Artificial Superintelligence Research Articles

How An Artificial Superintelligence (ASI) Could Be Perceived as God: A Futurist Analysis

Over the past 20 years, artificial intelligence (AI) experts have taken the idea that humanity may see the rise of an artificial superintelligence (ASI) vastly exceeding human intelligence within the next few decades increasingly seriously. However, given the intuitive parallels between such a “God-like” being and popular ideas of religion, surprisingly little work has been done to analyze how the two might interact by scholars of AI and of religion. This paper aims to kickstart this effort, analyzing in particular how a future ASI could fit neatly into the Biblical prophecy of the Second Coming of Christ. It describes how an ASI could be conceived as Christ and/or Antichrist, and briefly posits some potential effects of such beliefs in religious communities.

A Survey of Artificial Intelligence Challenges: Analyzing the Definitions, Relationships, and Evolutions

In recent years, artificial intelligence has had a tremendous impact on every field, and several definitions of its different types have been provided. In the literature, most articles focus on the extraordinary capabilities of artificial intelligence. Recently, some challenges such as security, safety, fairness, robustness, and energy consumption have been reported during the development of intelligent systems. As the usage of intelligent systems increases, the number of new challenges increases. Obviously, during the evolution of artificial narrow intelligence to artificial super intelligence, the viewpoint on the challenges such as security will be changed. In addition, the recent development of human-level intelligence cannot appropriately happen without considering whole challenges in designing intelligent systems. Considering the mentioned situation, no study in the literature summarizes the challenges in designing artificial intelligence. In this paper, a review of the challenges is presented. Then, some important research questions about the future dynamism of challenges and their relationships are answered.

A Golden Jubilee: Trumpets, Technology, and Tenacity

<bold xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">Our community is</b> celebrating our 50th anniversary. Golden jubilees are marked by traditions such as sounding trumpets, reconciling factions, provisionally relinquishing private ownership for communal usage, restoring property to original owners, and, naturally, celebrations. We celebrate our milestone by persisting in our decades-old mission. Yet, we also blasted trumpets to awaken a slumbering world lulled to sleep regardless of (or perhaps by) the faint ticking of technological bombs <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref1" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">[1]</xref> . We continue to celebrate constructive technology; our peers used it to gather the scattered and guard well the mentally unwell. We critically considered artificial general intelligence (AGI) as well as foreseen artificial superintelligence (ASI); we are reminded of the benefits, yet also the complexities when aligning such technologies with diverse human values. We were challenged to focus on outcomes (values) over outputs (business).

Optimising peace through a Universal Global Peace Treaty to constrain the risk of war from a militarised artificial superintelligence.

This article argues that an artificial superintelligence (ASI) emerging in a world where war is still normalised constitutes a catastrophic existential risk, either because the ASI might be employed by a nation–state to war for global domination, i.e., ASI-enabled warfare, or because the ASI wars on behalf of itself to establish global domination, i.e., ASI-directed warfare. Presently, few states declare war or even war on each other, in part due to the 1945 UN Charter, which states Member States should “refrain in their international relations from the threat or use of force”, while allowing for UN Security Council-endorsed military measures and self-defense. As UN Member States no longer declare war on each other, instead, only ‘international armed conflicts’ occur. However, costly interstate conflicts, both hot and cold and tantamount to wars, still take place. Further, a New Cold War between AI superpowers looms. An ASI-directed/enabled future conflict could trigger total war, including nuclear conflict, and is therefore high risk. Via conforming instrumentalism, an international relations theory, we advocate risk reduction by optimising peace through a Universal Global Peace Treaty (UGPT), contributing towards the ending of existing wars and prevention of future wars, as well as a Cyberweapons and Artificial Intelligence Convention. This strategy could influence state actors, including those developing ASIs, or an agential ASI, particularly if it values conforming instrumentalism and peace.Supplementary InformationThe online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s00146-021-01382-y.

