Artificial Shelters Research Articles

Habitat-based intraguild predation by Caribbean reef octopus Octopus briareus on juvenile Caribbean spiny lobster Panulirus argus

Intraguild predation occurs when species simultaneously compete for resources and interact as predator and prey, which describes the interaction between juvenile Caribbean spiny lob- ster Panulirus argus and Caribbean reef octopus Octopus briareus in the Florida Keys, USA. Octo- puses are notorious predators of decapod crustaceans, and their use of crevice shelters suggests that they may also compete for shelter with their lobster prey. Lobsters use mainly chemical cues to detect and avoid octopus, so we hypothesized that the negative association between these species may be as much the consequence of avoidance of a superior competitor as it is of direct predation. Surveys of lobsters and octopuses occupying artificial shelters at 19 hard-bottom sites confirmed that lobsters do not share dens with octopuses, and also show that lobster and octopus abundances are negatively correlated. Tethering experiments on a subset of those sites revealed that predation on lobster was indeed higher on sites with more octopuses. Results from mesocosm studies indicated that although juvenile lobsters do not attain a size refuge from octopus predation, the presence of alternative prey and lobster conspecifics reduces the risk of predation on lobster by octopus. Mesocosm experiments also showed that octopuses were the competitive dominants when shelter was limited. Thus, the neg- ative association between lobster and octopus in the field appears to be driven by both predation and avoidance of octopus-rich sites by lobsters, rather than competition per se. However, crevice shelters suitable for juvenile lobster are limited in many hard-bottom areas in the Florida Keys, so areas where octopuses are abundant may further limit the local accessibility of shelters for juvenile spiny lobsters even if the direct effects of predation by octopus are minimal.

Impact of a new artificial shelter on Arctic charr (Salvelinus alpinus, L.) behaviour and culture performance during the endogenous feeding period

Shelter is of major importance in many species of fish both in the wild and in aquaculture. Sheltering behaviour of Arctic charr has been poorly studied in aquaculture. A new type of shelter made of PVC agricultural drain cut in half was tested on culture performance and behaviour during the endogenous feeding period. This device offered grooves where alevins could position themselves and lie in a vertical position. A first experiment compared fish with and without shelter in incubator compartments. All fish were measured at 122, 158, and 190days post fertilization (dpf) and observed at 126, 139 and 157dpf. Fish provided with shelter showed better growth performances, lower mortality and started first exogenous feeding about six days later compared to fish without shelter. These effects from shelter provision were also associated with much less mobility in fish provided with shelter. At 126dpf, all fish provided with shelter were immobile while other fish displayed horizontal stationary body movement (86%) or swam against the water current (7%). At 157dpf, 85% of fish without shelter were immobile compared to 95% in fish provided with shelter. Both categories displayed stationary body movements. In most cases, there was one single fish per groove and a stable average value of 2.4 grooves was maintained between two successive fish throughout the study. The second experiment was a preference test where the fish were placed in similar compartments but occupied by a half shelter. We found that 61% of the fish were located under the shelter at 122dpf while at 157dpf, 58% were on the shelter and 42% out of the shelter. The present results revealed Arctic charr behavioural characteristics in the presence of a new type of artificial shelter at very early stages of development. This shelter enables the fish to stabilize in a vertical position without producing any movement and to choose by itself its favorite location throughout development. This device could be used to improve Arctic charr growth, performance and fish welfare during the endogenous feeding period.

Spawning Season and Habitat Use of Slimy Sculpin (Cottus cognatus) in Southeastern Minnesota

ABSTRACT Slimy sculpin (Cottus cognatus) in Winona County, Minnesota spawned in late March and early April when water temperature reached 10°C. Relatively large rocks were preferentially used for spawning, and individual nests contained clutches from as many as nine females. Although artificial rock shelters were not used for spawning, large shelters were used for cover more often and small shelters less often than expected if shelter use was random with respect to shelter size. Use of shelters of different sizes did not differ significantly between large and small sculpins.

