Artificial Tanning Research Articles

EFFECT OF SERUM 25(OH) D LEVEL, CIGARETTE SMOKING AND ORAL CONTRACEPTIVE USE ON CLINICAL COURSE OF RELAPSING-REMITTING MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS IN A GROUP OF FEMALE PATIENTS

Objective. This study was conducted to analyze the effect of certain environmental factors on clinical and laboratorial variables in a cohort of multiple sclerosis patients. Material and methods. Serum vitamin 25(OH) D, smoking habits and oral contraceptive use were evaluated in 36 relapsing-remitting MS female patients between ages 29-45 under Interferon beta-1a therapy. Clinical variables included annualized relapse rate and Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS). The effect of sun exposure, dietary and smoking habits and oral contraceptive use on 25(OH) D levels was also examined. Results. Patients with higher 25(OH) D serum levels and consumers of oral contraceptives (OC) had better clinical outcomes, but not in a statistically significant extent. The practice of artificial tanning, consumption of alternative sources of vitamin D (cod liver oil, omega-3 fatty acids) and the use of oral contraceptives were associated with significantly higher vitamin D levels. Conclusions. Smoking seems to have less effect on disease progression and vitamin D levels than anticipated. Oral contraception use could be benefic and maintaining a high plasma D level is also encouraged in MS patients.

"Oh yeah, they're looking": A thematic analysis of indoor UV tanning industry advertising and articles.

Skin cancers are becoming more prevalent even though many can be prevented. Women are more knowledgeable than men about skin cancer, yet they are more likely to sunbathe deliberately and to use artificial tanning equipment. The purpose of this article is to examine messages that women receive about the benefits of a tan. Particularly, we focused on how the indoor UV tanning industry represents the value of a tan to women. We subjected five issues of Smart Tan Canada to thematic analysis. We examined language in advertisements and articles that promote an artificial tan to women. Four themes emerged: Be Beautiful and Sexy; Look Young; Feel Better; and Science, Health, and Nature. These themes are especially effective in a culture that routinely objectifies women and places a high degree of value on their appearance. We suggest that appearance-based interventions, media literacy training, and legislation could counteract the messages in the themes.

190: Banning Tanning

The World Health Organization lists artificial tanning beds as a class one physical carcinogen. Tanning bed use is associated with a 75% increased risk of cutaneous malignant melanoma if used before the age of 35. In 2012, the Manitoba government announced a parental consent law that requires minors to have a guardian present or sign a permission form for children and youth to use artificial tanning equipment. This law falls below the national standards as set by the Canadian Pediatric Society (CPS); furthermore, parental consent laws have been shown to be ineffective at changing commercial tanning exposure in youth. Our group of senior pediatric residents worked on a project advocating for a complete ban of commercial tanning use for all youth under the age of 18 in Manitoba. The first component of the project focused on community education. Residents presented to middle and high school students about the harmful consequences of tanning, and created educational pamphlets that were made available at several general pediatric clinics. The second component of our project focused on legislative change and public forum advocacy. Residents engaged with the media to bring awareness to the general public about the risks of artificial tanning. A petition calling for a complete ban of artificial tanning for minors was also created. This petition, which included over 1000 signatures, along with evidence supporting a full ban for artificial tanning was presented to the Manitoba Ministers of Health and Healthy Living in an invited forum to advocate for legislative change. These efforts were successful and resulted in the recent proposed legislation calling for a full ban on artificial tanning for minors; this is expected to pass into Manitoba law in the spring of 2015. This project serves as an example of how physicians can promote the health of their patients via community education, collaboration with public health experts, and involvement in local government.

Non-melanoma Skin Cancer in Canada Chapter 2: Primary Prevention of Non-melanoma Skin Cancer.

Non-melanoma skin cancer (NMSC), including basal and squamous cell carcinoma (BCC and SCC), represents the most common malignancy. To provide guidance to Canadian health care practitioners regarding primary prevention of NMSC. Structured literature searches were conducted, using search terms including prevention, sunscreen, and sun prevention factor. All recommendations concern guidance that physicians should regularly discuss with their patients to help establish photoprotection habits. The GRADE system was used to assign strength to each recommendation. Ultraviolet exposure is the major modifiable risk factor for NMSC. Aspects of photoprotection, including effective sunscreen use and avoidance of both the midday sun and artificial tanning, are discussed. Several widespread misunderstandings that undermine responsible public health measures related to sun safety are addressed. Photoprotection represents both an individual priority and a public health imperative. By providing accurate information during routine patient visits, physicians reinforce the need for ongoing skin cancer prevention.