ВПЛИВ ТЕХНОЛОГІЙ ШТУЧНОГО ІНТЕЛЕКТУ НА ЕФЕКТИВНІСТЬ ДІЯЛЬНОСТІ БІЗНЕСУ

Current challenges have accelerated the implementation of modern business concepts. Among the many practices of continuous business processes improvement is digitalization. Attention is focused on the benefits of digitalization in companies, which is to improve the processes quality, reduce their passage time, quickly fulfil orders, and hence increase customer loyalty. The concept of artificial intelligence is analysed, its three main types are identified: artificial narrow intelligence, general artificial intelligence, artificial superintelligence. Artificial narrow intelligence is focused on solving a narrowly defined, structured task; general artificial intelligence which is aimed at solving any problem, can respond to different environments and situations. Artificial superintelligence will be able to surpass people in absolutely everything, such as coping with creative tasks, decision-making and maintaining emotional relationships. The advantages of using artificial intelligence (accuracy in data processing, the ability to quickly analyse a large amount of information that will facilitate timely decision-making) are revealed. The main threats to the use of artificial intelligence (jobs disappearance, mass unemployment, loss of control over artificial intelligence – robots’ uncontrollability by humans) are also indicated. The most common technologies of artificial intelligence in enterprises (data science, machine learning, robotization) are considered. The business entities experience in the implementation of various artificial intelligence tools in operational activities, in the medical, legal, space, banking, educational spheres of activity, is presented. It was emphasized in the educational field that the annual increase in artificial intelligence is expected to reach 45% by 2030. It is also highlighted that artificial intelligence contributes to business development and global economic activity. The world's key players in the artificial intelligence market are considered, the top 10 world IT corporations are presented, the growth of their key performance indicators after the introduction of artificial intelligence technologies in goods and services is investigated.

ШТУЧНИЙ ІНТЕЛЕКТ ЯК ДРАЙВЕР РОЗВИТКУ СУЧАСНОГО БІЗНЕСУ

A key success factor of modern companies is the timely restructuring of business processes, taking into account the penetration of digital technologies in all spheres of society. Nowadays, the challenges have accelerated the implementation of modern business concepts. Continual improvements become the vital step in competitive market. Digitalization has become an unavoidable reality for companies. The article investigates the meaning of the terms "digitization", "digitalization" and "digital transformation". It is proved that digitalization provides companies with competitive advantages in all areas of activity, which is reflected in the optimization of production processes, costs minimization, decreasing errors, increasing speed of delivery, boosting the quality of finished products (services), improving the control of the company’s data and processes, increasing the effectiveness of communication. Examples of companies that use digital technologies and the results of their implementation in business processes are given. The results of survey confirm the positive effects of digitalization of business. Three main types of artificial intelligence are distinguished: artificial narrow intelligence, general artificial intelligence, artificial superintelligence and the differences of each are outlined. The benefits and the main threats of artificial intelligence are revealed. The global artificial intelligence industry is expected to grow from $59.7 billion in 2021 to $422.4 billion by 2028, according to Zion Market Research. The 2020 McKinsey Global Survey on Artificial Intelligence (AI) confirms that 50% of companies have reported using AI in at least one business function. The experience of the world’s largest companies in the implementation of various artificial intelligence tools in operational activities is presented. It is emphasized that artificial intelligence contributes to business development and global economic activity. The growth of key performance indicators after the implementation of artificial intelligence in the business processes of companies is presented.

Strange and familiar: robot love and artificial intelligence in science fiction theatre script writing: a response to the imminent Technological Singularity

ABSTRACT This article reflects on my process in script-writing responses to the threat of Artificial Superintelligence ending the Anthropocene. This point is often theoretically termed Technological Singularity, a hypothesised extinction point caused by uncontrolled and irreversible technological acceleration. While scholars debate the timing and existential effect of such Technological Singularity, my creative research positions human–robot relationships as the key to surviving super intelligent machines’ apocalyptic potential. This script-writing innovation into representations of Technological Singularity is based on research on intimate emotions between humans and technology, in particular within the fields of Lovotics and Affective Computing. Combining this research with the defamiliarising science fiction strategy of cognitive estrangement, I have produced a science fiction theatre script. Unlike the more common Terminator-style-scripted responses, my work significantly differs in its ‘Make Love, Not War’ positioning.