Movement behaviour and shelter choice of the native crayfish Austropotamobius pallipes complex: survey on a population in a semi-natural pond in Northern Italy

This is a study of movements and artificial shelters use by a 3-year established population of Austropotamobius pallipes complex, in a lentic environment in the Parco Lombardo della Valle del Ticino (NW Italy). Home-checking and mark-recapture methods were used to investigate movements of 178 crayfish and shelter use by 389 crayfish in summer and in autumn. Most crayfish (97.2%) moved but the movement was highly variable. The greater part of the distances moved was less than 10 m day−1. Multi-hole bricks with one opening have been mostly selected, and the lower level was preferentially occupied; frequently a single crayfish per brick was found. The animal's size affected the majority of the analysed variables: mean daily distance, area fidelity, level of shelter; on the other hand no case was significant for sex. The results highlight that this species is fairly mobile and could colonize waterbodies with similar features even rather rapidly. Mobility does not appear to affect the endangered status of this species.

Assessment of Present Status and Future Needs of Four Coral Reef Sites Along the Gulf of Aqaba, Egypt

The present status and future needs of four coral reef sites (Taba, Nuweiba , Dahab and Sharm El-Sheikh) along the Gulf of Aqaba, Egypt were evaluated. A total of 60 quadrats, distributed at different depths or different patches were surveyed at each site during the year 2007. Three mooring buoys were reported only in Ras Umm Seid but nothing was found in other sites, however excessive boating and diving pressure were recorded only in Ras Umm Seid. Highest amount of garbage was recorded in Nuweiba, patrolling efficiency was best in Taba but no patrolling activities were re- corded in other sites. Ras Umm Seid (Sharm El-Sheikh) had the highest amount of dead corals (13%) due to increased boating and diving pressure compared to other sites, however Dahab had the lowest amount of dead corals (4%) due to the rough conditions (strong wind and waves) causing difficulties in accessing that site. Nuweiba and Taba had high percent cover of sands (10% and 11%, respectively) playing a key role in the considerable amount of dead corals in both sites. Lowest % new coral recruits in Taba (0.5%) was associated with the soft sandy bottom, the opposite was true in Sharm El Sheikh due to the rocky bottom. Future needs of the studied sites include decreasing the number of divers to the diver car- rying capacity (DCC), repair of existing buoys and incorporation of 5 more buoys in Ras Umm Seid. Other sites have no future needs in these regards as they are far beyond the DCC. Nuweiba needs first of all to be cleaned, then being pro- tected for giving the chance of recovery. Except for Taba which has efficient patrolling, the other 3 sites need efficient ter- restrial and marine patrolling as well as enforcement of EEAA regulations. However reef access points which were absent in all sites need to be established to minimize reef damage on accessing deeper water. Also, the environmental awareness field signs which were absent in all sites need to be established and managed. Taba is recommended as a protected area as it has the food for threatened species beside being useful as a nesting site. Ras Umm Seid is recommended to have a estab- lished artificial reef to draw the attention of divers and snorklers from the natural reefs and prepare artificial shelters for fishes thus promoting the fish resources.

Discrete observations of the spatial distributions of the Helix aspersa snail in an outdoor system

O. Gonzalez, G. Perez Camargo, M. Membiela, D. Frezza, N. Bartoloni, and C. Vieites. 2009. Discrete observations of the Helix aspersa land snails’ spatial distribution in an outdoor system. Cien. Inv. Agr. 36(1):123-130. In this study, adult Helix apersa land snails with previously established periodicity were observed at three densities in their fi nishing stage in order to contribute to the body of knowledge about spatial distribution and certain behavior patterns in an outdoor system. From November 8 to December 18, 2006, snails that were in their fi nal fattening phase were grouped at three densities (50 snailm ², 100 snailm ², 200 snailm ²) and randomly placed in nine cubicles, with three replicates of each density. Twelve observations of the snail behavior were made between 12 am and 1 pm. The categories selected as “discrete acts” include: observing the snails in the shelters, on Swiss chard leaves (Beta vulgaris), adhered to the netting, on the balanced feed, on the water supply tray, and on the ground. A statistical analysis employing marginal and partial frequency tests was completed on the density x category x time interactions. It was concluded that around midday, the majority of the snails remained in the artifi cial shelters and on the Swiss chard monoculture leaves. In addition, differences were not detected for the rest of the categories in regard to the spatial distribution of the individuals in the three densities analyzed. If lower densities than the ones most commonly employed in studies (200 snailm ²) are used in an open outdoor system in the fattening stage, the individuals will use the available space in a similar way, thereby exhibiting similar behavior patterns.