Contribution of UVA irradiance to the erythema and photoaging effects in solar and sunbed exposures

Even though UVA irradiance had not been considered detrimental to human skin for years, nowadays it is recognized for its role in photoaging and other biological responses. The ratio UVA/UVB is about 17 at a solar zenith angle (SZA) of 20° and it is almost constant up to 60° when it rapidly increases since the UVB wavelengths (280–320nm) are more attenuated than the UVA waveband (320–400nm). For a constant SZA, the ratio increases with the ozone content. The UVA component of the solar erythemal irradiance ranges from 20% at 20° to 30% at 60°, whereas it varies from 50% to 80% in the two different types of measured sunbeds. Moreover, the different spectral distribution of the lamps used for artificial tanning leads frequently to high UVA doses. The biological responses related to skin photoaging (skin sagging and elastosis) could be around fourfold the equivalent solar irradiance at midday in summer midlatitudes and they can be important in unprotected UVA exposures to sunbeds. The UVA dose accumulated during the time required in reaching 1 minimum erythemal dose (MED) increases with the SZA since the exposure durations are longer. Indeed, seasonal differences in the mean UVA dose are observed due to variations in the ozone content that results in longer exposure times without erythema. Although an artificial tanning session is usually shorter than one hour, the UVA dose from sunbeds during the time for 1 MED for skin type II (250Jm−2) can be 2–4 times larger than the solar dose, depending on the lamp spectral emission.

Effective ultraviolet irradiance measurements from artificial tanning devices in Greece.

Artificial tanning remains very popular worldwide, despite the International Agency for Research on Cancer classification of ultraviolet (UV) radiation from sunbeds as 'carcinogenic to humans'. Greek Atomic Energy Commission has initiated a surveillance action of the artificial tanning devices in Greece in order to record the effective irradiance levels from the sunbeds and to inform and synchronise the domestic artificial tanning business sector with the requirements of the European Standard EN 60335-2-27:2010. In this direction, in situ measurements of UV emissions from sunbeds in solaria businesses all over Greece were performed from October 2013 until July 2014, with a radiometer and a portable single-monochromator spectrophotometer. Analysis of the measurements' results revealed that effective irradiance in ∼60 % of the measured sunbeds exceeded the 0.3 W m(-2) limit value set by EN 60335-2-27:2010 and only 20 % of the devices could be categorised as UV type 3.

Identifying prototypes associated with sun‐related behaviours in North Queensland

In environments where the ambient level of ultraviolet radiation is high to extreme all year, the factors that contribute towards incidental sun exposure warrant investigation. Interviews were conducted (n = 28) to explore North Queenslanders' perceptions surrounding the typical person who engages in each of the following sun‐related behaviours: deliberate tanning, artificial tanning, sun protection, and incidental exposure. The data were analysed using principles of thematic content analysis with themes derived from the prototype willingness model. While tanned skin was viewed positively, both the deliberate tanner and artificial tanner prototypes were described negatively. Descriptions of the prototypical sun protector were positive, while descriptions of the incidental exposer were neutral. Participants described all four prototypes using personality descriptors, while physical characteristics were reported for all but the incidental exposer. The current research suggests that distinct prototypes exist across a range of sun‐related behaviours and that the prototype willingness model may provide a useful framework for further exploration of incidental sun exposure. In order to reduce the prevalence of skin cancer in North Queensland, incidental sun exposure should be targeted. Future research should explore whether the nature of reported prototype characteristics can lead to the prediction of sun‐related behaviours.