AI and libraries: trends and projections

Purpose This paper aims to focus on the trends and projection for future use of artificial intelligence (AI) in libraries. AI technologies is the latest among the technologies being used in libraries. The technology has systems that have natural language processing, machine learning and pattern recognition capabilities that make service provision easier for libraries. Design/methodology/approach Systematic literature review is done, exploring blogs and wikis, to collect information on the ways in which AI is used and can be futuristically used in libraries. Findings This paper found that uses of AI in libraries entailed enhanced services such as content indexing, document matching, content mapping content summarization and many others. AI possibilities were also found to include improving the technology of gripping, localizing and human–robot interaction and also having artificial superintelligence, the hypothetical AI that surpasses human intelligence and abilities. Originality/value It is concluded that advanced technologies that AI are, will help librarians to open up new horizons and solve challenges that crop up in library service delivery.

The Decline of Architects: Can a Computer Design Fine Architecture without Human Input?

Architects are required to have knowledge of current legislation, ergonomics, and the latest technical solutions. In addition, the design process necessitates an appreciation of the quality of the space and a high degree of creativity. However, it is a profession that has undergone significant changes in recent years due to the pressure exerted by the development of information technology. The designs generated by computer algorithms are becoming such a serious part of designers’ work that some are beginning to question whether they are more the work of computers than humans. There are also increasing suggestions that software development will eventually lead to a situation where humans in the profession will become redundant. This review article aims to present the currently used, implemented, and planned computer technologies employed in the design and consider how they affect and will affect the work of architects in the future. It includes opinions of a wide range of experts on the possibility of computer algorithms replacing architects. The ultimate goal of the article is an attempt to answer the question: will computers eliminate the human factor in the design of the future? It also considers the artificial intelligence or communication skills that computer algorithms would require to achieve this goal. The answers to these questions will contribute not only to determining the future of architecture but will also indicate the current condition of the profession. They will also help us to understand the technologies that are making computers capable of increasingly replacing human professions. Despite differing opinions on the possibility of computer algorithms replacing architects, the conclusions indicate that, currently, computers do not have capabilities and skills to achieve this goal. The speed of technological development, especially such technologies as artificial superintelligence, artificial brains, or quantum computers allows us to predict that the replacement of the architect by machines will be unrealistic in coming decades.

Entropic boundary conditions towards safe artificial superintelligence

ABSTRACT Artificial superintelligent (ASI) agents that will not cause harm to humans or other organisms are central to mitigating a growing contemporary global safety concern as artificial intelligent agents become more sophisticated. We argue that it is not necessary to resort to implementing an explicit theory of ethics, and that doing so may entail intractable difficulties and unacceptable risks. We attempt to provide some insight into the matter by defining a minimal set of boundary conditions potentially capable of decreasing the probability of conflict with synthetic intellects intended to prevent aggression towards organisms. Our argument departs from causal entropic forces as good general predictors of future action in ASI agents. We reason that maximising future freedom of action implies reducing the amount of repeated computation needed to find good solutions to a large number of problems, for which living systems are good exemplars: a safe ASI should find living organisms intrinsically valuable. We describe empirically-bounded ASI agents whose actions are constrained by the character of physical laws and their own evolutionary history as emerging from H. sapiens, conceptually and memetically, if not genetically. Plausible consequences and practical concerns for experimentation are characterised, and implications for life in the universe are discussed.