Shelter Occupancy by Mixed-Species Pairs of Native Signal Crayfish and Non-Native Red Swamp Crayfish Held in Enclosures

ABSTRACT Sheltering ability does not appear to confer an advantage to non-native red swamp crayfish (Procambarus clarkil) in a small, western Washington lake where the invader outnumbers the native signal crayfish (Pacifastacus leniusculus.) When paired with similar-sized non-native P. clarkii, P. leniusculus was adept at monopolizing limited artificial shelter inside enclosures placed on the bottom of Pine Lake. In these contests, the dominant crayfish or winner was typically the one with longer chelae, or, in the case of P. clarkii, the one that was sexually mature. Female crayfishes of both species also were adept at monopolizing the artificial shelter. Furthermore, irrespective of species and sex, when paired with smaller heterospecifics, large crayfish readily monopolized the artificial shelter. These results suggest that additional mechanisms besides shelter competition are contributing to the possible displacement of P. leniusculus in Pine Lake.

Side shelter on lowland sites can benefit early growth of ash (Fraxinus excelsior L.) and sycamore (Acer pseudoplatanus L.)

Summary The infl uence of side shelter on the growth of newly planted ash ( Fraxinus excelsior L.) and sycamore ( Acer pseudoplatanus L.) was investigated at a lowland site in Britain. Although tatter fl ag analysis classifi ed the site as ‘ very sheltered ’ in comparison to upland sites, after three years, both species benefi ted to some degree from the provision of shelter, with height increment being improved by up to two to four times. The most effective shelter was provided by a wall of straw bales. Plastic netting also reduced exposure, but required regular maintenance in winter months. Our work suggests that on equivalent sites in southern Britain, where mean daily tatter rates of more than 2.4 cm 2 day 1 (equivalent to windiness scores of greater than 10.3) occur, without side shelter, severe suppression of height growth in ash and sycamore is likely, and that exposure to wind is likely to be a signifi cant cause of this reduction in growth. Currently, using artifi cial shelter materials on a large scale on lowland sites solely to improve early tree growth is unlikely to be cost-effective in most cases. However, the provision of side shelter, particularly through use of nurse species, is likely to become an increasingly important silvicultural consideration in the future.

Nutritional indices of juvenile Caribbean spiny lobsters in a Mexican reef lagoon: Are changes over a 10-year span related to the emergence of Panulirus argus Virus 1 (PaV1)?

We compared two indices of nutritional condition, the relative weight of the digestive gland (RWDG) and the ratio of weight to carapace length (weight/CL ratio), of the first three benthic phases, algal juveniles (7–25 mm CL), postalgal juveniles (25–45 mm CL), and subadults (45–79 mm CL) of Caribbean spiny lobster ( Panulirus argus) dwelling in a shelter-poor reef lagoon before (1995) and after (2005) deployment of large artificial shelters (“casitas”) in 1998. To provide an experimental baseline, in 2005 we also conducted a laboratory experiment to assess the effect of starvation on both nutritional indices. Through 25-day trials, starvation significantly decreased the mean RWDG of all three juvenile phases, but did not affect their weight/CL ratios. In the field, casitas significantly enhanced juvenile lobsters relative to control sites and to prior values, but between 1995 and 2005 there was a significant decrease in condition of algal juveniles (both indices) and postalgal juveniles (only the RWDG), but not of subadults. These results would appear to counter previous findings that, for P. argus, food is not limiting and nutritional condition is not density-dependent. However, in 2000, a new pathogenic virus that has a distinct predilection for small juveniles, Panulirus argus Virus 1 (PaV1), emerged in the reef lagoon. Among other effects, this lethal virus causes a marked atrophy of the digestive gland. Through the laboratory trials and in the field, prevalence of visibly diseased individuals was highest in algal juveniles and lowest in subadults. These individuals were excluded from statistical analyses, but the disease progression may affect the digestive gland progressively given that newly infected lobsters take several weeks to become visibly diseased. Up to 2006, PaV1 had not significantly impacted lobster density on casita sites, but because P. argus is highly gregarious and transmission of PaV1 appears to be mainly by contact, futher investigation is required. These issues are relevant to enhancement of spiny lobsters and assessment of ecological impacts of marine diseases.

