies and to determine significant medical and social factors in the formation of chronic endometritis. Materials and methods. A clinical and statistical analysis of 177 outpatient cards was carried out: Group I – 127 women under the age of 45 with a history of two or more ineffective attempts at in vitro fertilization; Group II – there were 50 healthy women without reproductive disorders. The comprehensive examination included data from anamnesis, general clinical and gynecological examination, laboratory and instrumental methods according to the data of outpatient observation cards at the MC LLC «Isida – IVF». The diagnosis of chronic endometritis was verified by the data of the histological examination of the endometrium obtained by the pipel biopsy method on days 4 –9 of the menstrual cycle. Results. The incidence of inflammatory diseases of the uterine appendages in patients of group I was 47.2%, inflammatory diseases of the endometrium – 41.7%; р1.2<0.01. The incidence of acute endometritis among patients of group I was 6.3%; р1.2>0.05 and was due to the implementation of the infectious process after abortion. In the first group, sexually transmitted infections were noted in 67.7% of patients, р1.2>0.05; bacterial vaginosis was recorded 1.5 times more often – 28.4%; р1.2<0.05. In the first group, one-time artificial termination of pregnancy appeared in 15.0%, twice – in 15.7% (р1.2<0.05). Laparoscopies were previously performed in 59.8% of women, laparotomies – in 62.2%, while operations were repeated in 25.4% of women. Unilateral tubectomy for ectopic pregnancy was performed in 25.4% of women, bilateral in 12.7%. Removal of fallopian tubes due to sactosalpinxes in 25.4% of women, unilateral removal of appendages appeared in patients in 3.9% of cases. The most significant risk factors for the development of chronic endometritis in the studied groups are acute post-abortion endometritis VR (relative risk) = 1.439, p=0.029 and postoperative peritonitis, which was caused by complications of appendectomy – RR=1.430, p=0.084. We did not reveal a significant effect of inflammatory diseases of the uterine appendages on the implementation of chronic endometritis (RR=45.132, CI (6.151-31.167), p=0.001. Analysis of reproductive failures as a risk factor for the development of chronic endometritis in women of group I showed a significant relative risk: with a history of PR RR=1.44, p=0.039, with repeated artifactual abortions RR=1.5, p<0.001, SV RR=1.572, p=0.001. A higher relative risk of developing XE was observed during pregnancy – RR=1.597, p=0.001. Conclusions. Clinical and statistical analysis of the reproductive health of women with repeated unsuccessful attempts at ART has shown that these women have a high frequency of intrauterine interventions, a low frequency of using alternative and safe methods of abortion, and there is no system of health measures after reproductive failures. There is a significant increase in spontaneous abortion in the early stages and the absence of a decrease in premature birth. Preserving the reproductive health of women is an important medical and social problem, the solution of which depends on the joint efforts of state and public organizations and health authorities, as well as on the responsibility of the population for their health. The development and implementation of pregravid health improvement and pregnancy planning programs for women with repeated unsuccessful attempts at ART against the background of chronic endometritis should be a priority in the health care system. Keywords: assisted reproductive technologies, chronic endometritis, ineffective attempts at fertilization, reproductive health, pregnancy.

POSSIBILITIES OF THE USE OF INTRAUTERINE CONTRACEPTION IN WOMEN OF DIFFERENT AGE GROUPS

Currently, the problem of family planning is not only medical, but also social. The reason for this is the widespread use of artificial termination of pregnancy in our country. Moreover, the majority of women in Russia resort to the extremely dangerous method of abortion - acute curettage, which is associated with a high risk of further infertility and the development of long-term adverse consequences. It is necessary to inform all patients of reproductive age about the neg-ative consequences of artificial termination of preg-nancy and the possibilities of modern methods of con-traception. One of the most popular in our country (in second place after combined oral contraceptives) and highly effective (Pearl index is 0.1-0.5) methods of contraception is the intrauterine device. Intrauterine systems (IUDs) are reversible long-term contraception, which makes them easy to use and affordable. The IUD is installed for 5 years and does not require constant monitoring by the patient. If necessary, the device can be removed at any time. Another positive aspect is that fertility is restored after 12 months in 80-96% of cas-es. Also, intrauterine contraceptives have the thera-peutic effect, since the local action allows you to nor-malize the menstrual cycle, which is especially im-portant for women suffering from hyperpolymenor-rhea and chronic anemia. It has been proven that IUDs do not increase the risk of developing endome-trial and cervical malignant tumors and, in addition, have antiproliferative and antimitotic effects, which makes it possible to use them in patients with complex atypical hyperplasia and highly differentiated stage IA endometrial adenocarcinoma.