Pediatrics Digest

Pediatrics Digest Summary| July 01 2014 Pediatrics Digest Pediatrics (2014) 134 (1): D1–D5. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.digest1341 Views Icon Views Article contents Figures & tables Video Audio Supplementary Data Peer Review Share Icon Share Facebook Twitter LinkedIn MailTo Tools Icon Tools Get Permissions Cite Icon Cite Search Site Citation Pediatrics Digest. Pediatrics July 2014; 134 (1): D1–D5. 10.1542/peds.digest1341 Download citation file: Ris (Zotero) Reference Manager EasyBib Bookends Mendeley Papers EndNote RefWorks BibTex toolbar search toolbar search search input Search input auto suggest filter your search All PublicationsAll JournalsPediatricsHospital PediatricsPediatrics In ReviewNeoReviewsAAP Grand RoundsAAP NewsAll AAP Sites Search Advanced Search Topics: adverse childhood experiences, artificial tanning, autism spectrum disorder, autistic disorder, basal cell carcinoma, blood pressure, brain concussion, caffeine, cardiovascular system, chickenpox Research in the aftermath of large-scale terrorist attacks shows that exposed children experience numerous negative psychological sequelae, including increased emotional difficulties, posttraumatic stress, and significant attack-related life disruptions. Most research on terrorism-exposed youth examines large-scale terrorism. Limited work examines reactions to terrorism of the scope of the marathon attack, and the extraordinary manhunt and shelter-in-place warning was an unprecedented experience. Understanding adjustment after these events is critical. Since the introduction of rotavirus vaccines, diarrhea-associated health care utilization among US children has decreased substantially. Moreover, indirect benefits from rotavirus vaccination have been observed in unvaccinated children and in adults. With increasing rotavirus vaccine coverage during 2009–2011, we observed continued reductions in diarrhea-associated health care utilization and cost. Both rotavirus vaccines conferred high protection against rotavirus hospitalizations; pentavalent rotavirus vaccine provided durable protection through the fourth year of life. Varicella vaccine is effective, but there is concern that widespread use in young... You do not currently have access to this content.

Teens and indoor tanning: a cancer prevention opportunity for pediatricians.

In October 2011, California became the first US state to ban indoor tanning for minors under age 18 years. Vermont followed in May 2012. Increasingly, scientific evidence shows that artificial tanning raises the risk of skin cancer, including melanoma, a common cancer in adolescents and young adults and the type most likely to result in death. The World Health Organization, the American Academy of Pediatrics, the American Academy of Dermatology, the American Medical Association, and other organizations strongly recommend legislation to ban minors under age 18 from indoor tanning. Several nations have banned teen tanning. Yet, tanning in salons is still a prevalent practice in the United States, especially among teen girls, where rates for the oldest teens approach 40%. There is no federal legislation to restrict minors from salon tanning. More than 60% of states have some kind of legislation regarding minors' use of tanning salons, but only California and Vermont have passed complete bans of indoor tanning for minors. The Indoor Tanning Association, an industry advocacy group, has vigorously opposed legislative efforts. Pediatricians can play key roles in counseling families and with legislative efforts. In this update, we review the prevalence of salon tanning, association with skin cancer risk, tanning addiction, the roles of the federal and state governments in regulation and legislation, and responses to arguments created by industry to oppose legislation. Preventing exposure to artificial tanning may save lives, including young lives, and is a key cancer prevention opportunity for pediatricians.

Determinants of sunbed use in a population of Danish adolescents

In Denmark, melanoma is the most common type of cancer in individuals aged 15-34 years. Ultraviolet radiation from sunbeds is a risk factor for melanoma. Knowledge of the characteristics of sunbed users is important in the development and implementation of prevention strategies of sunbed use. The objective of this study was to examine sunbed use and its association with smoking, parental socioeconomic status (SES), friends' attitudes towards artificial tanning, and school environment among adolescents aged 14-18 years at continuation schools in Denmark. We conducted a survey among adolescents in Danish continuation schools in 2011. We examined sunbed use and its association with age, smoking, friends' attitudes towards artificial tanning, parental SES, and shared environment of the continuation school, using logistic regression. Within the past 12 months, 38% of the pupils had used a sunbed (70% girls and 28% boys). There was no difference in sunbed use according to age. Smoking and friends' positive attitudes towards, and higher use of sunbeds were associated with increased use of sunbeds. High SES of mothers' was associated with lower odds for sunbed use among girls. The association of school environment with sunbed use was modest compared with the other variables. Adolescents in continuation schools report a higher use of sunbeds than Danish adolescents as such. Educational interventions should be targeted at preteens, as sunbed use is common in 14-year-olds. Special educational tools are tested in the continuation school environment and may prove effective in this population.