Thermal benefits of nest shelter for incubating female eiders

1. In species that actively maintain optimal conditions for offspring development, the quality of the breeding site may have a substantial effect on reproductive effort and breeding success. Here, we studied the effect of nest shelter on reproductive costs for incubating female common eiders ( Somateria mollissima) nesting in an arctic environment using both a correlative and an experimental approach. 2. The correlative data showed that females that nested in naturally well-sheltered nests experienced milder temperatures, laid larger clutches, provided a more favourable thermal environment for their eggs and had a higher hatching success than those at exposed nest-sites. 3. We added artificial shelters to exposed nest-sites and compared them to unmanipulated exposed nest-sites to examine the effect of nest shelter in females of similar quality. Costs of nesting in exposed sites were greater as evidenced by the reduced female mass loss and more favourable thermal conditions for the eggs at artificially sheltered nest-sites relative to exposed nest-sites. However, there was no difference in hatchings success between artificially sheltered and exposed nest-sites. 4. This study shows even small changes in the climatic conditions at the nest-site can have substantial consequences for reproductive effort, but the association between nest-site quality and breeding success in eiders is due to better quality individuals occupying better nest-sites.

Prevalence of Panulirus argus Virus 1 (PaV1) and habitation patterns of healthy and diseased Caribbean spiny lobsters in shelter-limited habitats

Caribbean spiny lobsters Panulirus argus are socially gregarious, preferring shelters harboring conspecifics over empty shelters. In laboratory trials, however, healthy lobsters strongly avoided shelters harboring lobsters infected with the highly pathogenic Panulirus argus Virus 1 (PaV1). Because PaV1 is transmitted by contact, this behavior may thwart its spread in wild lobsters. In a field experiment conducted from 1998 to 2002 in a shelter-poor reef lagoon (Puerto Morelos, Mexico), densities of juvenile P. argus increased significantly on sites enhanced with artificial shelters (casitas) but not on control sites. Because PaV1 emerged in this location during 2000, we reexamined these data to assess whether casitas could potentially increase transmission of PaV1. In 2001, PaV1 prevalence was 2.5% and the cohabitation level (percentage of healthy lobsters cohabiting with diseased lobsters) was similar between natural shelters (3.5%) and casitas (2.4 %). The relative lobster densities in casita sites and control sites did not change significantly before (1998-1999) or after (2001-2002) the disease emergence. In late 2006, data from casita sites showed a significant increase in prevalence (10.9%) and cohabitation level (29.4%), but no significant changes in lobster density. In May 2006, casitas were deployed on shelter-poor sites within Chinchorro Bank, 260 km south of Puerto Morelos. In late 2006, prevalence and cohabitation level were 7.4 and 21.7%, respectively. Our results are inconclusive as to whether or not casitas increase PaV1 transmission, but suggest that across shelter-poor habitats, lobsters make a trade-off between avoiding diseased conspecifics and avoiding predation risk.

Olfactory recognition of terrestrial shelters in female Northern Spectacled Salamanders Salamandrina perspicillata (Caudata, Salamandridae)

Olfactory recognition of terrestrial shelters in female Northern Spectacled Salamanders Salamandrina perspicillata (Caudata, Salamandridae). Chemical cues are used as ubiquitous markers of individual, group, kinship, and species identity. Northern Spectacled Salamander (Salamandrina perspicillata) is a semi-terrestrial and elusive species. Females can be found in water bodies just in the spawning season but spend most of their life, as well as males do, in terrestrial shelters such as cracks, crevices and under stones to reduce the risks of dehydration. We have investigated whether, in reproductive females, animal's own and conspecific chemical cues play a role in the shelter choice. We performed unforced two-choice system tests in order to study the behavioural response of salamanders to scent marks. For each test, the choice between two artificial shelters (plastic tubes) was offered to each focal indi- vidual. Data were analyzed using the binomial distribution. Our results show that Salamandrina use the sense of smell in the terrestrial shelter choice as animals (i) were capable to discriminate between a tube previously used by itself and a unused one (P 0.05). We suggest that attraction towards conspecific smells could favour a gregarious behaviour in winter refuges.