“STARING INTO THE SINGULARITY” AND OTHER POSTHUMAN TALES: TRANSHUMANIST STORIES OF FUTURE CHANGE

ABSTRACTIn this article, I conduct a contextual analysis of transhumanist conceptions of posthuman futures. Focusing on cryonics, nanotechnology, and artificial superintelligence technological projects through a study of primarily American sources from the 1960s onward, I identify three distinct conceptualizations of the posthuman future: Promethean, spontaneous, and scalar. I argue that transhumanists envision posthumanity as resulting from a transition that involves both continuity and radical change. Although these three posthuman futures appear to share an interest in predicting a superior “cosmic” realization of human destiny, they involve distinct “liberal” conceptions of historical agency. These include the unlimited individual liberty of the technologized self, the knowledge‐ordering properties of the market, and the rational aggregation of individual interests over the long term. I locate these heterogeneous and partly conflicting conceptions of historical agency in the context of the postwar crisis and remaking of liberalism's future. I argue that transhumanist ideas about the transition toward a more‐than‐human or beyond‐human future are best understood as manifesting a wide range of attempts at thinking about horizons of unprecedented change within the terms of postwar liberal projects. Ultimately, transhumanist futures shed light on the multiplicity of political temporalities that are required for thinking and writing stories about unprecedented futures.

Hasta la vista, baby: reflections on the risks of algocracy, killer robots, and artificial superintelligence

&lt;p&gt;The neologism Algocracy may mean government or governance by algorithms. Architects of artificial intelligence have perspectives on killer robots and government by artificial superintelligence and are engaged in public debate on both themes. The risks of being dominated by artificial superintelligence and of being subjected to undemocratic, unconstitutional or illegal algo norms inspires our reflection. Institutions should organize rules of the game that prevent machine learning algorithms from learning how to dominate humans. Algorithms need new design requirements to incorporate responsibility, transparency, auditability, incorruptibility, and predictability. The algorithmic responsibility of the state, national public policies for developing a trustworthy AI, and the algorithmic law of killer robots and artificial superintelligence could reduce the risks of algocracy. The particular character of algorithms demands a special discipline to control their power, architecture, and commands. law and government can channel the development and use of killer robots, eventually even setting a global prohibition of autonomous weapons. Likewise, the threat of government by algorithms posed by the emergence of an artificial superintelligence that dominates humankind also requires the development of a new algorithmic law that establishes checks and balances and controls the technological system.&lt;em&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

Hybrid Bionic Cognitive Architecture for Artificial General Intelligence Agents

The article describes the author’s proposal on cognitive architecture for the development of a general-level artificial intelligent agent («strong» artificial intelligence). New principles for the development of such an architecture are proposed — a hybrid approach in artificial intelligence and bionics. The architecture diagram of the proposed solution is given and descriptions of possible areas of application are described. Strong artificial intelligence is a technical solution that can solve arbitrary cognitive tasks available to humans (human-level artificial intelligence) and even surpass the capabilities of human intelligence (artificial superintelligence). The fields of application of strong artificial intelligence are limitless — from solving current problems facing the human to completely new problems that are not yet available to human civilization or are still waiting for their discoverer. The novelty of the work lies in the author’s approach to the construction of cognitive architecture, which has absorbed the results of many years of research in the field of artificial intelligence and the results of the analysis of cognitive architectures of other researchers.

On the path towards strong artificial intelligence: cognitive architecture based on a psychophysiological foundation and hybrid principles