Tanning salons and skin cancer

Indoor tanning has substantially grown in USA and Europe, more especially in the sun-deprived Northern countries, but also in more sunny countries such as Queensland, Australia. Several studies have specifically addressed the prevalence of sunbed use by children and adolescents in Northern Europe and in the USA, and showed that up to 40-50% of teenagers 15-18 years old had ever used indoor tanning, the highest figures being observed among girls in Scandinavia and Minnesota. Indoor tanning among adults is mostly prevalent in age classes younger than 45. Epidemiological studies have shown that exposure to sunbeds increases the risk of both melanoma and non-melanoma skin cancers: a meta-analysis of 19 studies published before 2006 showed that ever-use of sunbeds was positively associated with melanoma (summary relative risk, 1.15; 95% CI, 1.00-1.31), and first exposure before 35 years of age significantly increased melanoma risk (7 studies, RR = 1.75; 95% CI, 1.35-2.26). Further epidemiological data documented the links between artificial UV tanning and melanoma: two large case-control studies in Minnesota and Australia yielded higher melanoma risks for ever use of sunbeds: 1.74 (95%CI, 1.42-2.14) and 1.41 (95%CI, 1.01-1.96) respectively, risk increasing with greater use and earlier age at first use. The most compelling evidence derives from a large cohort of Norwegian and Swedish women which showed that melanoma risk increased with accumulating exposure (RR for solarium use ≥1 time per month in two or three decades, 10-39 years, 2.37 (95%CI, 1.37-4.08)). In addition, the analysis of a melanoma epidemic observed in Iceland between 1995 and 2002, on the trunk of women younger than 50, pointed out the possible role of the explosion of exposure to sunbeds in this country after 1985. Exposure to artificial ultraviolet is a risk factor for melanoma. Risk appears modest in the general population, but concentrates in the population that started sunbed use before the age of 35; the risk attributable to sunbed use in melanoma patients younger than 30 may be as high as 43 to 76%. Of particular concern is the use of sunbeds by adolescents. Use of sunbeds should be strongly discouraged, and banned under the age of 18.

French teenagers and artificial tanning

Exposure to solar and artificial ultraviolet (UV) radiations is a major risk factor for skin cancers. France has enacted one of the strictest laws that, notably, restrict tanning-bed access to adults ≥18 years old. We evaluated artificial tanning behaviours of French teenagers (11-17 years old): sunless-tanning products, sunlamps and artificial tanning beds. An anonymous questionnaire evaluating sunburn history, skin phototype, behaviours with sunless-tanning products and indoor tanning, and parents' behaviours was distributed to students enrolled in two middle and high schools in Antony, a typical city of the middle class French population, located in the Paris suburbs. RESULTS Among 713 teenagers (mean age: 13.5 years: male/female: 1.1) responding, more than half declared that it was important to be tanned during the summer, 1% reported having already used tanning pills, 9.9% tanning creams and 1.4% indoor tanning. Female teenagers significantly more frequently resorted to indoor tanning (P = 0.02), cited the importance of being tanned all year long (P < 0.0001), used tanning pills (P < 0.0001) or tanning creams (P < 0.006), and their parents relied on indoor tanning (P < 0.0001). Profiles of tanning-pill and -cream users were similar. Mean ages for the two groups were comparable. French regulations for indoor tanning seem quite effective. Our analyses revealed a typical teenager profile with sun-exposure risk behaviours, for example, indoor tanning, and use of tanning pills or creams. They could be a selective target for sun-protection information campaigns.

Topical photoprotection in childhood and adolescence

Exposure to sunlight in childhood is often more intense than in adults. Literature data unequivocally show the association between this social behavior and the risk for developing malignant melanoma and non-melanoma skin cancer, even in adulthood. Furthermore, skin photoaging begins already in childhood through inadequate sun exposure. This review aims to guide pediatricians on appropriate measures of topical photoprotection in children and adolescents, which will positively change the future of these patients. A review of the literature indexed in MEDLINE/PubMed between the years 1999 and 2012 on photoprotection in childhood was conducted. The most relevant review articles on photoprotection in children and adolescents, photoprotection and vitamin D in neonatal phototherapy and impact on skin cancer, artificial tanning and skin cancer were selected as sources. Children and adolescents should adopt appropriate measures of photoprotection in order to decrease the risk of melanoma and non-melanoma skin cancer. There are published data that support the association between sun exposure habits and safe use of topical sunscreens in children and adolescents on the one hand and a reduced occurrence of skin cancer on the other.