Recent advances in conservation biological control of arthropods by arthropods

Conservation biological control (CBC) aims at improving the efficacy of natural enemies and can contribute to safer and more effective biological control practices. Considerable progress in this field has been made during recent years, and it is therefore justified to review key findings in a special issue of Biological Control. The following topics, with primary emphasis on CBC of arthropods by arthropods are covered in this issue: (1) honeydew as a food source for natural enemies, (2) artificial food sprays, (3) shelter habitats, (4) chemical ecology and CBC, (5) natural enemy diversity and CBC, (6) CBC at a landscape scale, (7) CBC as provider of multiple ecosystem services, and (8) economics and adoption of CBC. These reviews present substantial evidence that CBC can attract and/or improve the fitness of natural enemies. However, studies showing that this translates into decreased pest damage, increased crop yield or quality and improved economic profit for growers are still rare. We conclude that future researchers should investigate the effect of CBC at these levels, but also that we need a better understanding of which conditions CBC will reduce pest populations in the field. CBC has the potential to increase ecosystem services other than biological control and consideration of the economic benefits of this will increase the likelihood of adoption of CBC.

Siberia at the Last Glacial Maximum: Environment and Archaeology

This article focuses on the presence of humans in Siberia and the Russian Far East at the coldest time of the Late Pleistocene, called the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) and dated to c. 20,000–18,000 rcbp. Reconstruction of the LGM environment of Siberia, based on the latest models and compilations, provides a background for human existence in this region. Most of Siberia and the Russian Far East at c. 20,000–18,000 rcbp was covered by tundra and cool steppe, with some forest formations in the river valleys. Climate was much colder and drier than it is today. Eighteen Upper Paleolithic sites in Siberia are radiocarbon dated strictly to the LGM, and at least six of them, located in southern parts of western and eastern Siberia and the Russian Far East, have solid evidence of occupation during that time span. It seems clear that southern Siberia was populated by humans even at the height of the LGM, and that there was no dramatic decline or complete disappearance of humans in Siberia at that time. The degree of human adaptation to periglacial landscapes in the mid-Upper Paleolithic of northern Eurasia was quite high; humans coped with the cold and dry environmental conditions using microblade technology, artificial shelters, tailored clothes, and megafaunal bones as fuel.

Especificidade da armadilha Adultrap para capturar fêmeas de Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae)

The Adultrap is a new trap built for capturing females of Aedes aegypti. Tests were carried out to evaluate the specificity of this trap in comparison with the technique of aspiration of specimens in artificial shelters. Adultraps were kept for 24 hours inside and outside 120 randomly selected homes in two districts of the city of Foz do Iguaçú, State of Paraná. The statistical test was Poissons log-linear model. The result was 726 mosquitoes captured, of which 80 were Aedes aegypti. The Adultrap captured only females of this species, while the aspiration method captured both sexes of Aedes aegypti and another five species. The Adultrap captured Aedes aegypti inside and outside the homes, but the analysis indicated that, outside the homes, this trap captured significantly more females than aspiration did. The sensitivity of the Adultrap for detecting females of Aedes aegypti in low-frequency situations was also demonstrated.

THE USE OF TREE-MOUNTED ARTIFICIAL SHELTERS TO INVESTIGATE ARBOREAL SPIDER COMMUNITIES IN NEW ZEALAND NATURE RESERVES

Spiders have been advocated as valuable bio-indicators of forest ecosystem ''health.'' However, the numbers and types of spiders that are recorded at a site will usually be highly dependent on the sampling method employed. The use of lethal, indiscriminate invertebrate sampling techniques is undesirable when investigating rare species, or sampling within areas of high conservation status. There- fore we used non-lethal artificial tree-mounted shelters to monitor arboreal spiders in nature reserves near Christchurch, New Zealand. After three months, over 60% of the shelters had been used by spiders, increasing to 91% after twelve months. There were significant differences in the numbers of spiders found in the shelters at the different sites. However, factors such as the species of tree the shelter was attached to, ground vegetation, and levels of incident light did not affect the likelihood of a shelter being occupied. The species composition of the spider faunas in those sites regarded as high quality forest remnants was dissimilar to the faunas found in the low quality reserves. However, although spiders were more abundant in the high quality sites compared with the poorest stands of woodland, they were not more species rich. The shelters are inexpensive and easy to manufacture and are useful for long-term non-lethal monitoring of spider communities. They also have good potential as a tool for studying spider phenology, population dynamics, behavior, and as a collection/carriage device for live specimens used in conservation translo- cations.