This article describes the author's proposal of cognitive architecture for the development of artificial intelligence agent of the general level (&amp;ldquo;strong" artificial intelligence&amp;rdquo;). The new principles for the development of such architecture are offered: hybrid approach in artificial intelligence and psychophysiological foundations. The scheme of architecture of the proposed solution, as well as the descriptions of possible areas of implementation are given. Strong artificial intelligence represents a technical solution that can solve arbitrary cognitive tasks accessible to humans (human level intelligence), and even beyond the capabilities of human intelligence (artificial superintelligence). The areas of application of strong artificial intelligence are limitless &amp;ndash; from solving the current problems faced by humans to completely new tasks that are yet inaccessible to human civilization or expect for their groundbreaker. This study would be interested to the scholars, engineers and researchers dealing with artificial intelligence, as well as to the readers who want to keep in step with modern technologies. The novelty consists in the original approach towards building a cognitive architecture that has absorbed the results of previous research in the area of artificial intelligence. The relevance of this work is based on the indisputable fact that currently, the research in the area of weak artificial intelligence begin to slow down due to the inability to solve general problems, and the majority of national strategies of the advanced countries in the area of artificial intelligence declare the need for the development of new artificial intelligence technologies, including the artificial intelligence of general level.

E-governance Experimental Framework Using a Mediated Artificial Superintelligence (mASI) System Research Study

This paper outlines the experimental framework for an e-governance study by the AGI Laboratory. The goal of this research study is to identify indications of the relative performance of e-governance methodologies and how those methods might be improved by applying advanced agent and collective based AI software. The agent in this study will be based on the Independent Core Observer Model Cognitive Architecture modified with mASI (mediated Artificial Superintelligence) collective system architecture. The study will apply different groups and methods to a static set of questions analyzing the quality of those results. We hope to identify the best application model for e-governance using this kind of technology and help us identify additional paths for research with the mASI research program and systems as applied to e-governance.

Applying Independent Core Observer Model Cognitive Architecture to a Collective Intelligence System

This paper shows how the Independent Core Observer Model (ICOM) Cognitive Architecture for Artificial General Intelligence (AGI) can be applied to building a collective intelligence system called a mediated Artificial Superintelligence (mASI). The details include breaking down the ICOM implementation in the form of the mASI system and the general performance of initial studies with the mASI. Details of the primary difference between the Independent Core Observer Model Cognitive Architecture and the mASI architecture variant include inserting humanity in the contextual engine components of ICOM, creating a type of collective intelligence. Humans can ‘mediate’ new system-generated thinking keeping the thought process accessible and slow enough for humans to oversee and understand. This also allows the modification of emotional valences of the thought process of the mASI system to help the system generate complex contextual models (knowledge graphs) of new ideas and which speeds up the learning process. With the humans acting as control rods in a reactor and emotional drivers, the mASI system maintains safety where the system would cease to function if humans walked away.

Guest Editorial: Artificial Intelligence in the E&amp;P Industry: What Have We Learned So Far and Where to Next?

Artificial intelligence (AI) has captivated the imagination of science-fiction movie audiences for many years and has been used in the upstream oil and gas industry for more than a decade (Mohaghegh 2005, 2011). But few industries evolve more quickly than those from Silicon Valley, and it accordingly follows that the technology has grown and changed considerably since this discussion began. The oil and gas industry, therefore, is at a point where it would be prudent to take stock of what has been achieved with AI in the sector, to provide a sober assessment of what has delivered value and what has not among the myriad implementations made so far, and to figure out how best to leverage this technology in the future in light of these learnings. When one looks at the long arc of AI in the oil and gas industry, a few important truths emerge. First among these is the fact that not all AI is the same. There is a spectrum of technological sophistication. Hollywood and the media have always been fascinated by the idea of artificial superintelligence and general intelligence systems capable of mimicking the actions and behaviors of real people. Those kinds of systems would have the ability to learn, perceive, understand, and function in human-like ways (Joshi 2019). As alluring as these types of AI are, however, they bear little resemblance to what actually has been delivered to the upstream industry. Instead, we mostly have seen much less ambitious “narrow AI” applications that very capably handle a specific task, such as quickly digesting thousands of pages of historical reports (Kimbleton and Matson 2018), detecting potential failures in progressive cavity pumps (Jacobs 2018), predicting oil and gas exports (Windarto et al. 2017), offering improvements for reservoir models (Mohaghegh 2011), or estimating oil-recovery factors (Mahmoud et al. 2019). But let’s face it: As impressive and commendable as these applications have been, they fall far short of the ambitious vision of highly autonomous systems that are capable of thinking about things outside of the narrow range of tasks explicitly handed to them. What is more, many of these narrow AI applications have tended to be modified versions of fairly generic solutions that were originally designed for other industries and that were then usefully extended to the oil and gas industry with a modest amount of tailoring. In other words, relatively little AI has been occurring in a way that had the oil and gas sector in mind from the outset. The second important truth is that human judgment still matters. What some technology vendors have referred to as “augmented intelligence” (Kimbleton and Matson 2018), whereby AI supplements human judgment rather than sup-plants it, is not merely an alternative way of approaching AI; rather, it is coming into focus that this is probably the most sensible way forward for this technology.