Clinical cases of management and treatment of women with chemoresistant tuberculosis during pregnancy

Importance of chemoresistant tuberculosis (CRTB) is undoubted both in Ukraine and all over the world. Especially alarming fact is that together with high CRTB sickness rate among young working-age people there is the low efficiency of therapy (55 %). Data of many researchers show, that tuberculosis of pregnant women is the reason of many significant complications which make serious maternal and perinatal danger. The problem of CRTB for pregnant woman is especially dangerous because the patient should take antimycobacterial drugs of II grade for a long period and these drugs have teratogenic effect.Purpose. Familiarization of physician-practitioners with the clinical features of the course and treatment of CRTB in women during pregnancy.Materials and methods. 4 clinical cases of own observations of the course and treatment of CRTB in women during pregnancy were described.Results. Among our investigations the artificial termination of pregnancy was inevitable in 3 of 4 presented clinical cases. The first patient had tubal pregnancy. The second patient: together with medical indications for artificial termination of pregnancy (multiresistant tuberculosis, unstable position of fetus), the absence of the patient’s tendency for treatment of multiresistant tuberculosis and problem social factor were observed. The patient informed that pregnancy was undesirable. The third patient had polyresistant tuberculosis and generalized destructive tuberculosis in lungs and besides the artificial termination of pregnancy was also her decision. The fourth patient had medical indications for artificial termination of pregnancy (multiresistant tuberculosis, negative clinical and radiological dynamics) but she refused. With regard to refusal antimicrobial therapy was corrected and aminoglycosides were excluded. The patient was responsible as to her own health and treatment of multiresistant tuberculosis. Under complex simultaneous control of phthisiatrician, obstetrician-gynecologist and neonatologist she terminated complete course of antimicrobial therapy with successful treatment result and gave birth to healthy baby.Conclusions. Summarizing our own observations of the pregnant patients with CRTB the following conclusion can be made: if patients with CRTB have tendency to antimicrobial therapy and desire to give birth the positive results such as CRTB treatment and delivery of healthy baby will be obtained under complex simultaneous control of phthisiatrician, obstetrician-gynecologist and neonatologist.

Аналіз мікробного спектра у жінок з гнійно-запальними захворюваннями органів малого таза в умовах надання ургентної оперативної гінекологічної допомоги з урахуванням факторів ризику

The objective: determination and analysis of the microbial spectrum in women with purulent-inflammatory diseases of the pelvic organs in the conditions of providing urgent surgical gynecological care, taking into account risk factors. Materials and methods. The study was conducted on the basis of City Clinical Hospital № 1 in Odessa during 2015–2019. 47 patients who underwent urgent surgical treatment for purulent-inflammatory diseases of the pelvic organs were examined. The average age of the patients was 38.3±1.5 g. Patients were in the hospital on average 10.5±0.5 days. The analysis was carried out using classical methods with the results of an antibioticogram. Results. Purulent-septic complications were observed in 18 women (38.3%). When conducting intraoperative screening of microflora isolated from abscesses, blood, purulent discharge, drainage and postoperative wounds, 30 (63.8%) patients were obtained and studied. A detailed picture was as follows: Staphylococcus epidermidis – 46.2%, E. сoli – 20.5%, Staphylococcus saprophyticus – 12.8%, Staphylococcus heholiticus – 5.1%, Micrococus – 5.1%, Enterococcus faecalis – 2.6%, Bacillus saprophyticus – 2.6%, Corynebacterium – 2.6%, Streptococcus saprophyticus – 2.6%. By combining staphylococci in one group, it was found that the proportion of Staphylococcus from the entire microflora obtained was 66%. It was found that out of 30 cases of introoperative seeding of bacterial flora, 22 women (73.32%) had a history of artificial termination of pregnancy (OR=1.93). So, in 6 patients (20.0% of the total number of microflora cases) microbial associations of various composition took place, and in 100% of cases the associations included staphylococci. Further analysis revealed a dependence on the presence of microbial association and the presence in the woman’s history of artificial abortions. So with 6 cases of intraoperative registration of microbial associations, 5 women had a history of artificial termination of pregnancy, that is, 83.0% (RR=1.67). Conclusions. 1. According to the bacteriological laboratory of City Clinical Hospital No. 1, the species composition of microflora isolated from abscesses, blood, and purulent discharge was obtained and studied in 30 patients. Thus, the bacterial culture of the total number of patients allocated in 63.8%. 2. Among pathogens of purulent-inflammatory diseases of the pelvic organs and purulent-septic complications, staphylococcus (66%), less often Escherichia coli (20.6%). 3. During the study, it was found that out of 30 patients with a bacterial culture, pathogens in the form of monocultures were isolated in 24 patients (80%), and the presence of bacterial associations was confirmed in 6 (20%) patients. Staphylococci were present in 100% of all cases of microbial associations, and E. coli in 50.0%. 4. The analysis revealed a dependence on the presence in a woman’s history of artificial abortions and registration of the microbial spectrum. So out of 30 cases of intraoperative inoculation of the bacterial flora, 22 women (73.32%) had a history of artificial termination of pregnancy (OR=1.93). And out of 6 cases of registration of microbial associations, 5 women had a history of abortion, that is, 83.0% (RR=1.67). Key words: purulent-inflammatory diseases of the pelvic organs, microbial spectrum, risk factors.