Sun exposure in young adult cancer survivors on and off the beach: results from Project REACH

Although cancer survivors are at risk for future skin cancers, many do not practice recommended sun protection. Studies have demonstrated poor adherence to specific behaviors (e.g., sunscreen, artificial tanning) during sunbathing, but less is known about survivors' typical amount of sun exposure during activities other than sunbathing. We conducted a mailed survey of 153 adults (median age = 26.1) diagnosed with a non-skin cancer before age 30. Information on recent sunbathing and incidental sun exposures, protective behaviors, and perceived vulnerability was collected. Analyses focused on characterizing survivors with the lowest levels of recommended sun protection. Twenty-nine percent of participants exhibited low sun protection adherence during sunbathing and 31% during incidental exposure. Younger age was associated with low adherence, but this difference was significant only for sunbathing (OR=0.4; 95% CI, 0.2-0.9). Women were more likely than men to have low adherence during sunbathing (34.0% vs. 20.3%; OR = 2.44; 95% CI, 1.1-5.5). Survivors treated with radiation did not differ on exposures, adherence, or perceived vulnerability to the sun, despite feeling more susceptible to skin cancers (p = 0.03). Despite known skin cancer risks, many young cancer survivors receive significant sun exposure. Assessment of sunbathing alone fails to capture sun exposure behaviors, particularly in men. Survivors treated with radiation may recognize their increased risk of skin cancer, but not the role of sun protection in modifying that risk.

Study of sunless tanning formulas using molted snake skin as an alternative membrane model

Sunless tanning formulas have become increasingly popular in recent years for their ability to give people convincing tans without the dangers of skin cancer. Most sunless tanners currently on the market contain dihydroxyacetone (DHA), a keto sugar with three carbons. The temporary pigment provided by these formulas is designed to resemble a UV-induced tan. This study evaluated the effectiveness of carbomer gels and cold process self emulsifying bases on skin pigmentation, using different concentrations of a chemical system composed of DHA and N-acetyl tyrosine, which are found in moulted snake skins and their effectiveness was tested by Mexameter(®) MX 18. Eight different sunless tanning formulas were developed, four of which were gels and four of which were emulsions (base, base plus 4.0%, 5.0% and 6.0% (w/w) of a system of DHA and N-acetyl tyrosine). Tests to determine the extent of artificial tanning were done by applying 30 mg cm(-2) of each formula onto standard sizes of moulted snake skin (2.0 cm × 3.0 cm). A Mexameter(®) MX 18 was used to evaluate the extent of coloration in the moulted snake skin at T(0) (before the application) and after 24, 48, 72, 168, 192 and 216 h. The moulted snake skins can be used as an alternative membrane model for in vitro sunless tanning efficacy tests due to their similarity to the human stratum corneum. The DHA concentration was found to influence the initiation of the pigmentation in both sunless tanning systems (emulsion and gel) as well as the time required to increases by a given amount on the tanning index. In the emulsion system, the DHA concentration also influenced the final value on the tanning index. The type of system (emulsion or gel) has no influence on the final value in the tanning index after 216 h for samples with the same DHA concentration.

Geography, Facilities, and Promotional Strategies Used to Encourage Indoor Tanning in New York City

There is emerging evidence for the relationship between indoor tanning and melanoma. Eighty-five indoor tanning facilities in New York City were observed to determine number of tanning machines, pricing, promotions, products, and hours. Census data by zip code was used to determine population density, gender, race, age, percent living in poverty, percent unemployed, and percent college educated of areas in which tanning facilities were located. Pricing varied by the type of machine, number of sessions purchased, and single versus bundled sessions. Facilities were located in areas that had greater population density and slightly greater median age. Compared with the zip code areas with no facilities, those with tanning facilities had a higher proportion of white residents; a lower proportion of residents living in poverty and unemployed; and a higher proportion of residents with a college education. Our data suggest that the strategic location of facilities and promotions used in NYC seek to maximize patronage by those with comparatively high levels of income and education and who may be more influenced by the social desirability of artificial tanning. Long-term interventions aimed at changing social norms regarding tan skin are needed.