Recovery of meiofauna communities following mudflat disturbance by trampling associated with crab-tiling

The provision of artificial shelters for the collection of crabs, known as crab-tiling, and the subsequent harvesting of the soft "peeler" crabs for angling bait, are associated with trampling disturbance of intertidal mudflats in the United Kingdom. Recovery of meiofauna communities following crab-tiling activity was investigated on an intertidal mudflat in SW England. Harvesting of experimental plots was reproduced six times over a 2-week period. Meiofauna was collected at low tides 12h, 36 h and 144 h after treatment. Meiofaunal and nematode abundance, and nematode species number, was significantly greater in controls compared to crab-tile stations at 12h. At 36 h and 144 h there were no significant differences between treatments, indicating recovery had occurred in 12-36 h. Multivariate analysis showed nematode assemblage composition from control plots to be significantly different from crab-tile plots at 12h. No significant differences were observed between sediment physical parameters with treatment. Results suggest that the predominant effect of disturbance may be vibration-induced burial, which causes nematodes to bury deeper into the sediment, beyond the depth sampled, and explains the rapid recovery.

Experimental evaluation of nest shelter effects on weight loss in incubating common eidersSomateria mollissima

Evaluating consequences of habitat selection is an important step in understanding life history strategies and behavioural decisions of animals.Kilpi and Lindström (1997)found that incubating common eidersSomateria mollissimaon exposed, treeless islands lost weight faster than females nesting on wooded islands and proposed that this difference was due to adverse incubation conditions at exposed nests. Therefore, we tested whether common eiders gained an advantage when nesting in sheltered habitats by placing artificial shelters over randomly‐selected females after the onset of incubation within an eider colony in arctic Canada. We predicted that sheltered females would be heavier on completion of incubation than control hens lacking shelters. Females nesting in artificial shelters experienced a more moderate thermal environment at both cold and warm temperature extremes. Eiders nesting in shelters were heavier than control females during mid incubation, consistent with habitat‐specific rates of weight loss reported byKilpi and Lindström (1997). Natural overhead cover was available at potential nests but few eiders used those sites. We suspect that microclimatic advantages offered by sheltered sites may be offset by costs of increased female vulnerability to predators. Further work is needed to test this hypothesis, and to determine mechanisms responsible for lower weight loss in eiders attending well concealed nests.

Uso de fragmentos florestais por anuros (Amphibia) de área aberta na região noroeste do Estado de São Paulo

O arranjo da paisagem tem um papel fundamental na estrutura e organização de comunidades. Neste estudo, verificamos a hipótese de que fragmentos florestais funcionariam como áreas de refúgio para espécies de anuros de área aberta. Para isso, foram selecionados quatro fragmentos florestais em Icém, região noroeste do Estado de São Paulo, distanciados entre si de 1 a 4 km. A amostragem dos anuros nos fragmentos foi efetuada com armadilhas de queda (pitfalls), abrigos artificiais e busca ativa. Foram registradas 12 espécies (48% das espécies conhecidas na região de Icém) das quais três, Eupemphix nattereri, Leptodactylus podicipinus e Physalaemus cuvieri, apresentaram alta abundância (n > 50 exemplares). Apenas com as armadilhas de queda foram capturados 228 exemplares de 10 espécies de anuros. A elevada riqueza e a grande abundância de indivíduos capturados comprovam que os fragmentos florestais constituem parte importante do hábitat dessas espécies. Os resultados obtidos indicam que os fragmentos florestais da região estudada podem ser utilizados por anuros de três maneiras não excludentes: i) como áreas de refúgio durante a estação seca (cinco espécies foram registradas durante a estação seca), ii) como abrigos diurnos durante a estação reprodutiva (seis espécies registradas em abrigos artificiais durante o dia, ao longo da estação chuvosa); e iii) como área de forrageio (um exemplar de Leptodactylus podicipinus foi observado alimentando-se de Blattaria no fragmento FM2). Portanto, hábitats terrestres, como fragmentos florestais, são tão importantes para a conservação de populações de anuros de área aberta quanto as poças onde se reproduzem.

Gregarious behaviour of juveniles of the spiny lobster, panulirus argus (Latreille, 1804) in artificial shelters

Gregarious behaviour of juveniles of the spiny lobster, panulirus argus (Latreille, 1804) in artificial shelters