Hierarchical approach to artificial intelligence

There are three promising directions of artificial intelligence in the 21st century: focused solutions, i.e. solutions used only in a specific field; artificial intelligence of the general direction – a neural computer capable of performing any intellectual action typical for a man or a society and development of artificial superintelligence with scientific creativity, wisdom and communication skills. This paper is aimed at considering a hierarchical approach to the application of artificial intelligence. It is assumed that the hierarchical approach will allow more accurately choosing the required type of solution when dealing with any automation task.

Artificial superintelligence and its limits: why AlphaZero cannot become a general agent

An intelligent machine surpassing human intelligence across a wide set of skills has been proposed as a possible existential catastrophe (i.e., an event comparable in value to that of human extinction). Among those concerned about existential risk related to artificial intelligence (AI), it is common to assume that AI will not only be very intelligent, but also be a general agent (i.e., an agent capable of action in many different contexts). This article explores the characteristics of machine agency, and what it would mean for a machine to become a general agent. In particular, it does so by articulating some important differences between belief and desire in the context of machine agency. One such difference is that while an agent can by itself acquire new beliefs through learning, desires need to be derived from preexisting desires or acquired with the help of an external influence. Such influence could be a human programmer or natural selection. We argue that to become a general agent, a machine needs productive desires, or desires that can direct behavior across multiple contexts. However, productive desires cannot sui generis be derived from non-productive desires. Thus, even though general agency in AI could in principle be created by human agents, general agency cannot be spontaneously produced by a non-general AI agent through an endogenous process (i.e. self-improvement). In conclusion, we argue that a common AI scenario, where general agency suddenly emerges in a non-general agent AI, such as DeepMind’s superintelligent board game AI AlphaZero, is not plausible.

Conflicting opinions in connection with digital superintelligence

&lt;p&gt;In 1964, Nikolai Kardashev proposed the Kardashev scale, a system for measuring the extent of technological advancement of a civilization based on the magnitude of energy consumption. We are approaching an inevitable type-1 civilization, and artificial superintelligence superior to that of humans can concur with a higher-hierarchy Kardashev civilization. We aim to survey public opinions, specifically video gamers, worldwide compared to those in Poland, concerning artificial general intelligence and superintelligence. We implemented an amalgam of cross-sectional and longitudinal analyses of the database of literature and Google search engine. The geographic mapping of surface web users who are interested in artificial superintelligence revealed the top ten contributing countries: Iran, Mexico, Colombia, Brazil, India, Peru, South Africa, Romania, Switzerland, and Chile. Developing countries accounted for 54.84% of the total map. Polish people were less enthusiastic about artificial general intelligence and superintelligence compared with the rest of the world. Futuristic technological innovations imply an acceleration in artificial intelligence and superintelligence. This scenario can be pessimistic, as superintelligence can render human-based activities obsolete. However, integrating artificial intelligence with humans, via brain-computer interface technologies, can be protective. Nonetheless, legislation in connection with information technologies is mandatory to regulate upcoming digital knowledge and superintelligence.&lt;/p&gt;