Prevalence and correlates of skin cancer risk behaviors in Madrid (Spain)

Objective To estimate the prevalence and correlates of skin cancer-related behaviors in a representative sample of the population of the region of Madrid (Spain). Methods We performed a cross-sectional study based on a telephone survey. A total of 2,007 participants aged 18-64 years completed a questionnaire that included items on knowledge about the risk of skin cancer, sun exposure, the use of ultraviolet (UV) lamps and sunburn during the previous year. Logistic regression models were constructed, adjusted for gender, age, educational level and employment status. Results Sun exposure as a risk factor for skin cancer was identified by 92.3% of participants and artificial tanning by 73.6%. Knowledge of risk factors was greater among university graduates and women ( P<.001). A total of 14.6% were usually exposed to the sun in the summer during the hours of maximum UV radiation, while 4.3% had used UV lamps during the previous year; the use of these lamps was more frequent among women ( P<.001) and young people ( P<.05). The prevalence of sunburn was 13.2% and was lower among women: odds ratio (OR) 0.68 (95% CI: 0.51-0.90); this prevalence declined with greater age (p linear trend <0.001) and was higher among students: OR 1.60 (95% CI: 1.07-2.40). Conclusions Numerous sociodemographic factors are related to UV radiation exposure and sunburn, with young people at highest risk. UV exposure is more frequent among women, whereas sunburn is more common among men.

Hot or Not—Evaluating the Effect of Artificial Tanning on the Public's Perception of Attractiveness

Despite strong evidence that sun exposure causes skin cancer, a significant proportion of the population continues to purposefully tan. Many individuals deliberately tan because they believe a tanned complexion makes them appear more attractive. To measure the effect that a tanned complexion has on the public's perception of attractiveness. Forty-five women aged 21 to 35 were recruited. A digital photograph was taken of each subject. Each image was uploaded onto a public website until it had been rated at least 100 times on a scale from 1 to 10. An average baseline, or untanned, rating of the image was calculated. The image was then given an artificial tan using a skin tanning protocol available for Adobe Photoshop. The tanned image was then re-uploaded onto the website and another average rating was calculated using the same criteria. The mean score±standard deviation was 6.3±2.3 for the untanned images and 6.5±2.3 for the tanned images (p<.001). The population who logged onto the website considers tanned people to be more attractive.

Inoculation Theory: A Framework for the Reduction of Skin Cancer

This paper analyzes skin cancer in detail and explains how inoculation theory, which demonstrates how attitudes can be strengthened and made resistant to counter-attitudinal persuasive messages, is a unique method for specifically targeting and conferring resistance to unprotected and excessive ultraviolet exposure to people of all ages. As many previous efforts to reduce exposure to ultraviolet rays have had minimal impact, inoculation theory is appropriate in this context because the theory has been successful in other health campaigns and may increase the efficacy of skin cancer interventions. In justifying the need for this analysis, we illustrate the prevalence and detrimental impact of skin cancer to clarify the seriousness of the disease and how people oftentimes fail to adequately shield themselves. This conceptual analysis not only has the potential to be applied in rendering subjects resistant to engaging in unprotected (and/or excessive) sunbathing and artificial tanning, but it also represents an addition to the disciplinary domains of health communication and social policy and offers clues for further exploration in this area.

NADPH:Quinone Oxidoreductase-1 as a New Regulatory Enzyme That Increases Melanin Synthesis

Most hypopigmenting reagents target the inhibition of tyrosinase, the key enzyme involved in melanin synthesis. In this issue, Choi et al. report that NADPH:quinone oxidoreductase-1 (NQO1) increases melanin synthesis, probably via the suppression of tyrosinase degradation. Because NQO1 was identified by comparing normally pigmented melanocytes with hypopigmented acral lentiginous melanoma cells, these results suggest various hypotheses regarding the carcinogenic origin of the latter.