Захист права на життя: окремі аспекти в контексті сучасних ризиків

The article deals with certain aspects of the protection of the right to life in the context of contemporary risks. In particular, the use of the death penalty, artificial termination of pregnancy (abortion), which is relevant to issues of morality, religion and medicine, the use of euthanasia as a deprivation of life, the deprivation of life resulting from the absolutely

Features of pregnancy course in women with chemoresistant tuberculosis (a literature review)

Tuberculosis is a global cause of morbidity among women of reproductive age, constituting a serious maternal and perinatal risk in both developed and developing countries. Tuberculosis is the third highest cause of death in women of reproductive age. At the same time, the frequency of diagnosing a specific process in pregnant women and pregnancy in women with tuberculosis is almost the same. Today, against this background, the treatment of chemoresistant tuberculosis (CR-TB) in pregnant women remains controversial. The purpose. To conduct a review of current literature sources in order to determine the characteristics of gestation in women with CR-TB, which will assist clinicians in the management of such patients. Results . In pregnant women, extrapulmonary and pulmonary forms of tuberculosis incidence are almost the same. Chest X-ray examination in pregnant women should not be avoided, since the radiation risk for the fetus is insignificant when the abdominal cavity shielding. In women with tuberculosis, childbirth occurs on average at the 38th week of pregnancy, and premature labor is associated with tuberculosis progression. In pregnant women with tuberculosis, the incidence of chorioamnionitis, gestosis, premature birth, anemia, pneumonia, maternal and perinatal mortality is higher than in pregnant women without tuberculosis. Newborns have an increased risk of a premature birth, congenital tuberculosis, intrauterine growth retardation, congenital abnormalities, and distress syndrome. A high frequency of these pathologies in pregnant women and newborns largely depends on tuberculosis progression, chemoresistance of mycobacterium tuberculosis and the adequacy of anti-mycobacterial therapy. Untreated CR-TB is associated with higher maternal mortality, an increased risk of vertical transmission of tuberculosis, spontaneous miscarriage, intrauterine growth restriction, premature birth, increased neonatal mortality. Breastfeeding is possible if there is a sputum culture conversion in mother. The risk of toxic reactions to anti-tuberculosis drugs in breastfed infants is low and may be minimized if a mother with tuberculosis takes medications immediately after breastfeeding. Medical indications for artificial termination of pregnancy at 12–22 weeks’ gestation are severe forms of tuberculosis: disseminated, progressive, chemoresistant, with severe complications. Conclusions . Considering the analysis of the literature, all pregnant women should be prescribed treatment for CR-TB with second-line anti-tuberculosis drugs based on the drug sensitivity test starting from the second trimester (if a patient is HIV-negative or not in a critical state) with the exception of drugs such as amikacin, streptomycin, prothionamide and ethionamide. A timely and adequate anti-mycobacterial therapy is the key to successful pregnancy outcome. Pregnancy follow-up among women with CR-TB should be based on an interdisciplinary approach including a team of physicians such as a tuberculosis specialist, obstetrician, neonatologist, and public health expert.

The Value of Human Life: Volatility of Concepts

The right to life is a fundamental right, the legal basis for all other human rights. Recognition and proper protection at the state level of this most important right is a prerequisite for the enjoyment of other rights. However, do we respect each life, regardless of any personal characteristics? The history of humanity shows that the caste/class approach to the formation of society is one of humanity's most brutal inventions. The categorization of people into more critical and less critical in many cases led to antihuman practices, such as slavery or serfdom, and atrocious crimes ranging from rape to murder. Scientific and social progress must have pushed aside such medieval approaches, but the results of this study indicate that social neglection just shifted from those who have stood for their rights for hundreds of years to those who cannot - to the unborn. In this study, we demonstrate the historical development of embryology, medicine, biology, psychology, and other sciences in order to understand the exact point of the beginning of human life. Scientists in the United States of the mid-19th century were found to be the leading opponents of artificial termination of pregnancy and believed that most abortionists carry vestiges of outdated dogmatic views on the nature of human life, including its beginning and prenatal development. We present that, despite the achievements of science, the society press the legalization of the murder of the unborn, the primary reason for which is the irresponsible attitude to sexual life. This study presents the positions of modern scientists on the prenatal development of the child; data on the old and the new paradigms in embryology in the context of the relationships between mother and child; the results of the psychological research on the impact of abortion scenario in the family system on the health of offspring; and other data indicating that a child before birth is not just a material clot of cells, but a full-fledged subject, person and participant of social life.